Flashcards in this deck (185)

• What type of cartilage lines the articular surfaces of the knee joint?

  Hyaline cartilage
  anatomy knee_joint
• What are the major surfaces involved in the knee joint?

  • 2 femoral condyles of the femur
  • Superior aspects of the tibial condyles
  anatomy knee_joint
• Which surface articulates with the patella in the knee joint?

  Anterior surface of the distal femur
  anatomy patella
• What is the anterior view of the distal femur labeled with?

  • Patellar lip
  • Lateral epicondyle
  • Medial condyle
  anatomy distal_femur
• What are the labeled parts in the posterior view of the distal femur?

  • Popliteal surface
  • Adductor tubercle
  • Intercondylar fossa
  anatomy distal_femur
• What does the proximal tibia include in its anterior view?

  • Anterior intercondylar area
  • Intercondylar eminence
  • Tibial tuberosity
  anatomy proximal_tibia
• What are the labeled parts in the posterior view of the proximal tibia?

  • Posterior intercondylar area
  • Intercondylar eminence
  • Medial intercondylar tubercle
  anatomy proximal_tibia
• What are the articular surfaces in the knee joint?

  • Tibiofemoral articular surfaces
  • Patellofemoral articular surfaces
  anatomy knee_joint
• What structures are involved in the knee joint articulation?

  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Patella
  anatomy knee_joint
• What are the components of the knee joint ligaments?

  • Anterior cruciate ligament
  • Posterior cruciate ligament
  • Medial collateral ligament
  • Lateral collateral ligament
  anatomy knee_ligaments
• What are the three regions of the proximal tibia?

  • Superior medial condylar surface
  • Superior lateral condylar surface
  • Intercondylar area
  anatomy tibia
• What is the shape of the superior medial condylar surface?

  Slightly concave and oval-shaped, covered with hyaline cartilage.
  anatomy tibia
• What is the superior lateral condylar surface like?

  Slightly concave, smaller, and more circular than the medial condylar surface, covered with hyaline cartilage.
  anatomy tibia
• What features are found in the intercondylar area?

  • Anterior intercondylar fossa/area
  • Posterior intercondylar area
  • Intercondylar eminence
  • Medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles
  anatomy tibia
• What is the tibial tuberosity?

  An attachment site for the anterior cruciate ligament.
  anatomy knee
• What are the supporting structures of the knee joint?

  • Fibular collateral ligament
  • Tibial collateral ligament
  • Iliotibial tract
  • Patellar tendon
  anatomy knee
• What is the function of the fibular collateral ligament?

  Attaches from the lateral femoral condyle to the head of the fibula, separated from the fibrous capsule and lateral meniscus.
  anatomy knee
• How does the tibial collateral ligament differ from the fibular collateral ligament?

  It has a flat band shape, broader than the fibular collateral ligament, attaching to the fibrous capsule and medial meniscus.
  anatomy knee
• What is the patellar ligament?

  It has been excised and reflected inferiorly in the anterior view of the knee joint.
  anatomy knee
• What do the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments do?

  They form a cross-formation in the center of the knee joint.
  anatomy knee
• What is the mnemonic to remember the attachments of each ligament to the femur?

  LAMP
  anatomy mnemonics
• Where does the anterior cruciate ligament attach?

  • Anterior intercondylar fossa of tibia
  • Lateral femoral condyle in intercondylar notch
  anatomy ligaments
• Where does the posterior cruciate ligament attach?

  • Posterior intercondylar fossa of tibia
  • Medial femoral condyle in intercondylar notch
  anatomy ligaments
• What is the shape of the medial and lateral menisci?

  Wedge-shaped
  anatomy menisci
• What does the intercondylar area of the tibia include?

  • Intercondylar eminence
  • Areas for ligament and menisci attachment
  anatomy tibia
• What is the function of the intercondylar notch?

  Contains crucial knee structures, including ACL and PCL
  anatomy knee
• Which meniscus is more often torn?

  Medial meniscus
  anatomy injuries
• What is the shape of the lateral meniscus compared to the medial meniscus?

  Lateral meniscus is smaller and more mobile
  anatomy menisci
• What is the significance of the size and shape of the intercondylar notch?

  A narrow or abnormally shaped notch can lead to ACL injuries
  anatomy injuries
• Which ligaments attach to the intercondylar fossae of the tibia?

  • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  • Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
  anatomy ligaments
• What are the horns of the medial meniscus?

  • Anterior horn
  • Posterior horn
  anatomy meniscus
• What are the horns of the lateral meniscus?

  • Anterior horn
  • Posterior horn
  anatomy meniscus
• What is the function of bursae in the knee joint?

  • Reduce friction around joint structures
  • Prevent rubbing of tendons, skin, and muscle
  anatomy bursae
• What are the two categories of bursae?

  • Intracapsular
  • Extracapsular
  anatomy bursae
• Where is the suprapatellar bursa located?

  Superior to the patella, between quadriceps tendon and shaft of femur
  anatomy bursae
• What are the parts of the infrapatellar bursa?

  • Deep part
  • Superficial part
  anatomy bursae
• What is the infrapatellar fat pad?

  Adipose tissue pocket located anterior in knee, just inferior to the patella
  anatomy fatpad
• What bones are contained within the leg region?

  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  anatomy bones
• What is the function of the tibia?

  Weight-bearing bone
  anatomy tibia
• What separates the leg into anterior and posterior compartments?

  Interosseous membrane
  anatomy compartments
• What are the muscle compartments of the leg?

  • Anterior: dorsiflexors of ankle
  • Lateral: evertors of foot
  • Posterior: plantar flexors of ankle
  anatomy muscles
• What is the deep fascia of the leg called?

  Crural fascia
  anatomy fascia
• What is the neurovascular bundle in the leg?

  Blood vessels and nerves running alongside each other
  anatomy neurovascular
• What artery supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?

  Anterior tibial artery
  anatomy artery
• What nerve is associated with the anterior compartment of the leg?

  Deep fibular/peroneal nerve
  anatomy nerve
• What nerve is associated with the lateral compartment of the leg?

  Superficial fibular/peroneal nerve
  anatomy nerve
• What is the posterior compartment of the leg responsible for?

  Contains the posterior tibial artery, tibial nerve, and muscles for plantar flexion.
  anatomy leg
• What does the posterior tibial artery supply?

  Supplies the posterior compartment of the leg and the medial and lateral bundles of the foot.
  anatomy circulation
• What nerve is associated with the posterior compartment of the leg?

  The tibial nerve.
  anatomy nerves
• What does the dorsalis pedis artery supply?

  Supplies the dorsal compartment of the foot.
  anatomy circulation
• What is the function of the deep fibular nerve?

  Innervates muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg and the dorsum of the foot.
  anatomy nerves
• What arteries supply the medial bundle of the foot?

  The medial plantar artery and its venae comitantes.
  anatomy circulation
• What nerve is associated with the medial bundle of the foot?

  The medial plantar nerve.
  anatomy nerves
• What arteries supply the lateral bundle of the foot?

  The lateral plantar artery and its venae comitantes.
  anatomy circulation
• What nerve is associated with the lateral bundle of the foot?

  The lateral plantar nerve.
  anatomy nerves
• What is the popliteal fossa?

  A diamond-shaped, fat-filled region posterior to the knee containing major arteries, veins, and nerves.
  anatomy popliteal_fossa
• What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

  Includes the popliteal artery, vein, tibial nerve, common fibular nerve, and lymph nodes.
  anatomy popliteal_fossa
• What is the termination of the small saphenous vein?

  It terminates in the popliteal fossa.
  anatomy veins
• What is the significance of the popliteal lymph nodes?

  They are involved in lymphatic drainage from the leg.
  anatomy lymphatic
• What does the diagram show?

  Illustrates the arteries and nerves of the leg and foot.
  anatomy diagrams
• What is the crural fascia?

  The crural fascia is the deep fascia of the leg. It is continuous with the fascia latae in the thigh and is particularly thick in the proximal anterior aspect of the leg.
  anatomy fascia
• Where does the crural fascia thicken?

  The crural fascia thickens in the distal region of the leg/ankle, forming the extensor retinacula.
  anatomy fascia
• What are the two major superficial veins in the lower limb?

  • Short/Small Saphenous Vein
  • Long/Great Saphenous Vein
  anatomy veins
• Where does the short/small saphenous vein arise from?

  It arises from the lateral aspect of the dorsal venous arch via the lateral marginal vein and drains into the popliteal vein.
  anatomy veins
• Where does the long/great saphenous vein arise from?

  It arises from the medial aspect of the dorsal venous arch via the medial marginal vein and drains into the femoral vein.
  anatomy veins
• What connects the superficial veins to the deep veins?

  The superficial veins are connected to the deep veins via perforating veins.
  anatomy veins
• What is the dorsal venous arch?

  The dorsal venous arch is a superficial vein that connects the small saphenous vein and the great saphenous vein.
  anatomy veins
• What is the great saphenous vein?

  A superficial vein located in the leg, often used for grafting in surgeries.
  anatomy veins
• What forms the medial malleolus?

  It is a medial projection in the ankle region formed by the tibia.
  anatomy ankle
• What is the lateral malleolus?

  A lateral projection in the ankle region formed by the fibula, slightly more inferior than the medial malleolus.
  anatomy ankle
• What bones make up the foot?

  Tarsals (calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, 3 cuneiforms), metatarsals, and phalanges.
  anatomy foot
• What is the distal tibiofibular joint?

  A syndesmosis joint holding the lateral malleolus against the talus, allowing slight movement during dorsiflexion.
  anatomy joints
• What ligaments strengthen the distal tibiofibular joint?

  Anterior tibiofibular ligament, posterior tibiofibular ligament, and interosseous tibiofibular ligament.
  anatomy ligaments
• What is the talocrural articulation?

  The articulation formed by the distal tibia, distal fibula, and talus, creating the ankle joint.
  anatomy ankle
• What is the function of the interosseous membrane?

  It connects the tibia and fibula, providing stability and support to the lower leg.
  anatomy membrane
• Where is the popliteal vein located?

  It is located in the popliteal fossa, behind the knee, and is a continuation of the femoral vein.
  anatomy veins
• What are the perforating veins?

  Veins that connect superficial veins to deep veins in the leg, aiding in venous return.
  anatomy veins
• What are the two malleoli of the fibula?

  • Medial malleolus
  • Lateral malleolus
  anatomy fibula
• What bones articulate to form the ankle joint?

  • Distal tibia
  • Distal fibula
  • Talus
  anatomy ankle
• What are the components of the talocrural joint?

  • Distal tibiofibular joint
  • Talotibial joint
  • Talofibular joint
  anatomy joints
• What supports the ankle joint?

  • Thin joint capsule
  • Strong collateral ligaments (lateral and medial/deltoid)
  anatomy ligaments
• What are the lateral ligaments of the ankle?

  • Anterior tibiofibular lig.
  • Posterior tibiofibular lig.
  • Calcaneofibular lig.
  anatomy ligaments
• What is the function of the external iliac artery?

  Provides majority of blood to the lower limb
  anatomy blood_vessels
• What does the femoral artery supply?

  Main blood vessel for the anterior femoral compartment
  anatomy blood_vessels
• What is the subinguinal space?

  The space the external iliac artery passes deep to, allowing vessels and nerves to go between pelvis and femoral region
  anatomy spaces
• What is the posterior tibial artery responsible for?

  Supplies blood to the posterior compartment of the lower limb
  anatomy blood_vessels
• What ligaments are included in the medial collateral (deltoid) lig. of the ankle?

  • Tibionavicular part
  • Tibocalcaneal part
  • Posterior tibiotalar part
  • Anterior tibiotalar part
  anatomy ligaments
• What is the only main artery in the femoral region?

  Femoral artery
  anatomy arteries
• What is the region called where the femoral artery courses?

  Femoral triangle
  anatomy regions
• What forms the roof of the adductor canal?

  Sartorius muscle
  anatomy muscles
• What is the name change of the femoral artery as it exits the adductor canal?

  Popliteal artery
  anatomy arteries
• What does the popliteal artery divide into?

  • Anterior tibial artery
  • Posterior tibial artery
  anatomy arteries
• Where does the posterior tibial artery provide blood supply?

  Posterior compartment of the lower limb
  anatomy arteries
• What does the anterior tibial artery change its name to after crossing the ankle?

  Dorsalis pedis artery
  anatomy arteries
• What structures pass deep to the inguinal ligament into the femoral region?

  • Femoral vein
  • Femoral artery
  • Femoral nerve
  anatomy neurovascular
• What is the VAN relationship?

  Vein, Artery, Nerve
  anatomy neurovascular
• What are the two types of veins in the lower limb?

  • Deep veins
  • Superficial veins
  anatomy veins
• How do the veins of the lower limb compare to their accompanying arteries?

  Veins have the same names as accompanying arteries.
  anatomy veins
• What is the origin of the femoral vein?

  Popliteal vein
  anatomy veins
• What are the two major superficial veins in the foot?

  • Great saphenous vein
  • Small saphenous vein
  anatomy veins
• Where does the great saphenous vein terminate?

  It terminates as a tributary into the femoral vein.
  anatomy veins
• What is the longest vein in the body?

  The great saphenous vein.
  anatomy veins
• What is the relationship between deep veins and arteries?

  Deep veins have a special relationship called venae comitantes, where paired veins surround an artery.
  anatomy veins
• What do superficial veins rely on to help pump blood?

  They rely on adjacent structures such as muscles and arteries.
  anatomy veins
• Where does the small saphenous vein terminate?

  It terminates in the popliteal vein at the popliteal fossa.
  anatomy veins
• What is the function of the venae comitantes?

  They help pump blood in the most distal regions of the body by utilizing arterial pulsations.
  anatomy veins
• Which veins exhibit the vena comitantes relationship?

  • Dorsalis pedis
  • Medial and lateral plantar
  • Anterior and posterior tibial
  • Obturator
  anatomy veins
• What is a unique feature of veins compared to arteries?

  Veins have a thin muscular wall compared to the thick tunica media of arteries.
  anatomy veins
• What nerves arise from the lumbar plexus?

  • Obturator nerve
  • Femoral nerve
  nerves lumbar plexus
• How does the femoral nerve enter the femoral triangle?

  By passing through the subinguinal space
  nerves femoral triangle
• How does the obturator nerve enter the medial thigh?

  Through the obturator foramen
  nerves obturator thigh
• From which plexus does the sciatic nerve arise?

  The sacral plexus (L4-L5, S1-S4)
  nerves sciatic plexus
• Where does the sciatic nerve pass through?

  The greater sciatic foramen
  nerves sciatic foramen
• What nerves arise from the sciatic nerve?

  • Tibial nerve
  • Common fibular nerve
  nerves sciatic branches
• With which artery does the deep fibular nerve course?

  The anterior tibial artery
  nerves deep fibular artery
• What nerve innervates the lateral muscular compartment of the leg?

  The superficial fibular nerve innervates the lateral muscular compartment of the leg.
  anatomy nerves
• What are the osteology landmarks of the upper limb?

  • Jugular notch
  • Superior border of clavicle
  • Acromioclavicular joint
  • Acromion of scapula
  • Greater tubercle of humerus
  • Lesser tubercle of humerus
  • Coracoid process of scapula
  • Lateral epicondyle of humerus
  anatomy upper_limb
• Where is the root of the spine of the scapula located?

  The root of the spine of the scapula is located at T3.
  anatomy scapula
• What is the inferior angle of the scapula located?

  The inferior angle of the scapula is located at T7 and the 7th intercostal space.
  anatomy scapula
• What is referred to as the point of the shoulder?

  The acromion of the scapula is referred to as the point of the shoulder.
  anatomy scapula
• What muscle is located inferior to the acromion?

  The deltoid muscle is located inferior to the acromion.
  anatomy muscles
• Where is the coracoid process located?

  The coracoid process is located anteriorly, lateral to the clavicle at the clavicopectoral triangle.
  anatomy scapula
• What is the clavicopectoral triangle?

  The clavicopectoral triangle is formed between the inferolateral clavicle, pectoralis major, and deltoid muscles.
  anatomy clavicle
• What landmarks are used for brachial plexus blocks?

  The coracoid process is a landmark used for brachial plexus blocks.
  anatomy brachial_plexus
• What are the palpable features of upper limb bones?

  • Medial border of scapula
  • Spine of scapula
  • Inferior angle of scapula
  • Acromion of scapula
  • Head of radius
  • Styloid process of radius
  • Tubercle of scaphoid
  • Tubercle of trapezium
  anatomy upper_limb
• Where is the acromial (lateral) surface located?

  Anterior to major blood vessels and nerves entering/exiting the axilla
  anatomy axilla
• What are located laterally at the elbow joint?

  Medial and lateral epicondyles
  anatomy elbow
• Which epicondyle is more prominent?

  Medial epicondyle
  anatomy elbow
• Where can the olecranon be palpated?

  Posteriorly at the elbow joint
  anatomy elbow
• What allows the skin to be flexible over the olecranon?

  A subcutaneous bursa
  anatomy elbow
• Where is the ulnar nerve located?

  Medial to the olecranon
  anatomy nerves
• What separates the anterior and posterior muscular compartments?

  The posterior border of the ulna
  anatomy ulna
• Where can the head and styloid process of the ulna be palpated?

  Medial to the carpal bones with the hand in a supinated position
  anatomy carpals
• Where can the styloid process of the radius be palpated?

  Lateral to the carpal bones
  anatomy radius
• What is the axillary fossa commonly known as?

  The 'armpit' region
  anatomy axilla
• What forms the anterior axillary fold?

  Pectoralis major muscle
  anatomy axilla
• What forms the posterior axillary fold?

  Latissimus dorsi and teres major muscle
  anatomy axilla
• Where is the anatomical snuffbox located?

  Laterally at the wrist
  anatomy wrist
• What can be palpated in the floor of the snuffbox?

  Scaphoid (and possibly trapezium)
  anatomy wrist
• Where can the radial pulse be felt?

  In the anatomical snuffbox
  anatomy pulse
• Identify the inferior angle of scapula.

  A landmark in the scapula
  anatomy scapula
• What is the medial border of scapula?

  A landmark in the scapula
  anatomy scapula
• What is the acromion of scapula?

  A landmark in the scapula
  anatomy scapula
• Identify the olecranon of ulna.

  A landmark at the elbow
  anatomy ulna
• What is the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

  A bony prominence on the inner side of the elbow joint.
  anatomy humerus
• What forms the clavipectoral triangle?

  The area between the clavicle and the pectoralis major muscle.
  anatomy triangle
• What is the anterior axillary fold?

  The fold formed by the lower border of the pectoralis major muscle.
  anatomy axilla
• What is the posterior axillary fold?

  The fold formed by the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles.
  anatomy axilla
• What is the axillary fossa?

  The space between the anterior and posterior axillary folds.
  anatomy axilla
• What is the olecranon of ulna?

  The bony prominence of the elbow formed by the ulna.
  anatomy ulna
• What is the head of ulna?

  The distal end of the ulna that articulates with the wrist.
  anatomy ulna
• What is the styloid process of radius?

  A bony projection at the distal end of the radius.
  anatomy radius
• What is the anatomical snuffbox?

  A triangular depression on the lateral side of the wrist.
  anatomy wrist
• What are the iliac crests?

  The superior borders of the ilium, palpated at the hips.
  anatomy pelvis
• What does a line through the iliac crests indicate?

  It indicates the L4/L5 intervertebral disc location.
  anatomy spine
• What is the pelvic girdle?

  The structure that connects the spine to the lower limbs.
  anatomy pelvis
• What is the surface anatomy of the lower limb?

  The study of the external features of the lower limb.
  anatomy lower_limb
• Identify the surface landmark of the hip and femur.

  The greater trochanter is a key landmark.
  anatomy hip femur
• What identifies the posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS)?

  The PSIS can be identified by the sacral dimples.
  anatomy landmarks
• What does a line through the right and left PSIS indicate?

  It indicates the S2 spinous process (inferior limit of the dural sac).
  anatomy landmarks
• Where are the anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS) located?

  They are the most anterior points of the iliac crest.
  anatomy landmarks
• Why is the ASIS landmark important?

  It is essential for identifying McBurney's point (location of the vermiform appendix).
  anatomy landmarks
• Where is the pubic tubercle located?

  Approximately 2cm lateral to the pubic symphysis.
  anatomy landmarks
• What attaches to the pubic tubercle?

  The inguinal ligament attaches here.
  anatomy ligaments
• How can the ischial tuberosity be palpated?

  It can be palpated when the hip is flexed.
  anatomy landmarks
• Where is the greater trochanter of the femur located?

  It is located inferior and lateral at the hip.
  anatomy femur
• How is the patella palpated?

  The patella can be palpated when the knee joint is flexed.
  anatomy patella
• Where is the tibial tuberosity located?

  It is located anterior and superior on the tibia where the patellar ligament attaches.
  anatomy tibia
• What bony prominence is located medially at the ankle?

  The medial malleolus.
  anatomy ankle
• Where is the head of the fibula located?

  It is located lateral to the tibial tuberosity.
  anatomy fibula
• What outlines the popliteal fossa?

  It is identified by a diamond shape outlined in black.
  anatomy popliteal_fossa
• What is the anterior superior iliac spine?

  
  anatomy torso
• What is the medial malleolus of tibia?

  
  anatomy leg
• What is the patella?

  
  anatomy knee
• What is the lateral malleolus of fibula?

  
  anatomy foot
• What is the medial malleolus?

  The medial malleolus is a bony prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the tibia.
  anatomy tibia
• What is visible in the lateral view of the knee?

  The lateral view of the knee shows the joint's structure, including bones and ligaments.
  anatomy knee
• What is the head of the fibula?

  The head of the fibula is the upper end of the fibula, forming a joint with the tibia.
  anatomy fibula
• Who was the first president of the United States?

  George Washington
  history presidents
• What is the capital of France?

  Paris
  geography capitals
• What is the largest planet in our solar system?

  Jupiter
  astronomy planets
• What is the formula for the area of a circle?

  \(A = \pi r^2\)
  math geometry
• What is the formula for standard deviation?

  \(\sigma = \sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N}(x_i - \mu)^2}{N}}\)
  math statistics
• What are the parts of a neuron?

  • Dendrites
  • Cell body
  • Axon
  biology neuroscience
• Who were the first 5 presidents of the United States?

  • George Washington
  • John Adams
  • Thomas Jefferson
  • James Madison
  • James Monroe
  history presidents