Who is the main faculty for Microbiology/Immunology?
Dr. Inna Lindner
What is Dr. Inna Lindner's phone number?
754-210-8382
Who is the teaching fellow for Microbiology/Immunology?
Dr. Patricia Concha
What is Dr. Patricia Concha's phone number?
754-210-8373
What is the required reading for the course?
MERP Microbiology Handbook and PowerPoint slides
What is a recommended textbook for the course?
The Immune System 4th Edition by P. Parham
What is another recommended textbook for the course?
Medical Microbiology 8th Edition by P. Murray
How can students make an appointment for office hours?
Visit CANVAS booking page or email directly
Are weekend appointments available?
Yes, per request
What resources are available on CANVAS?
Answers to book questions, MINI Reviews, interesting articles
How many practice questions are typically at the end of each chapter in the MERP Microbiology handbook?
2 - 10 practice questions
What are the learning objectives for Lecture 1?
List cells of the immune system, describe innate barriers, differences between immune responses, etc.
What do hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) produce?
Lymphoid and myeloid stem cells
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells
What is the normal range for WBCs per microliter?
4,500 to 11,000 WBCs
What does a decrease in red blood cells indicate?
Anemia
What is an antigen?
A molecule that stimulates an immune response.
What are most antigens composed of?
Pathogen proteins or carbohydrates that are foreign to the host.
What is the first line of defense in innate immunity?
Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes.
What are mechanical responses in innate immunity?
Cilia, blinking, sneezing, coughing, vomiting.
What chemical agents are involved in innate immunity?
Fatty acids on skin, HCl in stomach, lysozyme in tears.
What is phagocytosis?
The process of engulfment and destruction of pathogens and dead cells.
Which cells specialize in phagocytosis?
Phagocytes, including neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages.
What triggers inflammatory responses?
Cytokines signal to attract white blood cells to infection sites.
What do cytokines do during inflammation?
Increase blood flow and fluid leakage to infection sites.
What is the role of chemokines?
They attract leukocytes to the infection site.
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immune responses?
Innate is immediate and non-specific; adaptive is delayed and specific.
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
Bone marrow and thymus.
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
Lymph nodes and spleen.
What is the function of B cells?
Produce antibodies.
What is the function of T cells?
Cell-mediated immunity.
What are the advantages of passive immunity?
Immediate protection; no exposure to pathogens.
What are the disadvantages of passive immunity?
Short-lived; no memory response.
What are the advantages of active immunity?
Long-lasting; memory response.
What are the disadvantages of active immunity?
Delayed response; requires exposure to pathogens.
What causes contraction of endothelial cells during inflammation?
Cytokines
What do cytokines signal the bone marrow to produce?
More leukocytes
What are chemokines?
Cytokines that attract and guide leukocytes
What are cytokines?
Small proteins or glycoproteins secreted by immune cells
What occurs during inflammation?
Vasodilation
What is innate immunity?
Non-specific immune response present in all organisms
What is adaptive immunity?
Specific immune response found only in vertebrates
What is the speed of innate immunity upon primary exposure?
Fast
Does innate immunity have memory?
No memory
What is the speed of adaptive immunity upon primary exposure?
Slow
What type of memory does adaptive immunity form?
Immune memory
What do B cells fight against?
Extracellular antigens
What do T cells fight against?
Intracellular antigens
What is the function of CD8 T cells?
Killing of virus-infected cells
What is the function of CD4 T cells?
Activation of macrophages
What do B cells synthesize?
Antibodies
What is phagocytosis?
A process of engulfing and destroying pathogens
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
Thymus and bone marrow
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
Spleen and lymph nodes
What signals are needed to activate adaptive immune cells?
Danger signals from the innate immune system
What are the advantages of passive immunity?
Immediate protection
What are the disadvantages of active immunity?
Delayed response
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate is fast and non-specific; adaptive is slow and specific
What is the role of leukocytes in the immune response?
Mediators of the immune response
What mediates the immune response?
Lymphocytes
What are the types of T cells?
CD8 and CD4
What are intracellular antigens?
Antigens located within the cells
What are extracellular antigens?
Antigens located outside of the cells
What is a characteristic of lymphocytes?
Antigen-specific leukocytes
How many copies of the receptor does each lymphocyte have?
About 100,000 copies
What is the B lymphocyte antigen receptor called?
Membrane immunoglobulin or BCR
What is the T lymphocyte antigen receptor called?
T Cell Receptor (TCR)
What are TCRs made of?
Alpha and beta chains
What do TCRs bind to?
Peptides
Can TCRs bind antigen directly?
No, antigens must be processed
What are antibodies made of?
Heavy chain and light chains
What can antibodies recognize?
Protein or non-protein extracellular antigens
What is the binding site characteristic of BCRs?
Two antigen binding sites
What is the binding site characteristic of TCRs?
Single antigen-recognition site
Can antibodies be secreted?
Yes
Can TCRs be secreted?
No
What process do both T cells and B cells undergo?
Somatic recombination
What is the immune repertoire?
Millions of different antigen specificities
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
Bone marrow and thymus
What is the role of primary lymphoid organs?
Development of white blood cells
What are secondary lymphoid organs?
Sites that bring together leukocytes and antigen
Where do secondary lymphoid organs locate?
Throughout the body
What is the function of professional APCs?
Present processed antigens to T cells
What are examples of professional APCs?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
What are secondary lymphoid organs?
Organs that bring together leukocytes and antigens, located throughout the body, lining mucous membranes.
What are examples of secondary lymphoid organs?
Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT (tonsils, appendix, Peyer's patches).
What do lymph nodes do?
Collect antigens from tissues.
What is the function of the spleen?
Where blood-borne antigens encounter the immune system.
What does MALT stand for?
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
What are primary lymphoid organs?
Bone marrow and thymus.
What is the differentiation type in primary lymphoid organs?
Antigen-independent.
What products do primary lymphoid organs produce?
Mature naive B and T lymphocytes.
What is the immune response in primary lymphoid organs?
Development and maturation of B and T cells.
What is the differentiation type in secondary lymphoid organs?
Antigen-dependent.
What products do secondary lymphoid organs produce?
Effector B and T cells, memory cells.
What is the immune response in secondary lymphoid organs?
Induction of immune response, activation of B and T cells.
Where do B cells reside in lymph nodes?
Outer region of secondary follicle (B cells).
Where do T cells reside in lymph nodes?
Paracortex (T cell area).
How do antigens enter lymph nodes?
Via afferent lymphatic vessels.
How do B and T cells enter lymph nodes?
Via high endothelial venules.
What do efferent lymphatic vessels do?
Transport lymph and activated lymphocytes from lymph nodes back to circulation.
What is the direction of lymph circulation?
From tissues to lymph nodes, to thoracic duct, back to bloodstream, back to tissues.
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immune response?
Innate is non-specific; adaptive is specific and involves memory.
What are the advantages of passive immunity?
Immediate protection, no need for prior exposure.
What are the disadvantages of passive immunity?
Short-lived, no memory cells generated.
What are the basic differences between B cells and T cells?
B cells produce antibodies; T cells kill infected cells and help B cells.
What do lymphocytes transport back into circulation?
Activated lymphocytes
Where do activated lymphocytes go from circulation?
To the tissues
What recirculates throughout the body?
Leukocytes
What is LO1 in immunology?
List the cells of the immune system and their origin
What is LO2 in immunology?
Describe innate, non-immune barriers of the immune system
What is LO3 in immunology?
Describe innate immune barriers: phagocytosis and inflammation
What is LO4 in immunology?
Describe the differences between innate and adaptive immune response
What is LO5 in immunology?
Describe the basic differences between B cells and T cells
What is LO6 in immunology?
Describe the function and structure of the primary and secondary lymphoid organs
What is LO7 in immunology?
Describe and diagram the trafficking of lymphocytes and antigens in the body
What is LO8 in immunology?
Describe the timing of adaptive immunity during primary and secondary exposure to the same antigen
What is LO9 in immunology?
List the advantages and disadvantages of passive versus active immunity
What happens when a mature naïve T or B cell binds antigen?
It proliferates into a clone of lymphocytes
What is the primary response time to an antigen?
1-4 weeks
What cells are produced during the primary response?
Memory lymphocytes
What characterizes the secondary response to an antigen?
Faster, stronger, longer-lasting
What is the time to peak antibody level in a primary response?
10-14 days
What antibody is produced first in a primary response?
IgM
What antibody is produced more in a secondary response?
IgG
What can happen when the adaptive immune system is activated?
It does not always result in disease
What is required for active immunity?
Direct exposure to an antigen
What are the methods of acquiring active immunity?
Natural infection or vaccination
What is active immunity?
Immunity acquired through direct exposure to an antigen.
How can active immunity be acquired?
By natural infection or vaccination.
How long does it take for active immunity to establish?
1 - 4 weeks.
How long does active immunity last?
From years to a lifetime.
What is passive immunity?
Immunity acquired through transfer of antibodies from another person.
How can passive immunity be acquired?
Transfer from mother to fetus or from immune to sick person.
How quickly does passive immunity provide protection?
Instantaneously.
How long does passive immunity last?
Only weeks.
What are the types of active acquired immunity?
Natural and artificial.
What are the types of passive acquired immunity?
Natural and artificial.
Where are antibodies created in active immunity?
Inside the body.
Where are antibodies introduced in passive immunity?
From outside the body.
What is the efficacy duration of active immunity?
Lifelong or long term.
What is the efficacy duration of passive immunity?
Short-term.
Are memory cells generated in active immunity?
Yes.
Are memory cells generated in passive immunity?
No.
What is an inactivated vaccine?
Whole pathogen killed or inactivated.
What diseases are prevented by inactivated vaccines?
Hepatitis A, Cholera, Rabies.
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
Weakened live version of whole pathogen.
What diseases are prevented by live attenuated vaccines?
Measles, Mumps, Chickenpox, Tuberculosis.
What is a subunit vaccine?
Only antigens used.
What diseases are prevented by subunit vaccines?
Anthrax, Influenza, Pneumonia, Whooping cough.
What is a toxoid vaccine?
Inactivated bacterial toxin.
What diseases are prevented by toxoid vaccines?
Tetanus, Botulism.
What is a conjugate vaccine?
Bacterial capsule combined to protein.
What diseases are prevented by conjugate vaccines?
Meningitis, Pneumonia.
What is a DNA and RNA-based vaccine?
Pathogenic genetic material used.
What diseases are prevented by DNA and RNA-based vaccines?
Encephalitis, COVID-19.
What is an advantage of passive immunization?
Provides faster immunity.
What is the polling question about passive immunization?
It provides faster immunity.
What resources are available on CANVAS?
Answers to book questions, MINI Reviews, interesting articles
How many practice questions are typically at the end of each chapter in the MERP Microbiology handbook?
2 - 10 practice questions
What are the learning objectives for Lecture 1?
List cells of the immune system, describe innate barriers, differences between immune responses, etc.
What are most antigens composed of?
Pathogen proteins or carbohydrates that are foreign to the host.
What is the first line of defense in innate immunity?
Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes.
What chemical agents are involved in innate immunity?
Fatty acids on skin, HCl in stomach, lysozyme in tears.
What triggers inflammatory responses?
Cytokines signal to attract white blood cells to infection sites.
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immune responses?
Innate is immediate and non-specific; adaptive is delayed and specific.
What signals are needed to activate adaptive immune cells?
Danger signals from the innate immune system
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate is fast and non-specific; adaptive is slow and specific
What are secondary lymphoid organs?
Organs that bring together leukocytes and antigens, located throughout the body, lining mucous membranes.
What are examples of secondary lymphoid organs?
Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT (tonsils, appendix, Peyer's patches).
What is the immune response in primary lymphoid organs?
Development and maturation of B and T cells.
What is the immune response in secondary lymphoid organs?
Induction of immune response, activation of B and T cells.
What do efferent lymphatic vessels do?
Transport lymph and activated lymphocytes from lymph nodes back to circulation.
What is the direction of lymph circulation?
From tissues to lymph nodes, to thoracic duct, back to bloodstream, back to tissues.
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immune response?
Innate is non-specific; adaptive is specific and involves memory.
What are the basic differences between B cells and T cells?
B cells produce antibodies; T cells kill infected cells and help B cells.
What is LO6 in immunology?
Describe the function and structure of the primary and secondary lymphoid organs
What is LO7 in immunology?
Describe and diagram the trafficking of lymphocytes and antigens in the body
What is LO8 in immunology?
Describe the timing of adaptive immunity during primary and secondary exposure to the same antigen
What happens when a mature naïve T or B cell binds antigen?
It proliferates into a clone of lymphocytes
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