Flashcards in this deck (192)

• What is the Skeletal System?

  The organ system in the human body that provides structure, support, protection, and movement in coordination with the muscular system. It consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.
  biology skeletal_system
• What are the two main groups of bones in the Skeletal System?

  1) Axial Skeleton 2) Appendicular Skeleton
  biology skeletal_system
• What does the Axial Skeleton include?

  • Long axis of body
  • Skull
  • Vertebral column
  • Rib cage
  biology skeletal_system
• What does the Appendicular Skeleton consist of?

  • Bones of upper and lower limbs
  • Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
  biology skeletal_system
• What is the primary function of the Skeletal System?

  Digest food

  Regulate body temperature

  Produce hormones

  Provide structure, support, and protection
  biology skeletal_system
• Which bones are part of the Axial Skeleton?

  Skull, vertebral column, rib cage

  Femur, humerus, radius

  Pelvis, scapula, clavicle

  Tibia, fibula, patella
  biology skeletal_system
• What is the Appendicular Skeleton responsible for?

  Protecting vital organs

  Bones of upper and lower limbs

  Connecting to the vertebral column

  Supporting the skull
  biology skeletal_system
• What are the six main functions of bones?

  1) Support for body/soft organs 2) Protection of brain, spinal cord, vital organs 3) Anchor spots for leverage during muscle action 4) Mineral storage (mainly calcium and phosphorus) 5) Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) 6) Triglyceride (fat/energy) storage
  anatomy skeletal_system
• What is the role of bones in blood cell formation?

  Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) occurs in bone marrow.
  anatomy skeletal_system hematopoiesis
• What minerals are primarily stored in bones?

  Calcium and phosphorus.
  anatomy skeletal_system minerals
• Where does hematopoiesis occur?

  In bone marrow.
  anatomy skeletal_system hematopoiesis
• What is one function of bones related to muscle action?

  Bones serve as anchor spots for leverage during muscle action.
  anatomy skeletal_system muscle_action
• What is stored in bones for energy?

  Triglycerides (fat/energy) are stored in bones.
  anatomy skeletal_system energy_storage
• What is the function of bones in support?

  Bones provide support for the body and soft organs.
  anatomy skeletal_system support
• What is the function of bones in protection?

  Bones protect the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs.
  anatomy skeletal_system protection
• Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?

  Mineral storage

  Movement

  None

  Blood cell formation
  anatomy skeletal_system
• What does the skeletal system primarily protect?

  The brain, spinal cord, and vital organs.
  anatomy skeletal_system protection
• What diagram illustrates the functions of bones?

  
  anatomy skeletal_system visual_aid
• What are the four main types of bones classified by shape?

  1) Long bones - Longer than wide (e.g. femur) 2) Short bones - Cube-shaped (e.g. wrist/ankle) 3) Flat bones - Thin and flat (e.g. sternum) 4) Irregular bones - Complicated shapes (e.g. vertebra, hip)
  anatomy skeletal_system
• Which type of bone is longer than it is wide?

  Short bones

  Irregular bones

  Flat bones

  Long bones
  anatomy bones
• What shape are short bones?

  Thin and flat

  Cube-shaped

  Longer than wide

  Complicated shapes
  anatomy bones
• Which type of bone is described as thin and flat?

  Irregular bones

  Flat bones

  Long bones

  Short bones
  anatomy bones
• Which bone type has complicated shapes?

  Long bones

  Short bones

  Flat bones

  Irregular bones
  anatomy bones
• The four main types of bones are: 1) Long bones 2) Short bones 3) Flat bones 4) Irregular bones.
  anatomy skeletal_system
• What is an example of a long bone?

  Femur
  anatomy bones
• What is an example of a short bone?

  Wrist/ankle bones or patella
  anatomy bones
• What is an example of a flat bone?

  Sternum
  anatomy bones
• What is an example of an irregular bone?

  Vertebra or hip
  anatomy bones
• What do sesamoid bones refer to?

  Bones located within tendons (e.g. patella)
  anatomy bones
• What are the characteristics of long bones?

  They are longer than they are wide (e.g. femur).
  anatomy bones
• What are the characteristics of short bones?

  They are cube-shaped (e.g. wrist/ankle) and include sesamoid bones.
  anatomy bones
• What are the characteristics of flat bones?

  They are thin, flat, and slightly curved (e.g. sternum).
  anatomy bones
• What are the characteristics of irregular bones?

  They have complicated shapes (e.g. vertebra and hip).
  anatomy bones
• What is illustrated in the diagram of different bone shapes?

  It shows long bone (humerus), irregular bone (vertebra), flat bone (sternum), and short bone (talus).
  anatomy skeletal_system
• What are bone markings?

  Features on bones that serve as attachment points for muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and help in joint formation.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is the purpose of projections on bones?

  To serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments.
  anatomy bone_projections
• What are depressions in bone structure?

  Concave areas that allow for the passage of nerves and blood vessels or form joints.
  anatomy bone_depressions
• What do openings in bones facilitate?

  The passage of nerves and blood vessels.
  anatomy bone_openings
• What is the significance of textural features on bones?

  They indicate the strength and function of the bone, helping to understand its role in the skeletal system.
  anatomy bone_texture
• What are the three main categories of bone markings?

  1) Projections (processes) 2) Surfaces that form joints 3) Depressions and openings
  anatomy bone_markings
• What are projections in bone markings?

  Raised areas that serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments. Examples include tuberosity, crest, trochanter, tubercle, epicondyle, spine.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What do surfaces that form joints refer to in bone markings?

  Smooth areas where bones articulate with one another. Examples include head, facet, condyle, ramus.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What are depressions and openings in bone markings?

  Indentations or holes that allow passage of blood vessels and nerves or accommodate other structures. Examples include foramen, fossa, groove, fissure, notch, meatus, sinus.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a tuberosity in bone markings?

  A rounded projection.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What does a crest refer to in bone markings?

  A narrow, prominent ridge.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a trochanter?

  A large, blunt, irregular surface.
  anatomy bone_markings
• Define a line in bone markings.

  A narrow ridge of bone.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a tubercle?

  A small rounded projection.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What does epicondyle mean in bone markings?

  A raised area above a condyle.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is the definition of a spine in bone markings?

  A sharp, slender projection.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a process in bone markings?

  Any bony prominence.
  anatomy bone_markings
• Which of the following is a type of bone projection?

  Fossa

  Tuberosity

  Sinus

  Foramen
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is the function of bone projections?

  Protection of organs

  Site of muscle and ligament attachment

  Blood cell production

  Storage of fat
  anatomy bone_markings
• The eight main types of projections include: - Tuberosity - Crest - Trochanter - Line - Tubercle - Epicondyle - Spine - Process
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a tuberosity?

  Large rounded projection; may be roughened.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a crest?

  Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a line?

  Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is an epicondyle?

  Raised area on or above a condyle.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a spine?

  Sharp, slender, often pointed projection.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a process?

  Any bony prominence.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What are the three main types of surfaces in bone markings?

  • Head: bony expansion on narrow neck
  • Facet: smooth, nearly flat joint surface
  • Condyle: rounded articular projection
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a Head in bone markings?

  Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a Facet in bone markings?

  Smooth, nearly flat articular (joint) surface.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a Condyle in bone markings?

  Rounded articular projection; often articulates with a corresponding fossa.
  anatomy bone_markings
• Which of the following describes a Facet?

  A sharp projection on a bone.

  Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.

  Smooth, nearly flat articular (joint) surface.

  Rounded articular projection; often articulates with a corresponding fossa.
  anatomy bone_markings
• Which image illustrates the Head and Facets of a rib?

  

  

  An illustration of muscle anatomy.

  A diagram of a human skull.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a groove in bone markings?

  A furrow or trench.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a fissure in bone markings?

  A narrow, slit-like opening.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a foramen?

  A round or oval opening through a bone.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a meatus?

  A canal-like passageway.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a sinus in bone markings?

  A cavity within a bone.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a fossa?

  A shallow, basin-like depression.
  anatomy bone_markings
• Which of the following is a type of depression in bone markings?

  Crest

  Groove

  Head

  Condyle
  anatomy bone_markings
• What type of opening is a foramen?

  Round or oval opening

  Canal-like passageway

  Cavity within a bone

  Narrow slit
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a fissure?

  A narrow, slitlike opening.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a notch?

  An indentation at the edge of a structure.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is a sinus?

  A cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane.
  anatomy bone_markings
• What is the function of a foramen?

  Canal-like passageway

  Cavity filled with air

  Round or oval opening through a bone

  Indentation at the edge of a structure
  anatomy bone_markings
• Which of the following describes a meatus?

  Indentation at the edge

  Shallow depression

  Canal-like passageway

  Furrow
  anatomy bone_markings
• What does a fossa represent?

  Shallow, basin-like depression

  Cavity filled with air

  Canal-like passageway

  Narrow opening
  anatomy bone_markings
• What are the two major types of bone texture?

  1) Compact Bone 2) Spongy (Cancellous) Bone
  anatomy bones
• What is the characteristic of compact bone?

  • Dense outer layer on every bone
  • Appears smooth and solid
  anatomy compact_bone
• What is the characteristic of spongy bone?

  • Honeycomb/mesh of trabeculae
  • Red bone marrow fills gaps between trabeculae
  anatomy spongy_bone
• What fills the gaps in spongy bone?

  Red bone marrow
  anatomy bone_marrow
• What are trabeculae in spongy bone?

  Flat and needle-like pieces forming a mesh structure
  anatomy trabeculae
• What does compact bone look like?

  Smooth and solid appearance
  anatomy compact_bone
• What does spongy bone look like?

  A honeycomb structure with trabeculae
  anatomy spongy_bone
• What is shown in the cross-section of a bone image?

  Compact bone and spongy bone with labeled trabeculae
  anatomy bone_structure
• What are the main components of bone structure?

  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts
  • Bone matrix
  anatomy bones
• What is the function of osteocytes?

  They maintain bone tissue and communicate with other bone cells.
  anatomy bones cells
• What do osteoblasts do?

  They are responsible for bone formation.
  anatomy bones cells
• What is the role of osteoclasts?

  They break down bone tissue during the remodeling process.
  anatomy bones cells
• What is the bone matrix composed of?

  It consists of collagen fibers and inorganic minerals, mainly calcium phosphate.
  anatomy bones composition
• What are the two major structural components of long bones?

  1) Diaphysis (shaft) 2) Epiphyses (ends of long bones)
  anatomy bones
• What does the diaphysis of a long bone contain?

  A compact bone collar surrounding the marrow cavity.
  anatomy bones
• What is found in the marrow cavity of adult long bones?

  Fat (yellow marrow) is contained in the marrow cavity.
  anatomy bones
• What type of bone is found in the epiphyses of long bones?

  Compact bone externally and spongy bone internally.
  anatomy bones
• What covers the joint surfaces of the epiphyses?

  Articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the joint surfaces.
  anatomy bones
• What exists between the diaphysis and epiphysis?

  The epiphyseal line, a remnant of the growth plate.
  anatomy bones
• What is the function of the epiphyseal (growth) plate?

  It allows for the growth of long bones during childhood.
  anatomy bones
• What does the epiphyseal line signify?

  It is the remnant of the epiphyseal (growth) plate from childhood.
  anatomy bones
• What does the compact bone collar surround in the diaphysis?

  It surrounds the marrow cavity.
  anatomy bones
• What is the source of the yellow marrow in long bones?

  The marrow cavity in adults contains fat (yellow marrow).
  anatomy bones
• What is the structure of the long bone illustrated by the diagram?

  The diagram shows diaphysis, epiphyses, articular cartilage, spongy bone, compact bone, endosteum, periosteum, epiphyseal line, and medullary cavity.
  anatomy bones
• What are the two major membranes of long bones?

  1) Periosteum 2) Endosteum
  anatomy bones
• What does the term 'periosteum' mean?

  It means 'around the bone'.
  anatomy terminology
• What are the two layers of the periosteum?

  1) Outer fibrous layer 2) Inner osteogenic layer
  anatomy bones
• What is the function of Sharpey's fibers?

  They secure the periosteum to the underlying bone.
  anatomy bones
• What types of cells are found in the inner osteogenic layer of the periosteum?

  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts
  • Osteogenic cells
  anatomy cells
• What is the role of osteoblasts?

  They are bone-forming cells.
  anatomy cells
• What is the role of osteoclasts?

  They are bone-destroying cells.
  anatomy cells
• What does the endosteum cover?

  It covers the internal surfaces of bone.
  anatomy bones
• What types of cells are contained in the endosteum?

  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts
  anatomy cells
• What structures enter the bone via nutrient foramina?

  Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
  anatomy vascular
• What is depicted in the diagram of a long bone?

  The diagram shows the proximal and distal epiphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, spongy bone, compact bone, endosteum, periosteum, epiphyseal line, and medullary cavity.
  anatomy diagrams
• What is the structure of short, irregular, and flat bones?

  They consist of thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone. In flat bones, spongy bone is called diploë.
  anatomy bone_structure
• What are the two membranes found in short, irregular, and flat bones?

  1) Periosteum: covers external surfaces 2) Endosteum: delicate membrane on internal spongy bone
  anatomy bone_membranes
• Where does bone marrow exist in short, irregular, and flat bones?

  Bone marrow exists between the trabeculae; no defined marrow cavity is seen as in long bones.
  anatomy bone_marrow
• What is the diploë in flat bones?

  Diploë refers to the spongy bone found in flat bones.
  anatomy flat_bones
• What covers the external surfaces of short, irregular, and flat bones?

  Periosteum

  Spongy bone

  Endosteum

  Compact bone
  anatomy bone_membranes
• What is the delicate membrane on internal spongy bone called?

  Periosteum

  Trabeculae

  Endosteum

  Diploë
  anatomy bone_membranes
• What is hematopoietic tissue?

  Blood-forming tissue found mainly in red bone marrow, where stem cells produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
  biology hematopoiesis
• Where is adult red marrow primarily found?

  In trabecular cavities of spongy bone, mainly in heads of femur and humerus, and in the diploë of flat bones.
  anatomy bone
• Where is newborn red marrow found?

  In medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone.
  anatomy bone
• What does the presence of red marrow in newborns indicate?

  Highlights the high demand for blood cell formation during early development.
  biology development
• What are the types of skeletal cartilages?

  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  anatomy cartilage
• Where is hyaline cartilage found?

  • Articular surfaces
  • Costal cartilages
  • Nose
  • Trachea
  • Larynx
  anatomy hyaline_cartilage
• What is the function of elastic cartilage?

  Provides flexibility and support, maintaining shape.
  anatomy elastic_cartilage
• Where is fibrocartilage commonly found?

  • Intervertebral discs
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Menisci of the knee
  anatomy fibrocartilage
• What are skeletal cartilages?

  Strong but flexible connective tissues that provide support, cushioning, and shape to the skeleton.
  anatomy cartilage
• Where are skeletal cartilages found?

  • Joints
  • Rib connections
  • Nose
  • Ear
  • Other skeletal structures
  anatomy locations
• Do skeletal cartilages contain blood vessels or nerves?

  No, they contain no blood vessels or nerves.
  anatomy cartilage
• What does the perichondrium do?

  It contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage.
  anatomy perichondrium
• How many major types of skeletal cartilages are there?

  Three major types.
  anatomy cartilage
• Which of the following is NOT a location where skeletal cartilages are found?

  None, they are found in joints, rib connections, nose, ear, and other skeletal structures.

  In the heart

  In the brain

  In the skin
  anatomy locations
• Skeletal cartilages provide support, cushioning, and shape to the skeleton and are found in: - joints - rib connections - nose - ear - other skeletal structures.
  anatomy locations
• What are the properties of hyaline cartilage?

  • Offers support
  • Flexibility
  • Resilience
  • Most common type in the body
  • Found in articular, costal, and respiratory cartilages
  anatomy cartilage hyaline
• What are the features of elastic cartilage?

  • Contains elastic fibers
  • Enables repeated bending
  • Similar to hyaline cartilage
  • Found in external ear and epiglottis
  anatomy cartilage elastic
• What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?

  • Contains collagen fibers
  • Provides tensile strength
  • Supports intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci
  • Offers shock absorption
  anatomy cartilage fibrocartilage
• What are the two major ways of cartilage growth?

  1. Appositional growth
  2. Interstitial growth
  biology cartilage growth
• What does appositional growth involve?

  Cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage, increasing its width.
  biology cartilage growth
• What is the process of interstitial growth?

  Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within.
  biology cartilage growth
• What is the effect of calcification of cartilage?

  It alters cartilage's flexibility and resilience during normal bone growth and old age.
  biology cartilage calcification
• What is the basic structural unit of bone?

  Osteon (Haversian system)
  anatomy bone
• What type of cells are responsible for bone formation?

  Osteoblasts
  anatomy bone
• What type of cells are involved in bone resorption?

  Osteoclasts
  anatomy bone
• What is the function of osteocytes?

  Maintain bone tissue
  anatomy bone
• What is the matrix of bone primarily composed of?

  Collagen fibers and mineral salts
  anatomy bone
• What are the small spaces in bone tissue where osteocytes reside called?

  Lacunae
  anatomy bone
• What structure connects lacunae to each other?

  Canaliculi
  anatomy bone
• What is the outer layer of bone called?

  Periosteum
  anatomy bone
• What is the central canal in an osteon called?

  Haversian canal
  anatomy bone
• What type of bone is found at the ends of long bones?

  Spongy bone
  anatomy bone
• What are the five major cell types in bone?

  • Osteogenic cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts
  • Bone-Lining Cells
  anatomy bone cells
• What do osteogenic cells differentiate into?

  Osteoblasts
  anatomy bone cells
• What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

  Secrete unmineralized osteoid
  anatomy bone cells
• Where are osteocytes found?

  In lacunae
  anatomy bone cells
• What is the function of osteoclasts?

  Breakdown/resorb bone matrix for remodeling
  anatomy bone cells
• What are bone-lining cells called on the external and internal surfaces?

  • Periosteal cells (external)
  • Endosteal cells (internal)
  anatomy bone cells
• The five major cell types in bone are: - Osteogenic cells - Osteoblasts - Osteocytes - Osteoclasts - Bone-Lining Cells.
  anatomy bone cells
• What do osteoblasts secrete?

  Mineralized bone

  Calcium phosphate

  Collagen fibers

  Unmineralized osteoid
  anatomy bone cells
• What is the role of osteocytes?

  Resorb bone matrix

  Break down bone

  Form new bone

  Maintain bone matrix
  anatomy bone cells
• What is compact bone also known as?

  Compact (lamellar) bone
  anatomy bone
• What are the structural units of compact bone called?

  Osteons (Haversian systems)
  anatomy bone
• What is the weight-bearing component of osteons?

  Lamellae
  anatomy bone
• What runs through the core of an osteon?

  Central (Haversian) Canal
  anatomy bone
• What do lacunae contain?

  Osteocytes
  anatomy bone
• What connects lacunae to each other and the central canal?

  Canaliculi
  anatomy bone
• What are the canals that connect blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum to the central canal?

  Perforating (Volkmann's) Canal
  anatomy bone
• What fills gaps between forming osteons?

  Interstitial Lamellae
  anatomy bone
• What extends around the entire surface of the diaphysis?

  Circumferential Lamellae
  anatomy bone
• What helps compact bone resist twisting?

  Circumferential Lamellae
  anatomy bone
• What is the function of osteons?

  They are the structural units of compact bone.
  anatomy bone
• What structural feature of osteons withstands stress?

  Column-like matrix tubes
  anatomy bone
• The three main components of compact bone are: 1) Osteon (Haversian System) 2) Central (Haversian) Canal 3) Canals and Canaliculi.
  anatomy bone
• What do canaliculi resemble?

  Solid rods

  Flat structures

  Large tubes

  Hair-like canals
  anatomy bone
• What is the primary role of the central canal in an osteon?

  Supports osteocytes

  Contains blood vessels and nerves

  Holds minerals

  Connects osteons
  anatomy bone
• What type of lamellae fills gaps between osteons?

  Radial Lamellae

  Central Lamellae

  Interstitial Lamellae

  Circumferential Lamellae
  anatomy bone
• What are the main structural units of compact bone?

  Osteons
  anatomy bone compact_bone
• What is the central canal in an osteon responsible for?

  Housing blood vessels and nerves
  anatomy bone compact_bone
• What are lamellae?

  Concentric rings of bone matrix in osteons
  anatomy bone compact_bone
• What are canaliculi?

  Small channels that connect lacunae in bone
  anatomy bone compact_bone
• What are perforating canals?

  Channels that connect central canals of adjacent osteons
  anatomy bone compact_bone
• What is the role of interstitial lamellae?

  Filling spaces between osteons
  anatomy bone compact_bone
• What is the purpose of the diagram showing compact bone structure?

  To illustrate the arrangement of osteons and their components
  anatomy bone compact_bone
• What type of bone is known as spongy bone?

  Spongy (Cancellous) Bone is a lighter, less dense type of bone tissue found mainly at the ends of long bones and inside flat bones.
  anatomy bones
• How is spongy bone organized?

  Spongy bone is organized into a supportive network called trabeculae, existing along lines of stress.
  anatomy bones
• What structures are found in trabeculae of spongy bone?

  Trabeculae contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi; they do not contain osteons.
  anatomy bones
• What supplies nutrients to spongy bone?

  Capillaries in the endosteum supply nutrients to spongy bone.
  anatomy bones
• What is the function of trabeculae in spongy bone?

  Exist along lines of stress

  Form osteons

  Produce red blood cells

  Store fat
  anatomy bones
• What is the appearance of spongy bone?

  Spongy bone appears poorly organized but is actually organized along lines of stress to help resist any stress.
  anatomy bones
• What is the primary difference between spongy bone and compact bone?

  Spongy bone is lighter and less dense compared to compact bone, which is denser and forms the outer layer of bones.
  anatomy bones