Flashcards in this deck (49)

• The major arteries that supply the central nervous system are the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
  anatomy blood_vessels cns
• The brain receives about 15 to 17 percent of the total cardiac output.
  physiology blood_supply brain
• The brain consumes about 20 percent of the body's oxygen.
  physiology brain oxygen
• The brain suffers ischemia when it receives less than 25 ml of blood per 100 grams of brain tissue.
  physiology ischemia brain
• After 10 seconds of ischemia, a person loses consciousness.
  physiology ischemia brain
• After 3 to 5 minutes of ischemia, irreversible changes occur in the nervous system.
  physiology ischemia brain
• The aorta branches into the brachycephalic trunk, left carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
  anatomy aorta blood_vessels
• The internal carotid artery enters the cranial cavity through the carotid canal.
  anatomy blood_vessels internal_carotid
• The vertebral artery is a branch of the subclavian artery.
  anatomy vertebral_artery blood_vessels
• The vertebral arteries fuse to form the basilar artery.
  anatomy basilar_artery blood_vessels
• The internal carotid artery forms the anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries in the cranial cavity.
  anatomy internal_carotid brain_supply
• The external carotid artery supplies the neck and face.
  anatomy external_carotid blood_supply
• The internal carotid artery has no branches in the neck and enters the cranial cavity through the carotid canal forming a bend known as carotid siphon.
  anatomy arteries internal_carotid
• The two major branches of the internal carotid artery are the anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery.
  anatomy arteries internal_carotid
• The vertebral arteries ascend through the transverse foramen of the upper six cervical vertebrae and enter the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum.
  anatomy vertebral_arteries
• The basilar artery bifurcates into the right and left posterior cerebral arteries.
  anatomy basilar_artery posterior_cerebral
• The posterior communicating branch connects the internal carotid artery and the posterior cerebral artery.
  anatomy arteries communication
• The right and left anterior cerebral arteries are connected by the anterior communicating branch.
  anatomy arteries anterior_communicating
• The arteries that form the circle of Willis include the basilar artery, posterior cerebral artery, posterior communicating branch, internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, and anterior communicating branch.
  anatomy circle_of_willis
• The anterior spinal artery is formed from branches of the right and left vertebral arteries and supplies the spinal cord and medulla.
  anatomy spinal_artery
• The posterior inferior cerebellar artery, known as PICA, arises from the vertebral artery.
  anatomy pica
• The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) usually comes from the basilar artery or sometimes from the vertebral artery.
  anatomy aica
• The superior cerebellar artery arises from the basilar artery.
  anatomy superior_cerebellar
• The main branches of the internal carotid artery are the anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and ophthalmic branch.
  anatomy internal_carotid
• The anterior cerebral artery supplies the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere, affecting the contralateral lower limb if blocked.
  anatomy anterior_cerebral blockage
• Branches of the anterior cerebral artery include orbital branches, frontopolar artery, calosomarginal artery, and pericalosomarginal arteries.
  anatomy anterior_cerebral branches
• The anterior cerebral artery supplies the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere and has branches like the medial striate artery, talosomarginal artery, and frontopolar arteries.
  anatomy cerebral arteries
• Blockage of the anterior cerebral artery leads to paralysis and sensory loss in the contralateral lower limb.
  clinical anatomy cerebral
• The medial striate artery, also known as the recurrent artery of Huebner, supplies the quadric nucleus and internal capsule.
  anatomy cerebral arteries
• The middle cerebral artery is located on the superolateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere and supplies the temporal, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes.
  anatomy cerebral arteries
• Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery results in loss of motor function and sensory deficits on the contralateral upper body, while sparing the lower limb.
  clinical anatomy cerebral
• The orbitofrontal artery supplies the frontal lobe, while the precentral and central arteries supply the premotor area and sensory areas.
  anatomy cerebral arteries
• The angular artery supplies the angular gyrus, which is important as it is one of the language areas of the brain.
  anatomy cerebral language
• The watershed area of the brain is supplied by both the middle cerebral artery and the anterior cerebral artery, and is clinically significant due to potential ischemia from hypotension.
  anatomy clinical cerebral
• The vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity and join to form the basilar artery, giving rise to the anterior spinal artery.
  anatomy cerebral arteries
• The vertebral artery gives a branch that forms one anterior spinal artery and two posterior spinal arteries. The posterior spinal arteries can come from the vertebral or pica.
  anatomy arteries vertebral
• The basilar artery is formed by the joining of the vertebral arteries. It splits into the right and left posterior cerebral artery.
  anatomy basilar cerebral
• At the medullary level, each vertebral artery gives rise to the anterior spinal artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), and posterior spinal artery.
  anatomy medulla arteries
• The medulla is mainly supplied by branches of the anterior spinal artery, which arises from the vertebral artery.
  anatomy medulla blood_supply
• If the pyramids are affected by blockage of the anterior spinal artery, it results in contralateral hemiplegia.
  symptoms anterior_spinal_artery pyramids
• Blockage of the anterior spinal artery affecting the medial lemniscus leads to loss of two-point discrimination, vibration, and conscious proprioception.
  symptoms medial_lemniscus anterior_spinal_artery
• Damage to the medial longitudinal fasciculus due to anterior spinal artery blockage may prevent conjugate eye movement.
  symptoms medial_longitudinal_fasciculus eye_movement
• The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) supplies the lateral part of the medulla and its blockage affects the spinothalamic tract.
  anatomy pica medulla
• If the spinothalamic tract is affected by PICA blockage, there is a loss of contralateral pain and temperature sensation in the body.
  symptoms spinothalamic_tract pica
• Blockage of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve due to PICA blockage results in loss of ipsilateral pain and temperature sensation in the face.
  symptoms trigeminal_nerve pica
• Damage to sympathetic fibers due to PICA blockage results in loss of sympathetic nervous system function, leading to signs like Horner syndrome.
  symptoms horner_syndrome pica
• The PICA also supplies the nucleus ambigus, leading to issues such as dysarthria and dysphagia.
  symptoms nucleus_ambigus pica
• The corticospinal tracts are usually spared in cases of PICA blockage.
  symptoms corticospinal_tracts pica
• The cerebellar hemisphere is supplied by the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA).
  anatomy cerebellum pica