What is the definition of evolution?
Changes in the physical appearance of individuals
Changes in the genetic make-up of populations over time
Changes in the behavior of animals
Changes in the environment over time
What is the definition of evolution?
Changes in the physical appearance of individuals
Changes in the genetic make-up of populations over time
Changes in the behavior of animals
Changes in the environment over time
What is biological evolution?
Changes in the behavior of species
Changes in the physical traits of individuals
Changes in the genetic make-up of populations; individuals do not evolve
Changes in the environment affecting individuals
What is biological evolution?
Changes in the behavior of species
Changes in the physical traits of individuals
Changes in the genetic make-up of populations; individuals do not evolve
Changes in the environment affecting individuals
What is penicillin?
A type of virus
An antibiotic drug that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria
A type of fungus
A type of bacteria
What is penicillin?
A type of virus
An antibiotic drug that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria
A type of fungus
A type of bacteria
What is microevolution?
Changes in the environment affecting species
Population level changes within a species
Changes in individual behavior
Changes in the genetic make-up of individuals
What is microevolution?
Changes in the environment affecting species
Population level changes within a species
Changes in individual behavior
Changes in the genetic make-up of individuals
What is macroevolution?
Changes in the environment affecting species
Changes in individual traits over generations
Changes in genetic make-up of individuals
Changes between species over time where breeding is not possible
What is macroevolution?
Changes in the environment affecting species
Changes in individual traits over generations
Changes in genetic make-up of individuals
Changes between species over time where breeding is not possible
What is phenotypic variation?
Behavioral changes in populations
Heritable traits in physical appearance and/or function
Changes in genetic traits
Environmental changes affecting traits
What is phenotypic variation?
Behavioral changes in populations
Heritable traits in physical appearance and/or function
Changes in genetic traits
Environmental changes affecting traits
What is quantitative variation?
Characteristics that are only environmental
Characteristics that do not change
Characteristics with distinct features
Characteristics with a range of variation that can be quantified
What is quantitative variation?
Characteristics that are only environmental
Characteristics that do not change
Characteristics with distinct features
Characteristics with a range of variation that can be quantified
What is qualitative variation?
Characteristics that are measurable
Characteristics that are random
Characteristics with distinct features
Characteristics that change over time
What is qualitative variation?
Characteristics that are measurable
Characteristics that are random
Characteristics with distinct features
Characteristics that change over time
What does bell curve distribution indicate?
All traits are distributed evenly
Only extreme traits exist
Some individuals are outliers but the majority are in the middle
All individuals are equal in traits
What does bell curve distribution indicate?
All traits are distributed evenly
Only extreme traits exist
Some individuals are outliers but the majority are in the middle
All individuals are equal in traits
What causes phenotypic variation?
Only due to environmental factors
Due to random mutations
Due to genetics and/or environmental factors
Only due to genetic factors
What causes phenotypic variation?
Only due to environmental factors
Due to random mutations
Due to genetics and/or environmental factors
Only due to genetic factors
What was the purpose of the experiment with mice?
To study the effects of environment on mice
To compare different species of mice
To breed mice based on the most active individuals
To observe the effects of diet on mice
What was the purpose of the experiment with mice?
To study the effects of environment on mice
To compare different species of mice
To breed mice based on the most active individuals
To observe the effects of diet on mice
What is the conclusion of the experiment on mice?
Genetic variation is the cause of level of activity in mice
Mice activity is unrelated to genetics
Mice activity is determined solely by environment
Genetic variation has no effect on mice's behavior
What is the conclusion of the experiment on mice?
Genetic variation is the cause of level of activity in mice
Mice activity is unrelated to genetics
Mice activity is determined solely by environment
Genetic variation has no effect on mice's behavior
What is one cause of genetic variation?
Mutation
Constancy
Uniformity
Stability
What is one cause of genetic variation?
Mutation
Constancy
Uniformity
Stability
What happens during mutation?
An allele is changed, altering the genetic make-up of the gene
Alleles remain unchanged
Genes are completely destroyed
New traits are immediately formed
What happens during mutation?
An allele is changed, altering the genetic make-up of the gene
Alleles remain unchanged
Genes are completely destroyed
New traits are immediately formed
What is recombination in genetics?
Pieces of DNA from adjacent chromosomes combine to form new genes
Chromosomes are destroyed
DNA is duplicated
Genes are eliminated
What is recombination in genetics?
Pieces of DNA from adjacent chromosomes combine to form new genes
Chromosomes are destroyed
DNA is duplicated
Genes are eliminated
What is artificial selection?
Elimination of undesirable traits
Breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits
Selection based on environmental factors
Natural selection of random traits
What is artificial selection?
Elimination of undesirable traits
Breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits
Selection based on environmental factors
Natural selection of random traits
How can genetic variation be assessed?
Using only behavioral observations
By measuring only physical traits
When phenotype equals genotype
Through random sampling
How can genetic variation be assessed?
Using only behavioral observations
By measuring only physical traits
When phenotype equals genotype
Through random sampling
What method can measure genetic variation directly?
High-throughput DNA methods (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Traditional breeding methods
Phenotypic observation
Microscopy
What method can measure genetic variation directly?
High-throughput DNA methods (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Traditional breeding methods
Phenotypic observation
Microscopy
What is the first step in the gel electrophoresis procedure?
Staining is done
Gel is prepared
A fly is mashed in the well
Electric current is applied
What is the first step in the gel electrophoresis procedure?
Staining is done
Gel is prepared
A fly is mashed in the well
Electric current is applied
What happens to heavier molecules during gel electrophoresis?
They move to the negative electrode
They move faster than lighter ones
They move slower through the gel
They do not move at all
What happens to heavier molecules during gel electrophoresis?
They move to the negative electrode
They move faster than lighter ones
They move slower through the gel
They do not move at all
What defines a homozygote?
Both alleles of a given gene are the same
Both alleles are different
Only one allele is present
Alleles are unlinked
What defines a homozygote?
Both alleles of a given gene are the same
Both alleles are different
Only one allele is present
Alleles are unlinked
What defines a heterozygote?
Only one allele exists
Alleles are the same
Two alleles of a given gene are different
Both alleles are identical
What defines a heterozygote?
Only one allele exists
Alleles are the same
Two alleles of a given gene are different
Both alleles are identical
What is population genetics?
Made up of individuals of the same species, each with different genotypes
Focus on environmental factors
Only concerned with physical traits
A study of single organisms
What is population genetics?
Made up of individuals of the same species, each with different genotypes
Focus on environmental factors
Only concerned with physical traits
A study of single organisms
What is a population in genetics?
Only individuals of different species
A random collection of species
Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed
Individuals that do not interbreed
What is a population in genetics?
Only individuals of different species
A random collection of species
Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed
Individuals that do not interbreed
What is gene flow?
Elimination of alleles
Transfer of alleles from one population to another through interbreeding
Isolation of populations
Stability of genetic traits
What is gene flow?
Elimination of alleles
Transfer of alleles from one population to another through interbreeding
Isolation of populations
Stability of genetic traits
What is the gene pool?
Total number of species in an area
Total individuals in a population
Only the dominant alleles
Sum of all alleles at all gene loci in all individuals
What is the gene pool?
Total number of species in an area
Total individuals in a population
Only the dominant alleles
Sum of all alleles at all gene loci in all individuals
What are genotype frequencies?
Total number of alleles present
Number of individuals with a given genotype divided by total number of individuals in the population
Frequency of phenotypes only
Only the number of homozygotes
What are genotype frequencies?
Total number of alleles present
Number of individuals with a given genotype divided by total number of individuals in the population
Frequency of phenotypes only
Only the number of homozygotes
What are allele frequencies?
Frequency of genotypes only
Number of a type of allele divided by the total number of alleles in the population
Only the dominant alleles
Total number of individuals
What are allele frequencies?
Frequency of genotypes only
Number of a type of allele divided by the total number of alleles in the population
Only the dominant alleles
Total number of individuals
What is incomplete dominance?
Dominance of one allele over another
Individuals that are capable of showing traits of two different alleles
No traits are visible
Only one trait is expressed
What is incomplete dominance?
Dominance of one allele over another
Individuals that are capable of showing traits of two different alleles
No traits are visible
Only one trait is expressed
What is the genotype frequency of red snapdragons (C_RC_R) if there are 450 individuals?
0.45
0.25
0.30
0.50
What is the genotype frequency of red snapdragons (C_RC_R) if there are 450 individuals?
0.45
0.25
0.30
0.50
What is the genotype frequency for red snapdragons (CRCR)?
0.45
0.50
0.05
0.70
What is the genotype frequency for red snapdragons (CRCR)?
0.45
0.50
0.05
0.70
How many individuals have the genotype CRCW (pink snapdragons)?
450
500
50
1000
How many individuals have the genotype CRCW (pink snapdragons)?
450
500
50
1000
What is the total number of CR alleles calculated?
600
1400
900
500
What is the total number of CR alleles calculated?
600
1400
900
500
What is the total number of CW alleles calculated?
600
50
500
1400
What is the total number of CW alleles calculated?
600
50
500
1400
What is the allele frequency of CR?
0.5
0.45
0.7
0.3
What is the allele frequency of CR?
0.5
0.45
0.7
0.3
What is the allele frequency of CW?
0.05
0.5
0.7
0.3
What is the allele frequency of CW?
0.05
0.5
0.7
0.3
What does p represent in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
two alleles
population size
genotype frequency
one allele
What does p represent in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
two alleles
population size
genotype frequency
one allele
What does q represent in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
one allele
another allele
genotype frequency
population size
What does q represent in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
one allele
another allele
genotype frequency
population size
What is a condition that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
no mutations
high mutation rate
gene flow
natural selection
What is a condition that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
no mutations
high mutation rate
gene flow
natural selection
What is the conclusion of the experiment regarding the population of snapdragons?
the population is stable
the population is extinct
the population is decreasing
the population is evolving
What is the conclusion of the experiment regarding the population of snapdragons?
the population is stable
the population is extinct
the population is decreasing
the population is evolving
What is a factor that causes a population bottleneck?
natural selection
gene flow
catastrophic factors
increased reproduction
What is a factor that causes a population bottleneck?
natural selection
gene flow
catastrophic factors
increased reproduction
What is the founder effect?
all individuals migrate
population increases rapidly
founders have a different genetic makeup
founders have the same genetic makeup
What is the founder effect?
all individuals migrate
population increases rapidly
founders have a different genetic makeup
founders have the same genetic makeup
Which type of mutation benefits an organism?
advantageous mutations
harmful mutations
disadvantageous mutations
neutral mutations
Which type of mutation benefits an organism?
advantageous mutations
harmful mutations
disadvantageous mutations
neutral mutations
What is genetic drift?
decrease in genetic variation
increase in population size
deliberate change in allele frequencies
random change in allele frequencies
What is genetic drift?
decrease in genetic variation
increase in population size
deliberate change in allele frequencies
random change in allele frequencies
What is natural selection?
population decreases
individuals with the best traits survive
random mating occurs
all individuals survive equally
What is natural selection?
population decreases
individuals with the best traits survive
random mating occurs
all individuals survive equally
What does natural selection favor in individuals?
Traits that reduce an individual's survival
Ornamentation such as bright feathers in male birds
Large males
Traits that increase an individual's access to reproductive opportunities
What does natural selection favor in individuals?
Traits that reduce an individual's survival
Ornamentation such as bright feathers in male birds
Large males
Traits that increase an individual's access to reproductive opportunities
What is the definition of fitness in the context of natural selection?
The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation
The number of mates an individual has
The physical strength of an individual
The age at which an individual reproduces
What is the definition of fitness in the context of natural selection?
The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation
The number of mates an individual has
The physical strength of an individual
The age at which an individual reproduces
Which type of natural selection favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic spectrum?
Disruptive Selection
Balancing Selection
Stabilizing Selection
Directional Selection
Which type of natural selection favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic spectrum?
Disruptive Selection
Balancing Selection
Stabilizing Selection
Directional Selection
What does stabilizing selection favor?
Individuals with the largest size
Individuals at the extremes of the phenotypic spectrum
Individuals in the middle of the phenotypic spectrum
Individuals with the most colorful traits
What does stabilizing selection favor?
Individuals with the largest size
Individuals at the extremes of the phenotypic spectrum
Individuals in the middle of the phenotypic spectrum
Individuals with the most colorful traits
In disruptive selection, which individuals are favored?
Individuals with average traits
Individuals with the least colorful traits
Individuals at the extremes of the phenotypic spectrum
Individuals in the middle of the phenotypic spectrum
In disruptive selection, which individuals are favored?
Individuals with average traits
Individuals with the least colorful traits
Individuals at the extremes of the phenotypic spectrum
Individuals in the middle of the phenotypic spectrum
What preference do female gray tree frogs show in mate selection?
Males with no calls
Males with longer calls
Males with brighter colors
Males with shorter calls
What preference do female gray tree frogs show in mate selection?
Males with no calls
Males with longer calls
Males with brighter colors
Males with shorter calls
What is the conclusion of the experiment regarding female tree frogs' mate selection?
They prefer short call males
They prefer long call males because of good genes
They do not have a preference
They prefer males with bright colors
What is the conclusion of the experiment regarding female tree frogs' mate selection?
They prefer short call males
They prefer long call males because of good genes
They do not have a preference
They prefer males with bright colors
What is balancing selection?
Selection that leads to extinction
Selection that occurs only in large populations
Selection that favors one allele over another
Various forms of selection that maintain genetic variation
What is balancing selection?
Selection that leads to extinction
Selection that occurs only in large populations
Selection that favors one allele over another
Various forms of selection that maintain genetic variation
What is negative frequency-dependent selection?
Fitness is constant regardless of frequency
Fitness is determined solely by environmental factors
Relative fitness of genotypes varies with their frequencies in the population
Only common genotypes have high fitness
What is negative frequency-dependent selection?
Fitness is constant regardless of frequency
Fitness is determined solely by environmental factors
Relative fitness of genotypes varies with their frequencies in the population
Only common genotypes have high fitness
True or False: Natural selection ensures organisms are optimally suited to their environment.
True
Only for certain traits
False
Only in stable environments
True or False: Natural selection ensures organisms are optimally suited to their environment.
True
Only for certain traits
False
Only in stable environments
What does natural selection favor in a particular trait?
Random variation
A competitive optimum
Absolute optimum
Genetic drift
What does natural selection favor in a particular trait?
Random variation
A competitive optimum
Absolute optimum
Genetic drift
Who began the classification of living and nonliving organisms?
Lamarck
Darwin
Aristotle
Linnaeus
Who began the classification of living and nonliving organisms?
Lamarck
Darwin
Aristotle
Linnaeus
What is the biological study of organismal form and variety in natural environments called?
Paleobiology
Natural History
Taxonomy
Biogeography
What is the biological study of organismal form and variety in natural environments called?
Paleobiology
Natural History
Taxonomy
Biogeography
What does natural theology seek to catalog?
Plant taxonomy
Animal behavior
Human evolution
God's creation
What does natural theology seek to catalog?
Plant taxonomy
Animal behavior
Human evolution
God's creation
What is the purpose of Linnaean taxonomy?
To classify organisms by habitat
To understand genetic diversity
For the greater glory of God
To study evolutionary relationships
What is the purpose of Linnaean taxonomy?
To classify organisms by habitat
To understand genetic diversity
For the greater glory of God
To study evolutionary relationships
What does biogeography study?
Behavioral ecology
World distribution of organisms
Genetic variation
Species extinction
What does biogeography study?
Behavioral ecology
World distribution of organisms
Genetic variation
Species extinction
What type of structures are vestigial structures?
Currently useless structures
Functional structures
Adaptive structures
Essential structures
What type of structures are vestigial structures?
Currently useless structures
Functional structures
Adaptive structures
Essential structures
What is the study of ancient organisms called?
Paleobiology
Anthropology
Archaeology
Paleontology
What is the study of ancient organisms called?
Paleobiology
Anthropology
Archaeology
Paleontology
What does the theory of catastrophism explain?
Gradual evolution
Genetic mutation
Species adaptation
Fossil formation by catastrophe
What does the theory of catastrophism explain?
Gradual evolution
Genetic mutation
Species adaptation
Fossil formation by catastrophe
What principle did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck hypothesize?
Principle of use and disuse
Survival of the fittest
Natural selection
Genetic drift
What principle did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck hypothesize?
Principle of use and disuse
Survival of the fittest
Natural selection
Genetic drift
What does descent with modification refer to?
Genetic variability in populations
Environmental adaptation
Fossils of Patagonia showing similarity
Species extinction patterns
What does descent with modification refer to?
Genetic variability in populations
Environmental adaptation
Fossils of Patagonia showing similarity
Species extinction patterns
What is an example of divergence in isolation?
Migration patterns of birds
Genetic similarities in mammals
Fauna of Galapagos Islands
Plant diversity in rainforests
What is an example of divergence in isolation?
Migration patterns of birds
Genetic similarities in mammals
Fauna of Galapagos Islands
Plant diversity in rainforests
What type of selection are goldenrod gall flies likely subject to after wasp extinction?
Balancing selection
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection
What type of selection are goldenrod gall flies likely subject to after wasp extinction?
Balancing selection
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection
What is the frequency of the D allele in a hypothetical frog population of 1000 with 280 homozygous dominant frogs?
0.47
0.53
0.50
0.60
What is the frequency of the D allele in a hypothetical frog population of 1000 with 280 homozygous dominant frogs?
0.47
0.53
0.50
0.60
What is the frequency of the D allele in the population?
0.50
0.53
0.47
The answer cannot be determined from the data provided
What is the frequency of the D allele in the population?
0.50
0.53
0.47
The answer cannot be determined from the data provided
How is a scientific theory different from a guess?
It is just a hunch
It is an untested assumption
It is a well-established explanation for observations
It is a simple hypothesis
How is a scientific theory different from a guess?
It is just a hunch
It is an untested assumption
It is a well-established explanation for observations
It is a simple hypothesis
What does a scientific law describe?
What happens under certain conditions
Why something happens
A theory that is unproven
A guess about future events
What does a scientific law describe?
What happens under certain conditions
Why something happens
A theory that is unproven
A guess about future events
Which theory explains why gravity occurs?
Law of Gravity
Theory of Evolution
Newton's Theory of Gravity
Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Which theory explains why gravity occurs?
Law of Gravity
Theory of Evolution
Newton's Theory of Gravity
Einstein's Theory of Relativity
What occurs when one species splits into two or more species?
Natural selection
Adaptation
Evolution
Speciation
What occurs when one species splits into two or more species?
Natural selection
Adaptation
Evolution
Speciation
What is a key process in producing adaptation in species?
Natural selection
Mutation
Genetic drift
Migration
What is a key process in producing adaptation in species?
Natural selection
Mutation
Genetic drift
Migration
What usually happens to populations over time?
They remain static
They evolve rapidly
They change gradually
They become extinct
What usually happens to populations over time?
They remain static
They evolve rapidly
They change gradually
They become extinct
What is a common characteristic of adaptations?
They are always perfect
They are random
They are usually compromises
They are permanent
What is a common characteristic of adaptations?
They are always perfect
They are random
They are usually compromises
They are permanent
What evidence should we see if life originated and evolved on Earth?
Evidence in modern species
Evidence in historical texts
Evidence in geological formations
Evidence in the fossil record
What evidence should we see if life originated and evolved on Earth?
Evidence in modern species
Evidence in historical texts
Evidence in geological formations
Evidence in the fossil record
What happened to food availability during the drought on Daphne Major?
It decreased by 84%
It decreased by 25%
It increased by 50%
It remained the same
What happened to food availability during the drought on Daphne Major?
It decreased by 84%
It decreased by 25%
It increased by 50%
It remained the same
What types of seeds did finches prefer before the drought?
No seeds
Preferred 24 types of seeds
Only one type of seed
50 types of seeds
What types of seeds did finches prefer before the drought?
No seeds
Preferred 24 types of seeds
Only one type of seed
50 types of seeds
What was the seed abundance after the drought?
10g/m2
15g/m2
Less than 3g/m2
5g/m2
What was the seed abundance after the drought?
10g/m2
15g/m2
Less than 3g/m2
5g/m2
What was the behavior of large fortis during the drought?
Ate small seeds
Ate no seeds
Ate large seeds
Ate medium seeds
What was the behavior of large fortis during the drought?
Ate small seeds
Ate no seeds
Ate large seeds
Ate medium seeds
What is the relationship between evolution and natural selection?
Natural selection is a process that drives evolution
Evolution is independent of natural selection
Natural selection only occurs in artificial environments
Evolution is a random process
What is the relationship between evolution and natural selection?
Natural selection is a process that drives evolution
Evolution is independent of natural selection
Natural selection only occurs in artificial environments
Evolution is a random process
What do large fortis eat during the drought?
Tribulus
Large seeds
Small seeds
Medium seeds
What do large fortis eat during the drought?
Tribulus
Large seeds
Small seeds
Medium seeds
What do medium fortis eat during the drought?
Large seeds
Tribulus
Small seeds
Medium seeds
What do medium fortis eat during the drought?
Large seeds
Tribulus
Small seeds
Medium seeds
What do small fortis eat during the drought?
Medium seeds
Small seeds
Large seeds
Tribulus
What do small fortis eat during the drought?
Medium seeds
Small seeds
Large seeds
Tribulus
Which finches can break open the hard spines of Tribulus?
Only magnirostris
Small fortis
Medium fortis
Fortis and magnirostris
Which finches can break open the hard spines of Tribulus?
Only magnirostris
Small fortis
Medium fortis
Fortis and magnirostris
What is a characteristic of the spines of Tribulus?
Blunt
Soft
Extremely sharp
Flexible
What is a characteristic of the spines of Tribulus?
Blunt
Soft
Extremely sharp
Flexible
How does magnirostris eat Tribulus seeds?
Eats them whole
Steals from others
Splits them open
Crushes the seeds with its beak
How does magnirostris eat Tribulus seeds?
Eats them whole
Steals from others
Splits them open
Crushes the seeds with its beak
How much force does magnirostris require to crush seeds?
200 newtons
54 newtons
150 newtons
100 newtons
How much force does magnirostris require to crush seeds?
200 newtons
54 newtons
150 newtons
100 newtons
What strategy does fortis use to eat Tribulus seeds?
Eats the seeds whole
Steals from magnirostris
Crushes with its beak
Braces it against a rock to split it open
What strategy does fortis use to eat Tribulus seeds?
Eats the seeds whole
Steals from magnirostris
Crushes with its beak
Braces it against a rock to split it open
How much force does fortis require to eat Tribulus?
200 newtons
54 newtons
100 newtons
150 newtons
How much force does fortis require to eat Tribulus?
200 newtons
54 newtons
100 newtons
150 newtons
How much more energy does magnirostris get per minute compared to fortis?
3 times
2.5 times
1.5 times
4 times
How much more energy does magnirostris get per minute compared to fortis?
3 times
2.5 times
1.5 times
4 times
What disadvantage do small fortis face?
Cannot open Tribulus
Too small to eat seeds
Too weak to eat
Too large to find food
What disadvantage do small fortis face?
Cannot open Tribulus
Too small to eat seeds
Too weak to eat
Too large to find food
What herb do small fortis have to eat?
Cactus
Milkweed
Tribulus
Chamaesyce
What herb do small fortis have to eat?
Cactus
Milkweed
Tribulus
Chamaesyce
What happens to small fortis when they eat Chamaesyce?
Gets stuck to their head
Loses feathers
Becomes stronger
Gains more energy
What happens to small fortis when they eat Chamaesyce?
Gets stuck to their head
Loses feathers
Becomes stronger
Gains more energy
What is a consequence for bald birds in hot sun?
They die
They thrive
They get stronger
They find more food
What is a consequence for bald birds in hot sun?
They die
They thrive
They get stronger
They find more food
What may adaptations be evident during?
Calm periods
Abundant resources
Times of stress and competition
Good years
What may adaptations be evident during?
Calm periods
Abundant resources
Times of stress and competition
Good years
What happens during good years for finches?
Variation fills in
Increased competition
More adaptations
Decreased food supply
What happens during good years for finches?
Variation fills in
Increased competition
More adaptations
Decreased food supply
What occurs during tough years for finches?
Less adaptation
More variation
Decreased competition
Increased selection
What occurs during tough years for finches?
Less adaptation
More variation
Decreased competition
Increased selection
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
22 pairs
24 pairs
25 pairs
23 pairs
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
22 pairs
24 pairs
25 pairs
23 pairs
How many pairs of chromosomes do chimpanzees have?
23 pairs
24 pairs
25 pairs
22 pairs
How many pairs of chromosomes do chimpanzees have?
23 pairs
24 pairs
25 pairs
22 pairs
What is one prediction about the lost chromosome in humans?
It was gained from other species
It was fused with another chromosome
It was lost, we didn’t need those genes
It was a mutation
What is one prediction about the lost chromosome in humans?
It was gained from other species
It was fused with another chromosome
It was lost, we didn’t need those genes
It was a mutation
What is a possible reason for the difference in chromosome numbers between humans and chimps?
Different distributions of genes
A fusion event occurred
A gain of genes
A loss of genes
What is a possible reason for the difference in chromosome numbers between humans and chimps?
Different distributions of genes
A fusion event occurred
A gain of genes
A loss of genes
What should we see if life evolved on Earth?
No changes over time
Evidence in the fossil record
All species identical
No fossils present
What should we see if life evolved on Earth?
No changes over time
Evidence in the fossil record
All species identical
No fossils present
What indicates that creatures share a common ancestry?
No changes in morphology
Transitional forms
Identical species
All species unrelated
What indicates that creatures share a common ancestry?
No changes in morphology
Transitional forms
Identical species
All species unrelated
What should we see if creatures share a common ancestry?
Transitional forms
Modern species
Extinct species
Identical species
What should we see if creatures share a common ancestry?
Transitional forms
Modern species
Extinct species
Identical species
What type of evidence should support the theory of evolution?
Evidence of creationism
Evidence of extinction
Evidence of static species
Evidence of natural selection
What type of evidence should support the theory of evolution?
Evidence of creationism
Evidence of extinction
Evidence of static species
Evidence of natural selection
What are the first detectable traces of life on Earth?
Dinosaurs
Simple forms
Complex forms
Multicellular organisms
What are the first detectable traces of life on Earth?
Dinosaurs
Simple forms
Complex forms
Multicellular organisms
What is the earliest life form we can detect?
Cyanobacteria
Dinosaurs
Mammals
Fungi
What is the earliest life form we can detect?
Cyanobacteria
Dinosaurs
Mammals
Fungi
How does the fossil record occur?
When organisms are frozen
When organisms are buried alive
When organisms are exposed to air
When organismal features are preserved long after death
How does the fossil record occur?
When organisms are frozen
When organisms are buried alive
When organisms are exposed to air
When organismal features are preserved long after death
What is a characteristic of the fossil record?
It is always accurate
It only includes hard bodies
It is incomplete
It is fully preserved
What is a characteristic of the fossil record?
It is always accurate
It only includes hard bodies
It is incomplete
It is fully preserved
What does geological dating rely on?
Random sampling
Geological strata arranged in order
Biological dating
Visual estimation
What does geological dating rely on?
Random sampling
Geological strata arranged in order
Biological dating
Visual estimation
What does radiometric dating provide?
Relative age
Estimated age
Absolute age
Approximate age
What does radiometric dating provide?
Relative age
Estimated age
Absolute age
Approximate age
What is an example of a transitional form?
Archaeopteryx
Pterodactyl
Tyrannosaurus rex
Mammoth
What is an example of a transitional form?
Archaeopteryx
Pterodactyl
Tyrannosaurus rex
Mammoth
What do retrodictions in evolution refer to?
Evidence of vestigial characters
Evidence of identical genes
Evidence of new species
Evidence of extinct species
What do retrodictions in evolution refer to?
Evidence of vestigial characters
Evidence of identical genes
Evidence of new species
Evidence of extinct species
What is an example of a vestigial gene in humans?
Genes for making yolk proteins
Genes for making insulin
Genes for eyesight
Genes for hearing
What is an example of a vestigial gene in humans?
Genes for making yolk proteins
Genes for making insulin
Genes for eyesight
Genes for hearing
What is convergent evolution?
Similar niches occupied by different organisms
Identical evolution paths
Evolution of the same species
Evolution of extinct species
What is convergent evolution?
Similar niches occupied by different organisms
Identical evolution paths
Evolution of the same species
Evolution of extinct species
What is a significant example of adaptive radiation?
Mammals vs Australian marsupials
Fish vs Amphibians
Birds vs Reptiles
Insects vs Arachnids
What is a significant example of adaptive radiation?
Mammals vs Australian marsupials
Fish vs Amphibians
Birds vs Reptiles
Insects vs Arachnids
What does the fossil record indicate about soft bodies?
They are preserved equally
They are not preserved at all
They are preserved more than hard bodies
They are preserved less than hard bodies
What does the fossil record indicate about soft bodies?
They are preserved equally
They are not preserved at all
They are preserved more than hard bodies
They are preserved less than hard bodies
What is the significance of homology in evolution?
It shows extinction patterns
It shows random variations
It shows conservation of structure
It shows identical species
What is the significance of homology in evolution?
It shows extinction patterns
It shows random variations
It shows conservation of structure
It shows identical species
What is the term for organisms living in different spaces in allopatry?
Allopatry
Parapatry
Ecopatry
Sympatry
What is the term for organisms living in different spaces in allopatry?
Allopatry
Parapatry
Ecopatry
Sympatry
Which type of mammals are compared to Australian marsupials?
Placental mammals
Insectivores
Eutherians
Monotremes
Which type of mammals are compared to Australian marsupials?
Placental mammals
Insectivores
Eutherians
Monotremes
What is a key difference between human hands and bird wings?
Conservation of structure
Coloration
Functionality
Size
What is a key difference between human hands and bird wings?
Conservation of structure
Coloration
Functionality
Size
What type of evolutionary predictions might include 'imperfections'?
Species extinction
Genetic mutations
Environmental adaptations
Evolutionary predictions
What type of evolutionary predictions might include 'imperfections'?
Species extinction
Genetic mutations
Environmental adaptations
Evolutionary predictions
Which of the following is considered an 'imperfection' in human evolution?
Large brain
Wisdom teeth
Long lifespan
Strong bones
Which of the following is considered an 'imperfection' in human evolution?
Large brain
Wisdom teeth
Long lifespan
Strong bones
What is the evolutionary history of a species called?
Ecology
Phylogeny
Taxonomy
Morphology
What is the evolutionary history of a species called?
Ecology
Phylogeny
Taxonomy
Morphology
Which classification system includes Bacteria and Archaea?
Kingdom
Class
Phylum
Domain
Which classification system includes Bacteria and Archaea?
Kingdom
Class
Phylum
Domain
Who instituted the use of Latin scientific names in the 18th century?
Charles Darwin
Louis Pasteur
Gregor Mendel
Carolus Linnaeus
Who instituted the use of Latin scientific names in the 18th century?
Charles Darwin
Louis Pasteur
Gregor Mendel
Carolus Linnaeus
What is the correct scientific name for the African Lion?
Panthera Onca
Panthera Leo
Panthera Tigris
Panthera Pardus
What is the correct scientific name for the African Lion?
Panthera Onca
Panthera Leo
Panthera Tigris
Panthera Pardus
What is the hierarchical classification level above 'Genus'?
Species
Order
Family
Class
What is the hierarchical classification level above 'Genus'?
Species
Order
Family
Class
What is a mnemonic to remember the hierarchical classification order?
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles
A Big Cat Can Eat Fish
Did King Philip Come Over For Great Spaghetti
Every Good Boy Deserves Fruit
What is a mnemonic to remember the hierarchical classification order?
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles
A Big Cat Can Eat Fish
Did King Philip Come Over For Great Spaghetti
Every Good Boy Deserves Fruit
What diagram represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms?
Flowchart
Phylogenetic tree
Venn diagram
Bar graph
What diagram represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms?
Flowchart
Phylogenetic tree
Venn diagram
Bar graph
What must systematic characters be in relation to environmental phenotypic variation?
Similar
Variable
Dependent
Independent
What must systematic characters be in relation to environmental phenotypic variation?
Similar
Variable
Dependent
Independent
What is a requirement for systematic characters?
They can have environmental phenotypic variation
They must be homologous
They must be derived
They must be independent
What is a requirement for systematic characters?
They can have environmental phenotypic variation
They must be homologous
They must be derived
They must be independent
What does pleiotropy refer to?
Environmental variation
Independent characters
Multiple characters controlled by the same gene
Homologous characters
What does pleiotropy refer to?
Environmental variation
Independent characters
Multiple characters controlled by the same gene
Homologous characters
What results from common ancestry?
Environmental traits
Derived traits
Analogous characters
Homologous characters
What results from common ancestry?
Environmental traits
Derived traits
Analogous characters
Homologous characters
What are analogous characters also known as?
Synapomorphies
Homoplasies
Derived traits
Pleiotropic traits
What are analogous characters also known as?
Synapomorphies
Homoplasies
Derived traits
Pleiotropic traits
What type of evolution do homoplasies result from?
Adaptive radiation
Divergent evolution
Parallel evolution
Convergent evolution
What type of evolution do homoplasies result from?
Adaptive radiation
Divergent evolution
Parallel evolution
Convergent evolution
What are traits similar for reasons other than common ancestry called?
Synapomorphies
Ancestral traits
Derived traits
Homoplastic traits
What are traits similar for reasons other than common ancestry called?
Synapomorphies
Ancestral traits
Derived traits
Homoplastic traits
What is the term for a trait that differs from the ancestral trait?
Derived trait
Ancestral trait
Homologous trait
Environmental trait
What is the term for a trait that differs from the ancestral trait?
Derived trait
Ancestral trait
Homologous trait
Environmental trait
What is a trait that was present in the ancestor of a group called?
Derived trait
Ancestral trait
Synapomorphy
Homoplastic trait
What is a trait that was present in the ancestor of a group called?
Derived trait
Ancestral trait
Synapomorphy
Homoplastic trait
What are shared derived traits that provide evidence of common ancestry called?
Ancestral traits
Synapomorphies
Homoplasies
Pleiotropic traits
What are shared derived traits that provide evidence of common ancestry called?
Ancestral traits
Synapomorphies
Homoplasies
Pleiotropic traits
What is an example of a synapomorphy for all vertebrates?
Hair
Feathers
Wings
Vertebral column
What is an example of a synapomorphy for all vertebrates?
Hair
Feathers
Wings
Vertebral column
How can derived characters be determined?
By environmental factors
By genetic sequencing
From fossils and embryos
By morphological similarity
How can derived characters be determined?
By environmental factors
By genetic sequencing
From fossils and embryos
By morphological similarity
What does evolutionary reversal refer to?
A trait becoming more derived
A new trait emerging
A character reverting to an ancestral state
A trait becoming homologous
What does evolutionary reversal refer to?
A trait becoming more derived
A new trait emerging
A character reverting to an ancestral state
A trait becoming homologous
What is the principle of monophyly in systematics?
All systematics uses monophyletic taxa
It requires environmental variation
It includes polyphyletic taxa
It excludes all descendants
What is the principle of monophyly in systematics?
All systematics uses monophyletic taxa
It requires environmental variation
It includes polyphyletic taxa
It excludes all descendants
What do polyphyletic taxa include?
Species from separate lineages
One ancestral species and all descendants
Only ancestral traits
Only derived traits
What do polyphyletic taxa include?
Species from separate lineages
One ancestral species and all descendants
Only ancestral traits
Only derived traits
What do paraphyletic taxa contain?
Only ancestral traits
An ancestor and some but not all descendants
Only derived traits
Species from separate lineages
What do paraphyletic taxa contain?
Only ancestral traits
An ancestor and some but not all descendants
Only derived traits
Species from separate lineages
How are phylogenetic trees typically constructed?
Using only morphological data
Using hundreds or thousands of traits
By comparing only a few traits
Based on environmental factors
How are phylogenetic trees typically constructed?
Using only morphological data
Using hundreds or thousands of traits
By comparing only a few traits
Based on environmental factors
What does the principle of parsimony state?
The simplest explanation is most likely to be correct
All explanations must be equally complex
Evolutionary changes are always simple
The most complex explanation is always correct
What does the principle of parsimony state?
The simplest explanation is most likely to be correct
All explanations must be equally complex
Evolutionary changes are always simple
The most complex explanation is always correct
What is the goal of minimizing evolutionary changes in phylogenetic trees?
To include more homoplasies
To make the tree more complex
To find the most parsimonious tree
To ignore derived characters
What is the goal of minimizing evolutionary changes in phylogenetic trees?
To include more homoplasies
To make the tree more complex
To find the most parsimonious tree
To ignore derived characters
What has most species descriptions been based on?
Environmental data
Genetic data
Behavioral data
Morphological data
What has most species descriptions been based on?
Environmental data
Genetic data
Behavioral data
Morphological data
What is a limitation of using morphological data?
Identifying ancestral traits
Comparing distantly related species
Describing closely related species
Determining derived traits
What is a limitation of using morphological data?
Identifying ancestral traits
Comparing distantly related species
Describing closely related species
Determining derived traits
What is a limitation of using morphological data in evolutionary studies?
All species show many morphological differences
Morphological data is easy to collect
Comparing distantly related species can be misleading
Morphological data is always accurate
What is a limitation of using morphological data in evolutionary studies?
All species show many morphological differences
Morphological data is easy to collect
Comparing distantly related species can be misleading
Morphological data is always accurate
What developmental structure do sea squirts and vertebrates share?
Dorsal fins
Lungs
Notochord
Gills
What developmental structure do sea squirts and vertebrates share?
Dorsal fins
Lungs
Notochord
Gills
What do fossils provide information about?
Morphology of past organisms
Modern environmental conditions
Genetic sequences
Current species behavior
What do fossils provide information about?
Morphology of past organisms
Modern environmental conditions
Genetic sequences
Current species behavior
What is a key limitation of the fossil record?
It is fragmentary and missing for some groups
Fossils provide complete genetic information
It includes all species ever existed
Fossils are always easy to find
What is a key limitation of the fossil record?
It is fragmentary and missing for some groups
Fossils provide complete genetic information
It includes all species ever existed
Fossils are always easy to find
How can behavior be transmitted in species?
Only inherited
Inherited or culturally transmitted
Only genetically determined
Only learned
How can behavior be transmitted in species?
Only inherited
Inherited or culturally transmitted
Only genetically determined
Only learned
Which type of DNA is most widely used for constructing phylogenetic trees?
DNA sequences
RNA sequences
Chromosomal sequences
Protein sequences
Which type of DNA is most widely used for constructing phylogenetic trees?
DNA sequences
RNA sequences
Chromosomal sequences
Protein sequences
What evolutionary mechanism increases genetic variation in a population?
Mutation
Genetic drift
Stabilizing selection
Directional selection
What evolutionary mechanism increases genetic variation in a population?
Mutation
Genetic drift
Stabilizing selection
Directional selection
What is the purpose of computer software in phylogenetic analysis?
To generate trees based on data
To collect field data
To study animal behavior
To analyze fossil records
What is the purpose of computer software in phylogenetic analysis?
To generate trees based on data
To collect field data
To study animal behavior
To analyze fossil records
What is a disadvantage of using molecular data?
Only four states in nucleotides
It has unlimited states
It is always accurate
It requires no alignment
What is a disadvantage of using molecular data?
Only four states in nucleotides
It has unlimited states
It is always accurate
It requires no alignment
What does a molecular clock measure?
Number of species
Length of DNA sequences
Speed of species evolution
Rate of DNA mutation
What does a molecular clock measure?
Number of species
Length of DNA sequences
Speed of species evolution
Rate of DNA mutation
How many living species may exist on Earth?
As great as 100 million
Over 1 billion
About 1 million
Approximately 10 million
How many living species may exist on Earth?
As great as 100 million
Over 1 billion
About 1 million
Approximately 10 million
How long ago were the first living forms observed?
3.8 billion years ago
500 million years ago
4.5 billion years ago
1 billion years ago
How long ago were the first living forms observed?
3.8 billion years ago
500 million years ago
4.5 billion years ago
1 billion years ago
What percentage of all species that have existed on Earth are now extinct?
50%
99%
25%
75%
What percentage of all species that have existed on Earth are now extinct?
50%
99%
25%
75%
When were the first living forms observed on Earth?
1 billion years ago
3.8 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
2 billion years ago
When were the first living forms observed on Earth?
1 billion years ago
3.8 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
2 billion years ago
What percentage of all species that have existed on Earth are now extinct?
75%
99%
90%
50%
What percentage of all species that have existed on Earth are now extinct?
75%
99%
90%
50%
What is the smallest independently evolving unit?
Genus
Species
Family
Population
What is the smallest independently evolving unit?
Genus
Species
Family
Population
How many different species concepts are there approximately?
15
22
30
10
How many different species concepts are there approximately?
15
22
30
10
What varies according to the location of giraffes?
Reproduction
Size
Diet
Distribution of pelage patterns
What varies according to the location of giraffes?
Reproduction
Size
Diet
Distribution of pelage patterns
How many different subspecies of giraffes are there?
15 to 20
10 to 15
5 to 10
1 to 3
How many different subspecies of giraffes are there?
15 to 20
10 to 15
5 to 10
1 to 3
What type of DNA analysis was used to establish distinct lineages in giraffes?
Mitochondrial DNA sequences
Ribosomal RNA
Chromosomal analysis
Nuclear DNA sequences
What type of DNA analysis was used to establish distinct lineages in giraffes?
Mitochondrial DNA sequences
Ribosomal RNA
Chromosomal analysis
Nuclear DNA sequences
What concept describes species based on appearance?
Ecological species concept
Biological species concept
Morphological species concept
Phylogenetic species concept
What concept describes species based on appearance?
Ecological species concept
Biological species concept
Morphological species concept
Phylogenetic species concept
What is the biological species concept?
A group of organisms with similar morphology
A group of organisms with a unique ancestry
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
A group of organisms that share a habitat
What is the biological species concept?
A group of organisms with similar morphology
A group of organisms with a unique ancestry
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
A group of organisms that share a habitat
What is a major problem with the biological species concept?
Asexual organisms
Organisms with similar morphology
Organisms that migrate
Organisms with different habitats
What is a major problem with the biological species concept?
Asexual organisms
Organisms with similar morphology
Organisms that migrate
Organisms with different habitats
What does the phylogenetic species concept emphasize?
Ecological niches
Unique ancestry
Morphological similarities
Geographic range
What does the phylogenetic species concept emphasize?
Ecological niches
Unique ancestry
Morphological similarities
Geographic range
What does the ecological species concept focus on?
Geographic distribution
Morphological traits
Distinct ecological niche
Genetic similarities
What does the ecological species concept focus on?
Geographic distribution
Morphological traits
Distinct ecological niche
Genetic similarities
What is an example of a shared derived character in mammals?
Feathers
Hair
Fins
Scales
What is an example of a shared derived character in mammals?
Feathers
Hair
Fins
Scales
What is the estimated number of living species on Earth?
100 million
50 million
200 million
10 million
What is the estimated number of living species on Earth?
100 million
50 million
200 million
10 million
What is a polyphyletic character in a phylogenetic tree?
Groups that do not share a common ancestor
Groups that share a common ancestor
Groups that are geographically isolated
Groups that are genetically identical
What is a polyphyletic character in a phylogenetic tree?
Groups that do not share a common ancestor
Groups that share a common ancestor
Groups that are geographically isolated
Groups that are genetically identical
What is the estimated number of living species on Earth?
Around 1 million
Up to 100 million
Approximately 10 million
About 500 million
What is the estimated number of living species on Earth?
Around 1 million
Up to 100 million
Approximately 10 million
About 500 million
When were the first living forms observed on Earth?
2.5 billion years ago
3.8 billion years ago
1 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
When were the first living forms observed on Earth?
2.5 billion years ago
3.8 billion years ago
1 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
What percentage of all species that have ever existed on Earth are now extinct?
50%
75%
99%
90%
What percentage of all species that have ever existed on Earth are now extinct?
50%
75%
99%
90%
What is speciation?
The classification of species
The creation of new species
The migration of species
The extinction of species
What is speciation?
The classification of species
The creation of new species
The migration of species
The extinction of species
What can lead to genetic divergence between populations?
Genetic uniformity
Increased gene flow
Reduced gene flow
Stable environmental conditions
What can lead to genetic divergence between populations?
Genetic uniformity
Increased gene flow
Reduced gene flow
Stable environmental conditions
What is prezygotic isolation?
Hybrid offspring survival
Mating after fertilization
Geographic separation of populations
Prevention of mating between different species
What is prezygotic isolation?
Hybrid offspring survival
Mating after fertilization
Geographic separation of populations
Prevention of mating between different species
What is postzygotic isolation?
Isolation due to geographic barriers
Isolation occurring after fertilization
Isolation prior to mating
Isolation caused by environmental changes
What is postzygotic isolation?
Isolation due to geographic barriers
Isolation occurring after fertilization
Isolation prior to mating
Isolation caused by environmental changes
What is an example of postzygotic isolation?
Behavioral differences
Geographic separation
A sterile hybrid like a mule
Different mating seasons
What is an example of postzygotic isolation?
Behavioral differences
Geographic separation
A sterile hybrid like a mule
Different mating seasons
What does allopatric speciation involve?
Genetic similarity
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
Physical isolation of populations
What does allopatric speciation involve?
Genetic similarity
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
Physical isolation of populations
What is biogeography?
The study of genetic variation
The study of species distribution
The study of fossil records
The study of environmental changes
What is biogeography?
The study of genetic variation
The study of species distribution
The study of fossil records
The study of environmental changes
What occurs during dispersal in isolation and divergence?
A population becomes extinct
A population merges with another
A population moves to a new habitat
A population remains in one area
What occurs during dispersal in isolation and divergence?
A population becomes extinct
A population merges with another
A population moves to a new habitat
A population remains in one area
What is vicariance?
A physical barrier that splits a population
A genetic mutation
A migration event
A change in mating behavior
What is vicariance?
A physical barrier that splits a population
A genetic mutation
A migration event
A change in mating behavior
What is the founder effect?
Stabilization of genetic traits
Rapid divergence of populations due to isolation
Increased gene flow
Reduction of genetic variation
What is the founder effect?
Stabilization of genetic traits
Rapid divergence of populations due to isolation
Increased gene flow
Reduction of genetic variation
How can natural selection affect isolated populations?
By causing divergence in different environments
By preventing adaptation
By increasing gene flow
By promoting genetic uniformity
How can natural selection affect isolated populations?
By causing divergence in different environments
By preventing adaptation
By increasing gene flow
By promoting genetic uniformity
What is the first step in the process of speciation described?
End with two isolated populations
Start with one continuous population
Introduce a new species
Create a physical barrier
What is the first step in the process of speciation described?
End with two isolated populations
Start with one continuous population
Introduce a new species
Create a physical barrier
What event can cause populations to diverge according to the text?
Human intervention
Introduction of a new species
Chance event that changes the landscape
Natural disaster
What event can cause populations to diverge according to the text?
Human intervention
Introduction of a new species
Chance event that changes the landscape
Natural disaster
What are vicariance events responsible for?
The origin of many modern species
The extinction of species
The migration of species
The introduction of invasive species
What are vicariance events responsible for?
The origin of many modern species
The extinction of species
The migration of species
The introduction of invasive species
What does continental drift explain?
The climate change
The formation of mountains
The rotation of the Earth
Movement of continental plates
What does continental drift explain?
The climate change
The formation of mountains
The rotation of the Earth
Movement of continental plates
What is the first requirement for speciation?
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Physical isolation
Genetic isolation
What is the first requirement for speciation?
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Physical isolation
Genetic isolation
What accompanies genetic isolation to result in speciation?
Genetic divergence
Gene flow
Population growth
Environmental changes
What accompanies genetic isolation to result in speciation?
Genetic divergence
Gene flow
Population growth
Environmental changes
What does sympatry refer to?
Populations that are extinct
Populations living in different regions
Populations living in the same geographic region
Populations that are genetically identical
What does sympatry refer to?
Populations that are extinct
Populations living in different regions
Populations living in the same geographic region
Populations that are genetically identical
What can overcome gene flow in sympatric populations?
Genetic drift
Gene exchange
Natural selection
Mutation
What can overcome gene flow in sympatric populations?
Genetic drift
Gene exchange
Natural selection
Mutation
What is an example of a plant involved in sympatric speciation?
Maple trees
Pine trees
Hawthorn trees
Oak trees
What is an example of a plant involved in sympatric speciation?
Maple trees
Pine trees
Hawthorn trees
Oak trees
What genus do apples belong to?
Prunus
Citrus
Crataegus
Malus
What genus do apples belong to?
Prunus
Citrus
Crataegus
Malus
When were domesticated apples introduced to North America?
In the 1700s
In the 1500s
In the 1800s
In the 1600s
When were domesticated apples introduced to North America?
In the 1700s
In the 1500s
In the 1800s
In the 1600s
What is the average diameter of a typical commercial apple?
50mm
70mm
60mm
90mm
What is the average diameter of a typical commercial apple?
50mm
70mm
60mm
90mm
How much more food do large apple fruits provide compared to hawthorn fruits?
50 times more
150 times more
220 times more
100 times more
How much more food do large apple fruits provide compared to hawthorn fruits?
50 times more
150 times more
220 times more
100 times more
What percentage of hawthorn maggots survive?
52%
27%
35%
45%
What percentage of hawthorn maggots survive?
52%
27%
35%
45%
What is a key difference in the fruits of apples and hawthorns?
Hawthorn fruits are larger
Hawthorn fruits are sweeter
Larger fruits of apples are much deeper
Apples have thicker skins
What is a key difference in the fruits of apples and hawthorns?
Hawthorn fruits are larger
Hawthorn fruits are sweeter
Larger fruits of apples are much deeper
Apples have thicker skins
How do apple maggots avoid parasitoid wasps?
They produce toxins
They fly away quickly
They can burrow into larger fruits
They change color
How do apple maggots avoid parasitoid wasps?
They produce toxins
They fly away quickly
They can burrow into larger fruits
They change color
What distinguishes hawthorn and apple maggot flies genetically?
They have different genetic profiles
They have the same genetic profiles
They have identical DNA
They are different species
What distinguishes hawthorn and apple maggot flies genetically?
They have different genetic profiles
They have the same genetic profiles
They have identical DNA
They are different species
What do hawthorn maggot flies prefer for mating?
No preference
Hawthorn fruit
Any fruit
Apple fruit
What do hawthorn maggot flies prefer for mating?
No preference
Hawthorn fruit
Any fruit
Apple fruit
What is the primary factor for mating preference in apple maggot flies?
Hawthorn fruit
Apple fruit
Any fruit
No preference
What is the primary factor for mating preference in apple maggot flies?
Hawthorn fruit
Apple fruit
Any fruit
No preference
What do apple maggot flies prefer to mate on and lay fertilized eggs in?
Peach fruit
Apple fruit
Hawthorn fruit
Cherry fruit
What do apple maggot flies prefer to mate on and lay fertilized eggs in?
Peach fruit
Apple fruit
Hawthorn fruit
Cherry fruit
What is the hybridization rate between hawthorn and apple maggot flies?
1-2%
4-6%
10-15%
20-25%
What is the hybridization rate between hawthorn and apple maggot flies?
1-2%
4-6%
10-15%
20-25%
Can natural selection cause speciation when gene flow is possible?
Only in plants
Only in animals
Yes
No
Can natural selection cause speciation when gene flow is possible?
Only in plants
Only in animals
Yes
No
What happens when a population switches to a new host species?
Enhances mating opportunities
Reduces gene flow leading to disruptive selection
Increases gene flow
No effect on gene flow
What happens when a population switches to a new host species?
Enhances mating opportunities
Reduces gene flow leading to disruptive selection
Increases gene flow
No effect on gene flow
What can cause speciation particularly in plants?
Hybridization
Gene flow
Natural selection alone
Mutation resulting in polyploidy
What can cause speciation particularly in plants?
Hybridization
Gene flow
Natural selection alone
Mutation resulting in polyploidy
What type of individuals are genetically isolated from wild-type individuals?
Triploid individuals
Tetraploid individuals
Diploid individuals
Haploid individuals
What type of individuals are genetically isolated from wild-type individuals?
Triploid individuals
Tetraploid individuals
Diploid individuals
Haploid individuals
What is the condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes called?
Aneuploidy
Diploidy
Haploidy
Polyploidy
What is the condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes called?
Aneuploidy
Diploidy
Haploidy
Polyploidy
What type of polyploidy results from chromosome duplications within a species?
Chromosomal mutation
Autopolyploidy
Gene duplication
Allopolyploidy
What type of polyploidy results from chromosome duplications within a species?
Chromosomal mutation
Autopolyploidy
Gene duplication
Allopolyploidy
What happens to odd chromosome numbers in species?
Can reproduce normally
Always fertile
Usually sterile
May produce hybrids
What happens to odd chromosome numbers in species?
Can reproduce normally
Always fertile
Usually sterile
May produce hybrids
What can closely related species often differ in?
Physical appearance
Chromosomal arrangement
Behavioral traits
Genetic makeup
What can closely related species often differ in?
Physical appearance
Chromosomal arrangement
Behavioral traits
Genetic makeup
What occurs when isolated populations of related species come into contact?
Results in extinction
No effect on populations
Depends on genetic divergence
Always leads to hybridization
What occurs when isolated populations of related species come into contact?
Results in extinction
No effect on populations
Depends on genetic divergence
Always leads to hybridization
What may happen if prezygotic isolation exists between two populations?
Mating is rare and gene flow is minimal
Gene flow is maximal
Mating is common
Populations merge completely
What may happen if prezygotic isolation exists between two populations?
Mating is rare and gene flow is minimal
Gene flow is maximal
Mating is common
Populations merge completely
What is a geographic area where interbreeding between two populations occurs called?
Speciation zone
Hybrid zone
Isolation zone
Diversity zone
What is a geographic area where interbreeding between two populations occurs called?
Speciation zone
Hybrid zone
Isolation zone
Diversity zone
What can hybridization sometimes lead to?
Reinforcement of existing species
Guaranteed extinction
Origination of a new species
Increased genetic diversity
What can hybridization sometimes lead to?
Reinforcement of existing species
Guaranteed extinction
Origination of a new species
Increased genetic diversity
What is a hybrid zone?
A place with no genetic diversity
A region where species are extinct
A geographic area where interbreeding between two populations occurs and hybrid offspring are common
An area with only one species
What is a hybrid zone?
A place with no genetic diversity
A region where species are extinct
A geographic area where interbreeding between two populations occurs and hybrid offspring are common
An area with only one species
What is reinforcement in biological terms?
The process of creating new habitats
A form of genetic mutation
Selection for traits that isolate populations reproductively
A method of species extinction
What is reinforcement in biological terms?
The process of creating new habitats
A form of genetic mutation
Selection for traits that isolate populations reproductively
A method of species extinction
What happens to hybrid offspring from extensively diverged species?
They will most likely have lower fitness and will not develop or reproduce normally
They will have higher fitness than their parents
They will always be fertile
They will thrive and dominate the ecosystem
What happens to hybrid offspring from extensively diverged species?
They will most likely have lower fitness and will not develop or reproduce normally
They will have higher fitness than their parents
They will always be fertile
They will thrive and dominate the ecosystem
What is postzygotic isolation?
Isolation that occurs before fertilization
A type of environmental isolation
When hybrid offspring have reduced fitness and are selected against
A method of genetic engineering
What is postzygotic isolation?
Isolation that occurs before fertilization
A type of environmental isolation
When hybrid offspring have reduced fitness and are selected against
A method of genetic engineering
What is an example of sympatric species behavior?
They only mate in different areas
They always mate regardless of conditions
They are seldom willing to mate with one another
They are genetically identical
What is an example of sympatric species behavior?
They only mate in different areas
They always mate regardless of conditions
They are seldom willing to mate with one another
They are genetically identical
What is the outcome when prezygotic isolation does not exist?
Species will become extinct
Populations may successfully interbreed
Populations will remain completely isolated
Gene flow will be impossible
What is the outcome when prezygotic isolation does not exist?
Species will become extinct
Populations may successfully interbreed
Populations will remain completely isolated
Gene flow will be impossible
What can occur in hybrid zones?
Hybrid zones do not exist in nature
Hybrids will always be more fit than parents
All hybrids are infertile
Hybrid offspring may possess traits that are intermediate between the parental populations
What can occur in hybrid zones?
Hybrid zones do not exist in nature
Hybrids will always be more fit than parents
All hybrids are infertile
Hybrid offspring may possess traits that are intermediate between the parental populations
What distinguishes protists from prokaryotes?
They have a membrane-bound nucleus with multiple, linear chromosomes
They do not reproduce
They lack any cellular structure
They have only circular DNA
What distinguishes protists from prokaryotes?
They have a membrane-bound nucleus with multiple, linear chromosomes
They do not reproduce
They lack any cellular structure
They have only circular DNA
Which organelles do protists possess that prokaryotes do not?
Nuclei and lysosomes
Cell walls and membranes
Ribosomes and vacuoles
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Which organelles do protists possess that prokaryotes do not?
Nuclei and lysosomes
Cell walls and membranes
Ribosomes and vacuoles
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
What transcription and translation characteristics do protists share?
They are unique to plants
They are similar to those of other eukaryotes
They do not undergo these processes
They are identical to prokaryotes
What transcription and translation characteristics do protists share?
They are unique to plants
They are similar to those of other eukaryotes
They do not undergo these processes
They are identical to prokaryotes
What organelles generate ATP in cells?
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Nuclei
Chloroplasts
What organelles generate ATP in cells?
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Nuclei
Chloroplasts
Which theory suggests that mitochondria originated from a bacterial cell living inside a eukaryote?
Evolutionary theory
Cell theory
Endosymbiosis theory
Biogenesis theory
Which theory suggests that mitochondria originated from a bacterial cell living inside a eukaryote?
Evolutionary theory
Cell theory
Endosymbiosis theory
Biogenesis theory
What type of metabolism is confined to organelles in eukaryotic cells?
Lipid metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Protein metabolism
Energy metabolism
What type of metabolism is confined to organelles in eukaryotic cells?
Lipid metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Protein metabolism
Energy metabolism
What separates transcription and translation in eukaryotic cells?
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear membrane
What separates transcription and translation in eukaryotic cells?
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear membrane
What structure enables cells to change shape quickly?
Cytoskeleton
Golgi apparatus
Cell membrane
Vesicles
What structure enables cells to change shape quickly?
Cytoskeleton
Golgi apparatus
Cell membrane
Vesicles
What is the habitat of protists?
Mountains
Aqueous environments
Forests
Deserts
What is the habitat of protists?
Mountains
Aqueous environments
Forests
Deserts
What type of locomotion do protists use when moving via pseudopodia?
Amoeboid motion
Gliding motion
Flagellar motion
Ciliary motion
What type of locomotion do protists use when moving via pseudopodia?
Amoeboid motion
Gliding motion
Flagellar motion
Ciliary motion
What is a contractile vacuole's function in protists?
Stores nutrients
Synthesizes proteins
Pumps water to prevent lysis
Transports waste
What is a contractile vacuole's function in protists?
Stores nutrients
Synthesizes proteins
Pumps water to prevent lysis
Transports waste
What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common?
Transcription and translation characteristics similar to other eukaryotes
Existence in prokaryotic cells
Ability to perform photosynthesis
Presence of a cell wall
What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common?
Transcription and translation characteristics similar to other eukaryotes
Existence in prokaryotic cells
Ability to perform photosynthesis
Presence of a cell wall
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protists compared to animals?
No complex development
No internal digestive tract
No collagen
Highly differentiated
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protists compared to animals?
No complex development
No internal digestive tract
No collagen
Highly differentiated
What type of organism can photosynthesizing protists also live as?
Saprotrophs
Heterotrophs
Decomposers
Autotrophs
What type of organism can photosynthesizing protists also live as?
Saprotrophs
Heterotrophs
Decomposers
Autotrophs
What is the role of the pellicle in protists?
Supportive layer under plasma membrane
Waste removal
Photosynthesis
Energy storage
What is the role of the pellicle in protists?
Supportive layer under plasma membrane
Waste removal
Photosynthesis
Energy storage
How do mitochondria replicate?
By mitosis
By meiosis
By budding
By fission
How do mitochondria replicate?
By mitosis
By meiosis
By budding
By fission
What do mitochondria have that is consistent with the endosymbiosis theory?
Double membranes
No membranes
Single membrane
Triple membranes
What do mitochondria have that is consistent with the endosymbiosis theory?
Double membranes
No membranes
Single membrane
Triple membranes
What do mitochondria possess that allows them to manufacture their own proteins?
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclei
What do mitochondria possess that allows them to manufacture their own proteins?
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclei
What do eukaryotic cells provide to engulfed aerobic bacteria?
Water and minerals
Oxygen and nitrogen
Light and energy
Protection and carbon compounds
What do eukaryotic cells provide to engulfed aerobic bacteria?
Water and minerals
Oxygen and nitrogen
Light and energy
Protection and carbon compounds
What type of flagellum do opisthokonts have at some stage in their life cycle?
Single posterior flagellum
Single lateral flagellum
No flagellum
Multiple anterior flagella
What type of flagellum do opisthokonts have at some stage in their life cycle?
Single posterior flagellum
Single lateral flagellum
No flagellum
Multiple anterior flagella
What surrounds the single flagellum of choanoflagellates?
Thick gelatinous sheath
Collar of microvilli
Spiral structure
Layer of cilia
What surrounds the single flagellum of choanoflagellates?
Thick gelatinous sheath
Collar of microvilli
Spiral structure
Layer of cilia
Which group is likely the ancestor of fungi and animals?
Green algae
Choanoflagellates
Amoebas
Diatoms
Which group is likely the ancestor of fungi and animals?
Green algae
Choanoflagellates
Amoebas
Diatoms
What are the two main types of slime molds?
Marine and freshwater
Cellular and plasmodial
Amoeboid and flagellated
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
What are the two main types of slime molds?
Marine and freshwater
Cellular and plasmodial
Amoeboid and flagellated
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
What type of reproduction do slime molds use to form spores?
Binary fission only
Asexual or sexual reproduction
Fragmentation only
Budding only
What type of reproduction do slime molds use to form spores?
Binary fission only
Asexual or sexual reproduction
Fragmentation only
Budding only
Where can amoebas be found?
Only in marine environments
Marine, freshwater, and soil
Only in soil
Only in freshwater
Where can amoebas be found?
Only in marine environments
Marine, freshwater, and soil
Only in soil
Only in freshwater
What disease is caused by some amoebas?
Giardiasis
Toxoplasmosis
Malaria
Amoebic dysentery
What disease is caused by some amoebas?
Giardiasis
Toxoplasmosis
Malaria
Amoebic dysentery
What type of nutritional strategy do amoebas follow?
Chemotrophs
Mixotrophs
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
What type of nutritional strategy do amoebas follow?
Chemotrophs
Mixotrophs
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
What pigment do green algae share with true plants?
Phycobilin
Fucoxanthin
Chlorophyll
Carotenoid
What pigment do green algae share with true plants?
Phycobilin
Fucoxanthin
Chlorophyll
Carotenoid
What is a characteristic of brown algae?
All are heterotrophs
All are photoautotrophs
All are freshwater
All are unicellular
What is a characteristic of brown algae?
All are heterotrophs
All are photoautotrophs
All are freshwater
All are unicellular
What is the largest and most complex type of protists?
Diatoms
Ciliates
Dinoflagellates
Kelps
What is the largest and most complex type of protists?
Diatoms
Ciliates
Dinoflagellates
Kelps
What structure do diatoms have that covers their cells?
Protein coats
Cellulose walls
Silica shells
Chitin exoskeletons
What structure do diatoms have that covers their cells?
Protein coats
Cellulose walls
Silica shells
Chitin exoskeletons
What type of reproduction do diatoms undergo?
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Only asexual reproduction
Budding only
Only sexual reproduction
What type of reproduction do diatoms undergo?
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Only asexual reproduction
Budding only
Only sexual reproduction
What type of vesicles do alveolates have under their plasma membrane?
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Alveoli
What type of vesicles do alveolates have under their plasma membrane?
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Alveoli
What is a primary characteristic of ciliates?
Immobile
Use pseudopodia
Swim using flagella
Swim using cilia
What is a primary characteristic of ciliates?
Immobile
Use pseudopodia
Swim using flagella
Swim using cilia
What type of shell do dinoflagellates have?
Calcium carbonate shells
Cellulose plates
Silica shells
Chitin shells
What type of shell do dinoflagellates have?
Calcium carbonate shells
Cellulose plates
Silica shells
Chitin shells
What type of organism are apicomplexans?
Free-living protists
Photosynthetic autotrophs
Motile herbivores
Nonmotile animal parasites
What type of organism are apicomplexans?
Free-living protists
Photosynthetic autotrophs
Motile herbivores
Nonmotile animal parasites
What is the primary disease spread by Plasmodium falciparum?
Tuberculosis
Dysentery
Malaria
HIV/AIDS
What is the primary disease spread by Plasmodium falciparum?
Tuberculosis
Dysentery
Malaria
HIV/AIDS
What type of movement do cercozoans exhibit?
By flagella
By cilia
By diffusion
By stiff, filamentous pseudopodia
What type of movement do cercozoans exhibit?
By flagella
By cilia
By diffusion
By stiff, filamentous pseudopodia
What is a significant feature of radiolarians?
Calcium carbonate shells
Chitinous exoskeleton
Glassy internal skeleton
Proteinaceous outer layer
What is a significant feature of radiolarians?
Calcium carbonate shells
Chitinous exoskeleton
Glassy internal skeleton
Proteinaceous outer layer
What type of shells do foraminifera form?
Flat, unchambered shells
Single-layered silica shells
Chambered, spiral shells containing calcium carbonate
Gelatinous coverings
What type of shells do foraminifera form?
Flat, unchambered shells
Single-layered silica shells
Chambered, spiral shells containing calcium carbonate
Gelatinous coverings
What is a defining characteristic of excavates?
Multicellular organisms
Presence of mitochondria
Lack of flagella
Flagellated, single cells
What is a defining characteristic of excavates?
Multicellular organisms
Presence of mitochondria
Lack of flagella
Flagellated, single cells
What type of organism are euglenids primarily classified as?
Autotrophs and photosynthetic
Heterotrophs only
Parasitic only
Mixotrophic only
What type of organism are euglenids primarily classified as?
Autotrophs and photosynthetic
Heterotrophs only
Parasitic only
Mixotrophic only
What disease is associated with Trypanosoma?
Plant diseases
Fungal infections
Animal parasites
Bacterial infections
What disease is associated with Trypanosoma?
Plant diseases
Fungal infections
Animal parasites
Bacterial infections
What type of organisms are Euglenids mostly classified as?
Parasites
Decomposers
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
What type of organisms are Euglenids mostly classified as?
Parasites
Decomposers
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
What is a notable feature of Euglenids?
Flagellum
Eyespot
Cilia
Chloroplast
What is a notable feature of Euglenids?
Flagellum
Eyespot
Cilia
Chloroplast
Which species is an example of Euglenids?
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosoma brucei
Euglena gracilis
Which species is an example of Euglenids?
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosoma brucei
Euglena gracilis
What type of organisms does Trypanosoma represent?
Fungi
Plant parasites
Bacteria
Animal parasites
What type of organisms does Trypanosoma represent?
Fungi
Plant parasites
Bacteria
Animal parasites
Which species is an example of Trypanosoma?
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosoma brucei
Euglena gracilis
Which species is an example of Trypanosoma?
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosoma brucei
Euglena gracilis
What is a characteristic of Diplomonadida?
Two nuclei
No nucleus
Single nucleus
Four nuclei
What is a characteristic of Diplomonadida?
Two nuclei
No nucleus
Single nucleus
Four nuclei
Which species is an example of Diplomonadida?
Trichomonas vaginalis
Giardia lamblia
Trypanosoma brucei
Euglena gracilis
Which species is an example of Diplomonadida?
Trichomonas vaginalis
Giardia lamblia
Trypanosoma brucei
Euglena gracilis
What structure is characteristic of Parabasala?
Cilia
Eyespot
Flagella
Undulating membrane
What structure is characteristic of Parabasala?
Cilia
Eyespot
Flagella
Undulating membrane
Which species is an example of Parabasala?
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Euglena gracilis
Trypanosoma brucei
Which species is an example of Parabasala?
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Euglena gracilis
Trypanosoma brucei
What does 'EvoDevo' stand for?
Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Evolutionary Genetics
Evolutionary Dynamics
Developmental Evolution
What does 'EvoDevo' stand for?
Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Evolutionary Genetics
Evolutionary Dynamics
Developmental Evolution
What do genetic tool-kits control?
Reproduction
Growth and development
Metabolism
Behavior
What do genetic tool-kits control?
Reproduction
Growth and development
Metabolism
Behavior
What are homeotic genes responsible for?
Regulating metabolism
Controlling transcription of development genes
Controlling movement
Producing energy
What are homeotic genes responsible for?
Regulating metabolism
Controlling transcription of development genes
Controlling movement
Producing energy
What is a key feature of Hox genes?
Regulate metabolism
Control reproduction
Control animal body plan
Influence behavior
What is a key feature of Hox genes?
Regulate metabolism
Control reproduction
Control animal body plan
Influence behavior
What does a homeobox code for?
Homeodomain
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Cell wall
What does a homeobox code for?
Homeodomain
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Cell wall
What adaptation do male water striders have for mating?
Wings
Longer legs
Hooks
Bright colors
What adaptation do male water striders have for mating?
Wings
Longer legs
Hooks
Bright colors
What is a consequence of fewer appendages in male water striders?
Larger chance to mate
Smaller chance to mate
Better feeding
Increased survival
What is a consequence of fewer appendages in male water striders?
Larger chance to mate
Smaller chance to mate
Better feeding
Increased survival
What do regulatory sites of transcription factors do?
Control energy production
Regulate cell division
Switch on or off downstream genes
Influence behavior
What do regulatory sites of transcription factors do?
Control energy production
Regulate cell division
Switch on or off downstream genes
Influence behavior
What is a characteristic of normal freshwater sticklebacks?
Little to no spines
Many spines
Long tails
Bright colors
What is a characteristic of normal freshwater sticklebacks?
Little to no spines
Many spines
Long tails
Bright colors
What is the effect of restoring the degenerated hindlimb regulatory element in sticklebacks?
Decreases size
Reduces speed
Results in spines
Increases color
What is the effect of restoring the degenerated hindlimb regulatory element in sticklebacks?
Decreases size
Reduces speed
Results in spines
Increases color
What gene influences spine development in sticklebacks?
HoxA
Homeobox
EvoDevo
Pitx1
What gene influences spine development in sticklebacks?
HoxA
Homeobox
EvoDevo
Pitx1
In what way does the Hardy-Weinberg principle act as a null hypothesis?
It specifies what should be observed if no evolution is currently occurring
It specifies what conditions need to be controlled
It is the starting point of all evolutionary studies
It specifies what genotype frequencies should be
In what way does the Hardy-Weinberg principle act as a null hypothesis?
It specifies what should be observed if no evolution is currently occurring
It specifies what conditions need to be controlled
It is the starting point of all evolutionary studies
It specifies what genotype frequencies should be
Why are male tails in nature shorter than manipulated ones?
Sampling in nature was incomplete
Natural selection favors shorter tails
Males are evolving longer tails
Longer tails are disadvantageous
Why are male tails in nature shorter than manipulated ones?
Sampling in nature was incomplete
Natural selection favors shorter tails
Males are evolving longer tails
Longer tails are disadvantageous
What is the next step in the evolution of a trait?
Showing the next step in the evolution of the trait
Incomplete sampling of males in nature
More individuals with really long tails
Extremely long tail lengths
What is the next step in the evolution of a trait?
Showing the next step in the evolution of the trait
Incomplete sampling of males in nature
More individuals with really long tails
Extremely long tail lengths
Why might extremely long tail lengths interfere with flight?
They would likely interfere with flight and make them very susceptible to predation
They would provide better camouflage
They would attract more mates
They would enhance flight ability
Why might extremely long tail lengths interfere with flight?
They would likely interfere with flight and make them very susceptible to predation
They would provide better camouflage
They would attract more mates
They would enhance flight ability
What are the observed frequencies of the A1 and A2 alleles?
0.73; 0.27
0.485; 0.515
0.54; 0.45
0.63; 0.37
What are the observed frequencies of the A1 and A2 alleles?
0.73; 0.27
0.485; 0.515
0.54; 0.45
0.63; 0.37
What is significant about the mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA sequences?
They have no relation to bacterial DNA
They are more similar to bacterial DNA than to eukaryotic nuclear DNA
They are identical to eukaryotic DNA
They are less complex than eukaryotic DNA
What is significant about the mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA sequences?
They have no relation to bacterial DNA
They are more similar to bacterial DNA than to eukaryotic nuclear DNA
They are identical to eukaryotic DNA
They are less complex than eukaryotic DNA
Why were the genetic data considered important in the endosymbiosis theory?
They support the theory of spontaneous generation
They disprove the existence of eukaryotic cells
Genetic data are always more precise and convincing than morphological data
They show that mitochondria evolved independently
Why were the genetic data considered important in the endosymbiosis theory?
They support the theory of spontaneous generation
They disprove the existence of eukaryotic cells
Genetic data are always more precise and convincing than morphological data
They show that mitochondria evolved independently
What concept does the isolation of desert pupfish in Death Valley illustrate?
Biological species concept
Morphological species concept
Vicariance
Dispersal
What concept does the isolation of desert pupfish in Death Valley illustrate?
Biological species concept
Morphological species concept
Vicariance
Dispersal
What is the evolutionary relationship between chimpanzees and humans?
Humans will evolve into chimpanzees
Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor
Chimpanzees evolved directly into humans
Chimpanzees are bipedal
What is the evolutionary relationship between chimpanzees and humans?
Humans will evolve into chimpanzees
Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor
Chimpanzees evolved directly into humans
Chimpanzees are bipedal
What is evolution defined as?
Changes in physical appearance only
Changes in environmental conditions
Changes in the genetic makeup of populations over time
Changes in species distribution
What is evolution defined as?
Changes in physical appearance only
Changes in environmental conditions
Changes in the genetic makeup of populations over time
Changes in species distribution
What provides the raw material for evolution?
Uniformity in traits
Variation in populations
Isolation of species
Stability in populations
What provides the raw material for evolution?
Uniformity in traits
Variation in populations
Isolation of species
Stability in populations
What is the role of natural selection in evolution?
It eliminates all genetic variations
It favors variants best suited for growth and reproduction
It ensures equal survival for all traits
It creates new species instantly
What is the role of natural selection in evolution?
It eliminates all genetic variations
It favors variants best suited for growth and reproduction
It ensures equal survival for all traits
It creates new species instantly
What type of variation is due to environmental differences among individuals?
Behavioral Variation
Morphological Variation
Genetic Variation
Environmental Variation
What type of variation is due to environmental differences among individuals?
Behavioral Variation
Morphological Variation
Genetic Variation
Environmental Variation
What type of variation is due to differences in the environment?
Phenotypic Variation
Genetic Variation
Morphological Variation
Environmental Variation
What type of variation is due to differences in the environment?
Phenotypic Variation
Genetic Variation
Morphological Variation
Environmental Variation
What is the difference in genotype among individuals in a population called?
Environmental Variation
Genetic Variation
Ecological Variation
Phenotypic Variation
What is the difference in genotype among individuals in a population called?
Environmental Variation
Genetic Variation
Ecological Variation
Phenotypic Variation
What can differences in an individual's DNA lead to?
Differences in RNA and proteins
Increased environmental stress
Reduced growth
Identical traits
What can differences in an individual's DNA lead to?
Differences in RNA and proteins
Increased environmental stress
Reduced growth
Identical traits
What process produces unique combinations of genes in sexual organisms?
Replication
Fertilization
Mutation
Transcription
What process produces unique combinations of genes in sexual organisms?
Replication
Fertilization
Mutation
Transcription
What can arise from random errors in DNA replication?
Inversions
Mutations
Duplications
Translocations
What can arise from random errors in DNA replication?
Inversions
Mutations
Duplications
Translocations
What happens to mutations that are not corrected?
They become beneficial
They disappear immediately
They are always harmful
They are passed to the next generation
What happens to mutations that are not corrected?
They become beneficial
They disappear immediately
They are always harmful
They are passed to the next generation
Which type of mutation persists for many years?
Beneficial mutations
Lethal mutations
Neutral mutations
Harmful mutations
Which type of mutation persists for many years?
Beneficial mutations
Lethal mutations
Neutral mutations
Harmful mutations
What does evolutionary theory predict about new species?
They arise from divergence of populations from a common ancestor
They are created suddenly
They are always larger than their ancestors
They do not share genetic material
What does evolutionary theory predict about new species?
They arise from divergence of populations from a common ancestor
They are created suddenly
They are always larger than their ancestors
They do not share genetic material
What does 'descent with modification' refer to?
Changes due to environmental factors
Immediate changes in species
Changes that do not affect species
Evolutionary changes accumulated over time
What does 'descent with modification' refer to?
Changes due to environmental factors
Immediate changes in species
Changes that do not affect species
Evolutionary changes accumulated over time
What is the study of how organisms interact with one another and their environment?
Physiology
Evolution
Ecology
Genetics
What is the study of how organisms interact with one another and their environment?
Physiology
Evolution
Ecology
Genetics
What are the basic functional requirements for plants to grow?
Light, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients
Water and light only
Air and temperature only
Soil and minerals only
What are the basic functional requirements for plants to grow?
Light, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients
Water and light only
Air and temperature only
Soil and minerals only
What role do ecological interactions play in evolution?
They only affect genetic traits
They have no effect
They influence the evolution of particular traits
They only affect physical traits
What role do ecological interactions play in evolution?
They only affect genetic traits
They have no effect
They influence the evolution of particular traits
They only affect physical traits
What two factors contribute to phenotype?
Individual's genotype and environment
Genotype and behavior
Only environment
Only genotype
What two factors contribute to phenotype?
Individual's genotype and environment
Genotype and behavior
Only environment
Only genotype
How do humans rank in terms of overall genetic variation compared to other species?
They are the most varied
They rank low
They rank high
They have no variation
How do humans rank in terms of overall genetic variation compared to other species?
They are the most varied
They rank low
They rank high
They have no variation
What is a species defined as?
A single organism
A population with no genetic variation
A group of identical organisms
A group of individuals that can exchange genetic material
What is a species defined as?
A single organism
A population with no genetic variation
A group of identical organisms
A group of individuals that can exchange genetic material
What percentage of DNA bases make individuals 99.9% identical?
One DNA base per million
One DNA base per hundred
One DNA base per ten
One DNA base per thousand
What percentage of DNA bases make individuals 99.9% identical?
One DNA base per million
One DNA base per hundred
One DNA base per ten
One DNA base per thousand
What defines a species?
A group of individuals that cannot interbreed
A group of individuals with similar appearance
A group of individuals that live in the same area
A group of individuals that can exchange genetic material through interbreeding
What defines a species?
A group of individuals that cannot interbreed
A group of individuals with similar appearance
A group of individuals that live in the same area
A group of individuals that can exchange genetic material through interbreeding
What is a gene pool?
The total number of genes in an individual
All the alleles present in all individuals of a population or species
The alleles that are dominant in a population
The genetic material in a single organism
What is a gene pool?
The total number of genes in an individual
All the alleles present in all individuals of a population or species
The alleles that are dominant in a population
The genetic material in a single organism
What is population genetics?
The study of genetic diseases
The study of genetic variation in natural populations
The study of individual genetics
The study of gene therapy
What is population genetics?
The study of genetic diseases
The study of genetic variation in natural populations
The study of individual genetics
The study of gene therapy
What are the two sources of genetic variation?
Migration and isolation
Mutation and recombination
Selection and drift
Adaptation and evolution
What are the two sources of genetic variation?
Migration and isolation
Mutation and recombination
Selection and drift
Adaptation and evolution
What is a somatic mutation?
A mutation occurring in the body's tissues
A mutation in reproductive cells
A mutation that affects the entire population
A mutation that occurs in DNA outside of genes
What is a somatic mutation?
A mutation occurring in the body's tissues
A mutation in reproductive cells
A mutation that affects the entire population
A mutation that occurs in DNA outside of genes
What is a germline mutation?
A mutation that only affects one individual
A mutation that cannot be passed to offspring
A mutation that occurs in somatic cells
A mutation occurring in the reproductive cells
What is a germline mutation?
A mutation that only affects one individual
A mutation that cannot be passed to offspring
A mutation that occurs in somatic cells
A mutation occurring in the reproductive cells
What are neutral mutations?
Genetic changes that affect reproduction
Genetic changes that improve survival
Genetic changes that have no effect or negligible effects on the organism
Genetic changes that are harmful
What are neutral mutations?
Genetic changes that affect reproduction
Genetic changes that improve survival
Genetic changes that have no effect or negligible effects on the organism
Genetic changes that are harmful
What are deleterious mutations?
Genetic changes that are beneficial
Genetic changes that improve survival
Genetic changes that are harmful to an organism
Genetic changes that are neutral
What are deleterious mutations?
Genetic changes that are beneficial
Genetic changes that improve survival
Genetic changes that are harmful to an organism
Genetic changes that are neutral
What are advantageous mutations?
Genetic changes that are harmful
Genetic changes that have no effect
Genetic changes that improve their carriers’ chances of survival or reproduction
Genetic changes that are neutral
What are advantageous mutations?
Genetic changes that are harmful
Genetic changes that have no effect
Genetic changes that improve their carriers’ chances of survival or reproduction
Genetic changes that are neutral
What are allele frequencies?
The proportion of a specified allele among all the alleles of a gene in a population
The rate of mutation in a population
The number of different genes in a population
The total number of alleles in a species
What are allele frequencies?
The proportion of a specified allele among all the alleles of a gene in a population
The rate of mutation in a population
The number of different genes in a population
The total number of alleles in a species
How is allele frequency calculated?
The number of dominant alleles in the population
The total number of individuals in the population
The number of recessive alleles in the population
The number of 'x's present in the population divided by the total number of alleles
How is allele frequency calculated?
The number of dominant alleles in the population
The total number of individuals in the population
The number of recessive alleles in the population
The number of 'x's present in the population divided by the total number of alleles
How do you calculate allele frequencies from homozygous recessive genotypes?
Multiply the number of homozygous recessive genotypes by 2 and add the number of heterozygotes, then divide by the total number of individuals multiplied by 2.
Multiply the number of heterozygotes by 2 and subtract from the total.
Add the number of homozygous recessive genotypes and divide by the total number of individuals.
Count the number of homozygous dominant genotypes only.
How do you calculate allele frequencies from homozygous recessive genotypes?
Multiply the number of homozygous recessive genotypes by 2 and add the number of heterozygotes, then divide by the total number of individuals multiplied by 2.
Multiply the number of heterozygotes by 2 and subtract from the total.
Add the number of homozygous recessive genotypes and divide by the total number of individuals.
Count the number of homozygous dominant genotypes only.
What describes fixed populations?
Populations that have multiple alleles at a gene.
Populations that are all homozygous.
Populations that exhibit only one allele at a particular gene.
Populations that have no alleles at a gene.
What describes fixed populations?
Populations that have multiple alleles at a gene.
Populations that are all homozygous.
Populations that exhibit only one allele at a particular gene.
Populations that have no alleles at a gene.
What can be determined from genotype frequencies?
Allele frequencies cannot be calculated.
Allele frequencies can also be determined.
Genotype frequencies cannot provide any information.
Only phenotype frequencies can be determined.
What can be determined from genotype frequencies?
Allele frequencies cannot be calculated.
Allele frequencies can also be determined.
Genotype frequencies cannot provide any information.
Only phenotype frequencies can be determined.
What are three ways to measure genotype and allele frequencies?
Only DNA sequencing and phenotype analysis.
Only Gel Electrophoresis and observable traits.
Observable traits, Gel Electrophoresis, DNA sequencing.
Only observable traits and DNA sequencing.
What are three ways to measure genotype and allele frequencies?
Only DNA sequencing and phenotype analysis.
Only Gel Electrophoresis and observable traits.
Observable traits, Gel Electrophoresis, DNA sequencing.
Only observable traits and DNA sequencing.
What is a limitation of measuring genetic variation through observable traits?
It requires complex technology.
Many traits are encoded by a large number of genes.
It can only measure dominant traits.
It is always accurate and reliable.
What is a limitation of measuring genetic variation through observable traits?
It requires complex technology.
Many traits are encoded by a large number of genes.
It can only measure dominant traits.
It is always accurate and reliable.
What does Gel Electrophoresis do?
Visualizes only dominant traits.
Counts the number of alleles in a gene.
Measures the temperature of DNA samples.
Separates segments of DNA according to their size.
What does Gel Electrophoresis do?
Visualizes only dominant traits.
Counts the number of alleles in a gene.
Measures the temperature of DNA samples.
Separates segments of DNA according to their size.
What determines the rate at which proteins move in Gel Electrophoresis?
The concentration of the proteins.
The type of dye used.
The temperature of the gel.
Their charge and size.
What determines the rate at which proteins move in Gel Electrophoresis?
The concentration of the proteins.
The type of dye used.
The temperature of the gel.
Their charge and size.
What is the gold standard for measuring genetic variation?
Gel Electrophoresis.
Phenotypic analysis.
DNA sequencing.
Observable traits.
What is the gold standard for measuring genetic variation?
Gel Electrophoresis.
Phenotypic analysis.
DNA sequencing.
Observable traits.
What is required to calculate allele frequencies using DNA sequencing?
Measure the temperature of the DNA samples.
Collect a population sample and count occurrences of a mutation.
Only count the number of individuals in a population.
Analyze observable traits of the population.
What is required to calculate allele frequencies using DNA sequencing?
Measure the temperature of the DNA samples.
Collect a population sample and count occurrences of a mutation.
Only count the number of individuals in a population.
Analyze observable traits of the population.
What does evolution refer to in genetic terms?
A change in allele or genotype frequency over time.
A change that occurs only in individuals.
A change that does not affect populations.
A change in phenotype only.
What does evolution refer to in genetic terms?
A change in allele or genotype frequency over time.
A change that occurs only in individuals.
A change that does not affect populations.
A change in phenotype only.
What does the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium describe?
Situations where populations become extinct.
Situations in which allele and genotype frequencies do not change.
Situations where only phenotypes change.
Situations where evolution occurs rapidly.
What does the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium describe?
Situations where populations become extinct.
Situations in which allele and genotype frequencies do not change.
Situations where only phenotypes change.
Situations where evolution occurs rapidly.
What is a key characteristic of a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
There is a high mutation rate.
Evolution does not occur.
Allele frequencies are constantly changing.
All individuals are identical.
What is a key characteristic of a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
There is a high mutation rate.
Evolution does not occur.
Allele frequencies are constantly changing.
All individuals are identical.
What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describe?
A situation in which evolution does not occur
A situation with random mating
A situation where mutation is frequent
A situation with high migration
What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describe?
A situation in which evolution does not occur
A situation with random mating
A situation where mutation is frequent
A situation with high migration
Which condition is NOT part of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
No mutation
Population must be large
No migration
No differences in survival
Which condition is NOT part of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
No mutation
Population must be large
No migration
No differences in survival
What does 'p' represent in the allele frequency formula q + p = 1?
One allele
The dominant allele only
The recessive allele only
The total number of alleles
What does 'p' represent in the allele frequency formula q + p = 1?
One allele
The dominant allele only
The recessive allele only
The total number of alleles
What does the genotype frequency formula p² + 2pq + q² = (p+q)(p+q) calculate?
Allele frequencies
Population size
Genotype frequencies
Mutation rates
What does the genotype frequency formula p² + 2pq + q² = (p+q)(p+q) calculate?
Allele frequencies
Population size
Genotype frequencies
Mutation rates
What happens if populations are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
No change in allele frequencies
Evolution has occurred
Migration has increased
Stability in genotype frequencies
What happens if populations are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
No change in allele frequencies
Evolution has occurred
Migration has increased
Stability in genotype frequencies
Who wrote 'On the Origin of Species'?
Charles Darwin
Gregor Mendel
Thomas Malthus
Alfred Wallace
Who wrote 'On the Origin of Species'?
Charles Darwin
Gregor Mendel
Thomas Malthus
Alfred Wallace
What is the measure of an individual's fitness in evolution?
The number of species it can adapt to
The size of the population it belongs to
The extent to which its genotype is represented in the next generation
The number of mutations it has
What is the measure of an individual's fitness in evolution?
The number of species it can adapt to
The size of the population it belongs to
The extent to which its genotype is represented in the next generation
The number of mutations it has
What does Modern Synthesis combine?
Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution
Natural selection and mutation theory
Lamarckian evolution and genetic drift
Population genetics and ecology
What does Modern Synthesis combine?
Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution
Natural selection and mutation theory
Lamarckian evolution and genetic drift
Population genetics and ecology
What type of selection increases the frequency of a favorable allele?
Negative selection
Positive selection
Neutral selection
Random selection
What type of selection increases the frequency of a favorable allele?
Negative selection
Positive selection
Neutral selection
Random selection
What is an example of a trait that has multiple genes contributing to it?
Blood type
Flower color in Mendel's peas
Eye color
Human height
What is an example of a trait that has multiple genes contributing to it?
Blood type
Flower color in Mendel's peas
Eye color
Human height
What is typically eliminated from the population due to lethal mutations?
Only homozygotes
All individuals
Individuals carrying the mutations
Only heterozygotes
What is typically eliminated from the population due to lethal mutations?
Only homozygotes
All individuals
Individuals carrying the mutations
Only heterozygotes
What is the effect of negative selection on deleterious alleles?
It decreases the frequency of deleterious alleles
It increases the frequency of deleterious alleles
It has no effect on deleterious alleles
It eliminates all alleles
What is the effect of negative selection on deleterious alleles?
It decreases the frequency of deleterious alleles
It increases the frequency of deleterious alleles
It has no effect on deleterious alleles
It eliminates all alleles
What is balancing selection?
Natural selection that favors only one allele
Natural selection that maintains two or more alleles in a population
Natural selection that eliminates all alleles
Natural selection that has no impact on allele frequency
What is balancing selection?
Natural selection that favors only one allele
Natural selection that maintains two or more alleles in a population
Natural selection that eliminates all alleles
Natural selection that has no impact on allele frequency
What is an example of heterozygous advantage?
Individuals with AA homozygotes are protected from malaria
Individuals with SS homozygotes are vulnerable to malaria
Individuals with SA heterozygotes suffer from sickling disease
Individuals with SA heterozygotes have protection from malaria
What is an example of heterozygous advantage?
Individuals with AA homozygotes are protected from malaria
Individuals with SS homozygotes are vulnerable to malaria
Individuals with SA heterozygotes suffer from sickling disease
Individuals with SA heterozygotes have protection from malaria
What does stabilizing selection do?
Selects for extremes to promote diversity
Has no effect on population traits
Eliminates all variations
Selects against extremes to maintain the status quo
What does stabilizing selection do?
Selects for extremes to promote diversity
Has no effect on population traits
Eliminates all variations
Selects against extremes to maintain the status quo
What is directional selection?
Selection that favors one of two extremes over time
Selection that favors both extremes equally
Selection that maintains the status quo
Selection that eliminates all traits
What is directional selection?
Selection that favors one of two extremes over time
Selection that favors both extremes equally
Selection that maintains the status quo
Selection that eliminates all traits
What is the outcome of disruptive selection?
Has no effect on trait distribution
Eliminates all forms
Favors extremes and selects against intermediate forms
Favors intermediate forms and selects against extremes
What is the outcome of disruptive selection?
Has no effect on trait distribution
Eliminates all forms
Favors extremes and selects against intermediate forms
Favors intermediate forms and selects against extremes
What is sexual selection?
A form of selection that has no impact on reproduction
A form of selection that favors all traits equally
A form of selection that promotes traits increasing reproductive success
A form of selection that eliminates reproductive traits
What is sexual selection?
A form of selection that has no impact on reproduction
A form of selection that favors all traits equally
A form of selection that promotes traits increasing reproductive success
A form of selection that eliminates reproductive traits
What does intrasexual selection involve?
Competition among females only
No interaction between sexes
Interaction between males and females
Competition among males only
What does intrasexual selection involve?
Competition among females only
No interaction between sexes
Interaction between males and females
Competition among males only
What is migration in the context of populations?
Movement of individuals from one population to another
Mutation within a population
Random mating between individuals
Genetic drift among species
What is migration in the context of populations?
Movement of individuals from one population to another
Mutation within a population
Random mating between individuals
Genetic drift among species
What is gene flow?
Isolation of species
Destruction of a population
Movement of alleles from one population to another through interbreeding
Random changes in allele frequencies
What is gene flow?
Isolation of species
Destruction of a population
Movement of alleles from one population to another through interbreeding
Random changes in allele frequencies
What happens to populations over time due to migration?
They increase in genetic variation
They cease to exist
They become completely isolated
They gradually become the same
What happens to populations over time due to migration?
They increase in genetic variation
They cease to exist
They become completely isolated
They gradually become the same
What role does mutation play in genetic variation?
It has no effect on variation
It increases genetic variation
It leads to extinction
It decreases genetic variation
What role does mutation play in genetic variation?
It has no effect on variation
It increases genetic variation
It leads to extinction
It decreases genetic variation
What is genetic drift?
Systematic changes in allele frequencies
Migration of individuals
Introduction of new alleles
Random changes in allele frequencies from generation to generation
What is genetic drift?
Systematic changes in allele frequencies
Migration of individuals
Introduction of new alleles
Random changes in allele frequencies from generation to generation
What is a population bottleneck?
A sudden increase in population size
Migration to a new habitat
A gradual change in allele frequencies
Destruction of a population leaving few survivors
What is a population bottleneck?
A sudden increase in population size
Migration to a new habitat
A gradual change in allele frequencies
Destruction of a population leaving few survivors
What is the founder effect?
A population increases in size
A large group migrates to a new area
Random mating in a population
A small group colonizes a new area, losing genetic variation
What is the founder effect?
A population increases in size
A large group migrates to a new area
Random mating in a population
A small group colonizes a new area, losing genetic variation
How does population size affect genetic drift?
Small populations are drastically affected
Population size has no effect
All populations are equally affected
Large populations experience more drift
How does population size affect genetic drift?
Small populations are drastically affected
Population size has no effect
All populations are equally affected
Large populations experience more drift
What is random mating?
Individuals choose mates based on phenotypes
Individuals avoid mating with similar genotypes
Individuals only mate with those from different populations
Individuals select mates without regard for genotypes
What is random mating?
Individuals choose mates based on phenotypes
Individuals avoid mating with similar genotypes
Individuals only mate with those from different populations
Individuals select mates without regard for genotypes
What is non-random mating?
All mating is random
Mating is based solely on physical traits
Mating does not affect genotype frequencies
Individuals preferentially choose mates according to genotypes
What is non-random mating?
All mating is random
Mating is based solely on physical traits
Mating does not affect genotype frequencies
Individuals preferentially choose mates according to genotypes
What is molecular evolution?
Evolution at the level of DNA leading to genetic divergence
Migration of species
Changes in population size
Evolution of physical traits
What is molecular evolution?
Evolution at the level of DNA leading to genetic divergence
Migration of species
Changes in population size
Evolution of physical traits
What does genetic isolation mean?
Species are geographically close
Members of one species cannot exchange genetic materials with another
Species have identical genetic material
Species can interbreed freely
What does genetic isolation mean?
Species are geographically close
Members of one species cannot exchange genetic materials with another
Species have identical genetic material
Species can interbreed freely
What is a molecular clock?
Estimates the time when different taxa diverged based on genetic divergence
A measure of physical changes in species
A method to track migration patterns
A record of population sizes over time
What is a molecular clock?
Estimates the time when different taxa diverged based on genetic divergence
A measure of physical changes in species
A method to track migration patterns
A record of population sizes over time
How does the rate of the molecular clock vary?
It is constant across all genes
It varies from gene to gene
It depends solely on population size
It is influenced by environmental factors
How does the rate of the molecular clock vary?
It is constant across all genes
It varies from gene to gene
It depends solely on population size
It is influenced by environmental factors
What is speciation?
The process whereby new species are produced
The extinction of species
The classification of species
The study of species behavior
What is speciation?
The process whereby new species are produced
The extinction of species
The classification of species
The study of species behavior
What defines a species according to the Biological Species Concept?
A group of individuals living in the same habitat
A group of individuals that cannot reproduce
A group of individuals that can exchange genetic material through interbreeding
A group of individuals with similar physical characteristics
What defines a species according to the Biological Species Concept?
A group of individuals living in the same habitat
A group of individuals that cannot reproduce
A group of individuals that can exchange genetic material through interbreeding
A group of individuals with similar physical characteristics
What does it mean for species to be reproductively isolated?
Ability to interbreed freely
Incapability to produce fertile offspring
Living in different habitats
Having similar DNA sequences
What does it mean for species to be reproductively isolated?
Ability to interbreed freely
Incapability to produce fertile offspring
Living in different habitats
Having similar DNA sequences
What is a hybrid offspring?
An offspring that has traits from both parents
An offspring that can survive in different environments
An offspring that is infertile and cannot pass down its genes
An offspring that is fertile and can reproduce
What is a hybrid offspring?
An offspring that has traits from both parents
An offspring that can survive in different environments
An offspring that is infertile and cannot pass down its genes
An offspring that is fertile and can reproduce
What does the Morphospecies Concept suggest?
Members of the same species usually look alike more than members of different species
Members of the same species have identical DNA
Members of different species always look alike
All species look alike regardless of their type
What does the Morphospecies Concept suggest?
Members of the same species usually look alike more than members of different species
Members of the same species have identical DNA
Members of different species always look alike
All species look alike regardless of their type
Why does the Biological Species Concept not apply to asexual organisms?
It only applies to aquatic organisms
It is outdated and not used anymore
It only applies to terrestrial organisms
It overlooks organisms that reproduce asexually
Why does the Biological Species Concept not apply to asexual organisms?
It only applies to aquatic organisms
It is outdated and not used anymore
It only applies to terrestrial organisms
It overlooks organisms that reproduce asexually
What is a ring species?
Species that cannot interbreed at all
Species that live in separate habitats
Species that are genetically identical
Species with populations that are reproductively isolated but not genetically isolated
What is a ring species?
Species that cannot interbreed at all
Species that live in separate habitats
Species that are genetically identical
Species with populations that are reproductively isolated but not genetically isolated
What is hybridization in plants?
Interbreeding between two different varieties of species
The extinction of a plant species
Cross-pollination of the same species
Asexual reproduction in plants
What is hybridization in plants?
Interbreeding between two different varieties of species
The extinction of a plant species
Cross-pollination of the same species
Asexual reproduction in plants
What is an ecological niche?
The genetic makeup of a species
The physical appearance of a species
A complete description of the role a species plays in its environment
The evolutionary history of a species
What is an ecological niche?
The genetic makeup of a species
The physical appearance of a species
A complete description of the role a species plays in its environment
The evolutionary history of a species
What does the Ecological Species Concept (ESC) propose?
All species have identical niches
Species can share niches without competition
There is a one-to-one correspondence between a species and its niche
Niches are irrelevant to species classification
What does the Ecological Species Concept (ESC) propose?
All species have identical niches
Species can share niches without competition
There is a one-to-one correspondence between a species and its niche
Niches are irrelevant to species classification
What does the Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC) focus on?
Members of a species can interbreed
Members of a species live in the same area
Members of a species look alike
Members of a species share common ancestry
What does the Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC) focus on?
Members of a species can interbreed
Members of a species live in the same area
Members of a species look alike
Members of a species share common ancestry
What does the Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC) suggest about species?
Species are temporary and do not have a common ancestry
Species are defined by their physical traits
Members of a species share a common ancestry and common fate
Species exist only in the same geographical area
What does the Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC) suggest about species?
Species are temporary and do not have a common ancestry
Species are defined by their physical traits
Members of a species share a common ancestry and common fate
Species exist only in the same geographical area
What is the definition of biological evolution?
Changes that do not affect genetic makeup
Changes in individual traits
Changes in the genetic makeup of populations over time
Changes that affect only a single generation
What is the definition of biological evolution?
Changes that do not affect genetic makeup
Changes in individual traits
Changes in the genetic makeup of populations over time
Changes that affect only a single generation
What is microevolution?
Population level changes within a species
Evolution that occurs only in plants
Large scale changes in ecosystems
Changes that occur between different species
What is microevolution?
Population level changes within a species
Evolution that occurs only in plants
Large scale changes in ecosystems
Changes that occur between different species
What is the characteristic of quantitative variation?
Characteristics with a range of variation that can be quantified
Characteristics with distinct states
Characteristics that are all the same
Characteristics that cannot be measured
What is the characteristic of quantitative variation?
Characteristics with a range of variation that can be quantified
Characteristics with distinct states
Characteristics that are all the same
Characteristics that cannot be measured
What does qualitative variation refer to?
Characteristics with distinct states
Characteristics that are all identical
Characteristics that can be measured
Characteristics that show a range of variation
What does qualitative variation refer to?
Characteristics with distinct states
Characteristics that are all identical
Characteristics that can be measured
Characteristics that show a range of variation
What is an example of phenotypic variation?
Non-heritable traits
Only genetic traits
Traits that cannot be observed
Heritable traits in physical appearance and/or function
What is an example of phenotypic variation?
Non-heritable traits
Only genetic traits
Traits that cannot be observed
Heritable traits in physical appearance and/or function
What event occurred approximately 4500 million years ago?
Significant oxygen in atmosphere
Formation of Earth
First evidence of life
Age of dinosaurs
What event occurred approximately 4500 million years ago?
Significant oxygen in atmosphere
Formation of Earth
First evidence of life
Age of dinosaurs
When did multicellular organisms first appear?
Approximately 370 million years ago
Approximately 600 million years ago
Approximately 2500 million years ago
Approximately 3 million years ago
When did multicellular organisms first appear?
Approximately 370 million years ago
Approximately 600 million years ago
Approximately 2500 million years ago
Approximately 3 million years ago
What does penicillin do?
Has no effect on bacteria
Kills and/or inhibits the growth of bacteria
Promotes the growth of bacteria
Acts as a nutrient for bacteria
What does penicillin do?
Has no effect on bacteria
Kills and/or inhibits the growth of bacteria
Promotes the growth of bacteria
Acts as a nutrient for bacteria
What is an example of macroevolution?
Apes evolved into modern humans
Changes within a single species
Adaptation to environmental changes
Natural selection occurring in a population
What is an example of macroevolution?
Apes evolved into modern humans
Changes within a single species
Adaptation to environmental changes
Natural selection occurring in a population
What does the term 'zone of inhibited growth' refer to?
Increased bacterial growth
Bacterial growth in the presence of antibiotics
No bacterial growth due to antibiotic action
A region with no antibiotics
What does the term 'zone of inhibited growth' refer to?
Increased bacterial growth
Bacterial growth in the presence of antibiotics
No bacterial growth due to antibiotic action
A region with no antibiotics
What is the significance of the P-T extinction event?
It marked a major extinction event in Earth's history
It was a time of great biodiversity
It had no effect on species diversity
It was the beginning of mammal evolution
What is the significance of the P-T extinction event?
It marked a major extinction event in Earth's history
It was a time of great biodiversity
It had no effect on species diversity
It was the beginning of mammal evolution
What does 'phenotypic plasticity' refer to?
The inability to adapt to environments
Only changes in genetic makeup
A fixed genetic trait
The ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to environmental conditions
What does 'phenotypic plasticity' refer to?
The inability to adapt to environments
Only changes in genetic makeup
A fixed genetic trait
The ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to environmental conditions
What can the height of a population be classified as?
very tall, very short or average
only short
only tall
only average
What can the height of a population be classified as?
very tall, very short or average
only short
only tall
only average
What happens when only one gender's height is averaged?
only females are considered
the average height varies
the average height remains the same
only males are considered
What happens when only one gender's height is averaged?
only females are considered
the average height varies
the average height remains the same
only males are considered
What are genotypes and phenotypes?
only influenced by environment
only influenced by genes
completely the same
not completely correlated
What are genotypes and phenotypes?
only influenced by environment
only influenced by genes
completely the same
not completely correlated
What type of variation is heritable?
random variations
genetic differences in phenotype
environmental differences only
phenotypic differences only
What type of variation is heritable?
random variations
genetic differences in phenotype
environmental differences only
phenotypic differences only
What can cause phenotypic variation?
only environment
genetics and/or environmental factors
random mutations
only genetics
What can cause phenotypic variation?
only environment
genetics and/or environmental factors
random mutations
only genetics
What color do hydrangeas turn in acidic soil?
blue
white
pink
yellow
What color do hydrangeas turn in acidic soil?
blue
white
pink
yellow
What is the effect of basic soil on hydrangeas?
produces white flowers
produces yellow flowers
produces pink flowers
produces blue flowers
What is the effect of basic soil on hydrangeas?
produces white flowers
produces yellow flowers
produces pink flowers
produces blue flowers
What is typically affected by genes and environment?
genotypic variation
genetic similarity
phenotypic variation
environmental stability
What is typically affected by genes and environment?
genotypic variation
genetic similarity
phenotypic variation
environmental stability
What is the purpose of experiments to determine the connection between phenotypes and genotypes?
to keep environment constant and vary genetics
to eliminate all variables
to keep genetics constant and vary environment
to only focus on phenotypes
What is the purpose of experiments to determine the connection between phenotypes and genotypes?
to keep environment constant and vary genetics
to eliminate all variables
to keep genetics constant and vary environment
to only focus on phenotypes
How many mice were used in the genetics and activity experiment?
8
4
6
10
How many mice were used in the genetics and activity experiment?
8
4
6
10
What was the conclusion of the mouse activity experiment?
activity levels are random
environmental factors are the cause
mice are all genetically identical
genetic variation is the cause of level of activity
What was the conclusion of the mouse activity experiment?
activity levels are random
environmental factors are the cause
mice are all genetically identical
genetic variation is the cause of level of activity
What is one cause of genetic variation?
homogeneity
consistency
mutation
stability
What is one cause of genetic variation?
homogeneity
consistency
mutation
stability
What does recombination do?
destroys DNA
isolates genes
duplicates DNA
combines pieces of DNA from adjacent chromosomes
What does recombination do?
destroys DNA
isolates genes
duplicates DNA
combines pieces of DNA from adjacent chromosomes
What is artificial selection?
natural selection
random breeding
breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits
elimination of traits
What is artificial selection?
natural selection
random breeding
breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits
elimination of traits
What can be assessed when phenotype equals genotype?
allelic dominance
environmental change
observable phenotypic variation
genetic mutation
What can be assessed when phenotype equals genotype?
allelic dominance
environmental change
observable phenotypic variation
genetic mutation
What is a method for measuring genetic variation?
Chromatography
Microscopy
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Gel electrophoresis
What is a method for measuring genetic variation?
Chromatography
Microscopy
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Gel electrophoresis
What is the first step in the gel electrophoresis procedure?
The gel is prepared
A fly is mashed in the well
Electric current is applied
Samples are stained
What is the first step in the gel electrophoresis procedure?
The gel is prepared
A fly is mashed in the well
Electric current is applied
Samples are stained
In gel electrophoresis, what happens to heavier molecules?
they disappear
they move faster
they remain stationary
they move slower
In gel electrophoresis, what happens to heavier molecules?
they disappear
they move faster
they remain stationary
they move slower
What is a homozygote?
one allele only
multiple alleles
two different alleles
both alleles of a given gene are the same
What is a homozygote?
one allele only
multiple alleles
two different alleles
both alleles of a given gene are the same
What is a heterozygote?
only one allele is present
two alleles of a given gene are different
multiple alleles are present
both alleles are the same
What is a heterozygote?
only one allele is present
two alleles of a given gene are different
multiple alleles are present
both alleles are the same
What defines a population in genetics?
individuals living in different areas
individuals with the same genotype only
group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
individuals of different species
What defines a population in genetics?
individuals living in different areas
individuals with the same genotype only
group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
individuals of different species
What is necessary for evolution to occur in a population?
all individuals must be identical
only environmental changes matter
individuals within a population must have different genotypes
mutation must be absent
What is necessary for evolution to occur in a population?
all individuals must be identical
only environmental changes matter
individuals within a population must have different genotypes
mutation must be absent
What is a population?
individuals of different species in the same area
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed
individuals that never interbreed
individuals that live in different areas
What is a population?
individuals of different species in the same area
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed
individuals that never interbreed
individuals that live in different areas
What is the definition of a population?
A group of individuals of different species
A group of different species living together
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed
A group of individuals of the same species that live in different areas
What is the definition of a population?
A group of individuals of different species
A group of different species living together
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed
A group of individuals of the same species that live in different areas
What does gene flow refer to?
Transfer of alleles through environmental changes
Transfer of alleles from one population to another through interbreeding
Transfer of alleles due to mutations
Transfer of alleles within the same population
What does gene flow refer to?
Transfer of alleles through environmental changes
Transfer of alleles from one population to another through interbreeding
Transfer of alleles due to mutations
Transfer of alleles within the same population
What is a gene pool?
The total number of species in a habitat
The total number of individuals in a population
The sum of all alleles at all gene loci in all individuals
The genetic makeup of a single individual
What is a gene pool?
The total number of species in a habitat
The total number of individuals in a population
The sum of all alleles at all gene loci in all individuals
The genetic makeup of a single individual
What are genotype frequencies?
The number of alleles in a gene pool
The frequency of a single allele in a population
The number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population
The total number of genotypes in a population
What are genotype frequencies?
The number of alleles in a gene pool
The frequency of a single allele in a population
The number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population
The total number of genotypes in a population
What do allele frequencies represent?
The total number of individuals in a population
The total number of alleles in a gene pool
The number of a type of allele divided by the total number of alleles in the population
The frequency of genotypes in a population
What do allele frequencies represent?
The total number of individuals in a population
The total number of alleles in a gene pool
The number of a type of allele divided by the total number of alleles in the population
The frequency of genotypes in a population
In a population with two alleles, what symbols are used to represent allele frequencies?
‘x’ for one allele and ‘y’ for the other allele
‘p’ for one allele and ‘q’ for the other allele
‘a’ for one allele and ‘b’ for the other allele
‘1’ for one allele and ‘2’ for the other allele
In a population with two alleles, what symbols are used to represent allele frequencies?
‘x’ for one allele and ‘y’ for the other allele
‘p’ for one allele and ‘q’ for the other allele
‘a’ for one allele and ‘b’ for the other allele
‘1’ for one allele and ‘2’ for the other allele
What is incomplete dominance?
Individuals that show only one dominant trait
Individuals that are capable of showing traits of two different alleles
Individuals that show no traits at all
Individuals that show a blend of traits from two different species
What is incomplete dominance?
Individuals that show only one dominant trait
Individuals that are capable of showing traits of two different alleles
Individuals that show no traits at all
Individuals that show a blend of traits from two different species
What percentage of snapdragons have the CRCW genotype?
45%
5%
70%
50%
What percentage of snapdragons have the CRCW genotype?
45%
5%
70%
50%
What is the allele frequency of CR in the snapdragon population?
5%
30%
50%
70%
What is the allele frequency of CR in the snapdragon population?
5%
30%
50%
70%
What is the equation representing the consequence of (p+q) sperm fertilizing (p+q) eggs?
(p*q)² = p + q
(p+q)x(p+q) = p² + 2pq + q²
(p-q)x(p-q) = p² - 2pq + q²
(p+q)+(p+q) = p + q
What is the equation representing the consequence of (p+q) sperm fertilizing (p+q) eggs?
(p*q)² = p + q
(p+q)x(p+q) = p² + 2pq + q²
(p-q)x(p-q) = p² - 2pq + q²
(p+q)+(p+q) = p + q
What does p² represent in a population in equilibrium for the C locus?
Predicted frequency of CW
Predicted frequency of CRC
Predicted frequency of CRCW
Predicted frequency of CWC
What does p² represent in a population in equilibrium for the C locus?
Predicted frequency of CW
Predicted frequency of CRC
Predicted frequency of CRCW
Predicted frequency of CWC
What is the total number of CR alleles in the red snapdragon population?
500
450
900
100
What is the total number of CR alleles in the red snapdragon population?
500
450
900
100
How many total gametes do individuals produce in the snapdragon example?
2000
1500
1000
2500
How many total gametes do individuals produce in the snapdragon example?
2000
1500
1000
2500
What is the frequency of CR alleles calculated from 1400 alleles out of 2000?
0.45
0.3
0.5
0.7
What is the frequency of CR alleles calculated from 1400 alleles out of 2000?
0.45
0.3
0.5
0.7
What is the frequency of CW alleles calculated from 600 alleles out of 2000?
0.5
0.25
0.7
0.3
What is the frequency of CW alleles calculated from 600 alleles out of 2000?
0.5
0.25
0.7
0.3
What is the predicted frequency of CRCR genotype?
0.5
0.49
0.42
0.3
What is the predicted frequency of CRCR genotype?
0.5
0.49
0.42
0.3
What is the predicted frequency of CRCW genotype?
0.5
0.49
0.42
0.09
What is the predicted frequency of CRCW genotype?
0.5
0.49
0.42
0.09
What is the predicted frequency of CWCW genotype?
0.3
0.42
0.49
0.09
What is the predicted frequency of CWCW genotype?
0.3
0.42
0.49
0.09
What does the Hardy-Weinberg Principle help determine?
The allele types
If a population is evolving
The population size
The mutation rate
What does the Hardy-Weinberg Principle help determine?
The allele types
If a population is evolving
The population size
The mutation rate
What is one condition for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
Gene flow
Random mating
Natural selection
No mutations
What is one condition for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
Gene flow
Random mating
Natural selection
No mutations
What type of mutation does not alter amino acids?
Advantageous mutations
Deleterious mutations
Silent mutations
Lethal mutations
What type of mutation does not alter amino acids?
Advantageous mutations
Deleterious mutations
Silent mutations
Lethal mutations
What type of mutation benefits an organism?
Advantageous mutations
Lethal mutations
Deleterious mutations
Neutral mutations
What type of mutation benefits an organism?
Advantageous mutations
Lethal mutations
Deleterious mutations
Neutral mutations
What is the effect of deleterious mutations?
No effect
Benefits an organism
Enhances survival
Harms an organism
What is the effect of deleterious mutations?
No effect
Benefits an organism
Enhances survival
Harms an organism
What does gene flow refer to?
Migration of alleles
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Mutation rates
What does gene flow refer to?
Migration of alleles
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Mutation rates
What type of mutation harms an organism?
Silent mutations
Disadvantageous mutations
Neutral mutations
Beneficial mutations
What type of mutation harms an organism?
Silent mutations
Disadvantageous mutations
Neutral mutations
Beneficial mutations
What are deleterious and lethal mutations classified as?
Disadvantageous mutations
Advantageous mutations
Neutral mutations
Silent mutations
What are deleterious and lethal mutations classified as?
Disadvantageous mutations
Advantageous mutations
Neutral mutations
Silent mutations
What is gene flow?
Genetic drift occurrence
Natural selection process
Movement of alleles across different populations
Random mutation of genes
What is gene flow?
Genetic drift occurrence
Natural selection process
Movement of alleles across different populations
Random mutation of genes
What can enhance gene flow?
Mutation rates
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Dispersal agents
What can enhance gene flow?
Mutation rates
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Dispersal agents
What does genetic drift refer to?
Deliberate selection of traits
Migration of individuals
Random change in allele frequencies
Systematic change in allele frequencies
What does genetic drift refer to?
Deliberate selection of traits
Migration of individuals
Random change in allele frequencies
Systematic change in allele frequencies
What is a consequence of genetic drift?
Promotes natural selection
Increases genetic variability
Enhances gene flow
Reduces genetic variability
What is a consequence of genetic drift?
Promotes natural selection
Increases genetic variability
Enhances gene flow
Reduces genetic variability
What is natural selection?
Random survival of individuals
Survival based on mutation rates
Survival of individuals with traits that best fit the environment
Equal survival of all individuals
What is natural selection?
Random survival of individuals
Survival based on mutation rates
Survival of individuals with traits that best fit the environment
Equal survival of all individuals
What is the result of natural selection?
Random reproduction rates
Lower reproduction rates of well-adapted individuals
Equal reproduction rates
Higher reproduction rates of well-adapted individuals
What is the result of natural selection?
Random reproduction rates
Lower reproduction rates of well-adapted individuals
Equal reproduction rates
Higher reproduction rates of well-adapted individuals
What is a mutation?
Heritable change in DNA
Migration of alleles
Random change in protein structure
Environmental change in species
What is a mutation?
Heritable change in DNA
Migration of alleles
Random change in protein structure
Environmental change in species
What does gene flow introduce into a population?
Genetic stability
Decreased allele frequencies
Genetic variation from another population
Reduction in genetic diversity
What does gene flow introduce into a population?
Genetic stability
Decreased allele frequencies
Genetic variation from another population
Reduction in genetic diversity
What is a population bottleneck?
A drastic reduction in population often caused by catastrophic factors
Random genetic drift
A gradual increase in population size
Stable population dynamics
What is a population bottleneck?
A drastic reduction in population often caused by catastrophic factors
Random genetic drift
A gradual increase in population size
Stable population dynamics
What is the founder effect?
When a population becomes extinct
When genetic variation increases
When a few individuals migrate and establish a new population
When there is a stable population
What is the founder effect?
When a population becomes extinct
When genetic variation increases
When a few individuals migrate and establish a new population
When there is a stable population
In a sample of ‘n’ individuals, how is the frequency of an allele defined?
The number of occurrences of the allele divided by twice the number of individuals
The total number of individuals
The number of occurrences of the allele
The number of occurrences of the allele divided by n
In a sample of ‘n’ individuals, how is the frequency of an allele defined?
The number of occurrences of the allele divided by twice the number of individuals
The total number of individuals
The number of occurrences of the allele
The number of occurrences of the allele divided by n
What can be concluded if a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
One of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated
The population is large
Natural selection has not occurred
The population is stable
What can be concluded if a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
One of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated
The population is large
Natural selection has not occurred
The population is stable
What happens in a population bottleneck?
Genetic variation is preserved
Population size increases dramatically
All individuals survive equally
Only a few individuals survive and reproduce
What happens in a population bottleneck?
Genetic variation is preserved
Population size increases dramatically
All individuals survive equally
Only a few individuals survive and reproduce
What occurs in the founder effect?
Founders do not reproduce
Founders have a different genetic makeup than the current population
All founders have the same genetic makeup
Founders are randomly selected from the population
What occurs in the founder effect?
Founders do not reproduce
Founders have a different genetic makeup than the current population
All founders have the same genetic makeup
Founders are randomly selected from the population
What happens to the group with the smaller amount of a certain genotype?
It reproduces
It becomes dominant
It does not survive
It thrives
What happens to the group with the smaller amount of a certain genotype?
It reproduces
It becomes dominant
It does not survive
It thrives
What occurs to the group with the larger amount of another genotype?
It survives and reproduces a new population
It migrates
It becomes extinct
It loses genetic variation
What occurs to the group with the larger amount of another genotype?
It survives and reproduces a new population
It migrates
It becomes extinct
It loses genetic variation
What happens to a population when some individuals do not survive?
It stabilizes
It increases in size
It loses variation
It gains variation
What happens to a population when some individuals do not survive?
It stabilizes
It increases in size
It loses variation
It gains variation
What is genetic drift?
A method of reproduction
A random change in allele frequencies
A process of natural selection
A systematic change in allele frequencies
What is genetic drift?
A method of reproduction
A random change in allele frequencies
A process of natural selection
A systematic change in allele frequencies
What is fixation in genetics?
Random mating of alleles
Increase in genetic diversity
Elimination of all alleles
Fixation to one allele over the other
What is fixation in genetics?
Random mating of alleles
Increase in genetic diversity
Elimination of all alleles
Fixation to one allele over the other
Which populations are affected greater by genetic drift?
Smaller populations
Only isolated populations
Larger populations
All populations equally
Which populations are affected greater by genetic drift?
Smaller populations
Only isolated populations
Larger populations
All populations equally
What does natural selection measure?
Environmental changes
Fitness
Genetic drift
Population size
What does natural selection measure?
Environmental changes
Fitness
Genetic drift
Population size
What is relative fitness?
The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation
The survival rate of a population
The average lifespan of individuals
The total number of offspring produced
What is relative fitness?
The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation
The survival rate of a population
The average lifespan of individuals
The total number of offspring produced
What type of selection favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic spectrum?
Random selection
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection
What type of selection favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic spectrum?
Random selection
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection
What does stabilizing selection favor?
All individuals equally
Individuals at one end
Individuals at both extremes
Individuals in the middle of the phenotypic spectrum
What does stabilizing selection favor?
All individuals equally
Individuals at one end
Individuals at both extremes
Individuals in the middle of the phenotypic spectrum
What does disruptive selection favor?
Individuals at one end
Individuals at the extremes of the phenotypic spectrum
Individuals in the middle
All individuals equally
What does disruptive selection favor?
Individuals at one end
Individuals at the extremes of the phenotypic spectrum
Individuals in the middle
All individuals equally
What is sexual selection ultimately defined as?
Competition for territory
Competition for food
Random mating
Competition for mates
What is sexual selection ultimately defined as?
Competition for territory
Competition for food
Random mating
Competition for mates
In the experiment with gray tree frogs, what do females prefer?
Males with longer calls
Males with brighter colors
Males with shorter calls
Males with larger sizes
In the experiment with gray tree frogs, what do females prefer?
Males with longer calls
Males with brighter colors
Males with shorter calls
Males with larger sizes
What advantage do male frogs with longer calls have?
They produce offspring that survive longer
They produce fewer offspring
They attract more predators
They have a shorter lifespan
What advantage do male frogs with longer calls have?
They produce offspring that survive longer
They produce fewer offspring
They attract more predators
They have a shorter lifespan
Why is there still variation when selection is strong?
Variation is eliminated
All males are equally successful
Females only select the best males
Not all females have strong preferences
Why is there still variation when selection is strong?
Variation is eliminated
All males are equally successful
Females only select the best males
Not all females have strong preferences
What is balanced polymorphism?
It has no effect on populations
It eliminates variation
Natural selection can maintain variation
It creates new species
What is balanced polymorphism?
It has no effect on populations
It eliminates variation
Natural selection can maintain variation
It creates new species
What is often called balanced polymorphisms?
Genetic drift
Variation maintenance strategies
Natural selection
Mutation
What is often called balanced polymorphisms?
Genetic drift
Variation maintenance strategies
Natural selection
Mutation
What is an example of heterozygote advantage?
Sickle cell trait
Blue eyes
Tall height
Curly hair
What is an example of heterozygote advantage?
Sickle cell trait
Blue eyes
Tall height
Curly hair
What does sexual selection always favor?
Traits that reduce survival
Large males
Bright feathers
Traits that increase an individual's access to reproductive opportunities
What does sexual selection always favor?
Traits that reduce survival
Large males
Bright feathers
Traits that increase an individual's access to reproductive opportunities
What is balancing selection?
Random genetic drift
Directional selection
Active maintenance of genetic variation
Stabilizing selection
What is balancing selection?
Random genetic drift
Directional selection
Active maintenance of genetic variation
Stabilizing selection
What happens to allele frequencies during balancing selection?
They become fixed
They return to a stable equilibrium state
They disappear
They increase indefinitely
What happens to allele frequencies during balancing selection?
They become fixed
They return to a stable equilibrium state
They disappear
They increase indefinitely
What is negative frequency-dependent selection?
Fitness of a genotype increases as its frequency decreases
Fitness is constant regardless of frequency
Only common genotypes are favored
Fitness decreases with rarity
What is negative frequency-dependent selection?
Fitness of a genotype increases as its frequency decreases
Fitness is constant regardless of frequency
Only common genotypes are favored
Fitness decreases with rarity
True or False: Natural selection ensures organisms are optimally suited to their environment.
True
Only in some cases
Depends on the organism
False
True or False: Natural selection ensures organisms are optimally suited to their environment.
True
Only in some cases
Depends on the organism
False
What does natural selection favor?
Random traits
All traits equally
A competitive optimum
Absolute optimum
What does natural selection favor?
Random traits
All traits equally
A competitive optimum
Absolute optimum
What is natural history?
Study of fossils
Biological study of organismal form and variety
Study of geology
Study of climate
What is natural history?
Study of fossils
Biological study of organismal form and variety
Study of geology
Study of climate
Who began the classification of living and nonliving things?
Darwin
Aristotle
Linnaeus
Lamarck
Who began the classification of living and nonliving things?
Darwin
Aristotle
Linnaeus
Lamarck
What does taxonomy refer to?
Study of genetics
Study of ecosystems
Biological classification of organisms
Study of evolution
What does taxonomy refer to?
Study of genetics
Study of ecosystems
Biological classification of organisms
Study of evolution
What does biogeography study?
Climate change
Genetic variation
World distribution of organisms
Fossil records
What does biogeography study?
Climate change
Genetic variation
World distribution of organisms
Fossil records
What are vestigial structures?
Common features
Currently useless structures
Essential organs
Adaptive traits
What are vestigial structures?
Common features
Currently useless structures
Essential organs
Adaptive traits
What does stratification in fossils refer to?
Random distribution
Vertical layering
Horizontal layering of sedimentary rocks
Uniformity of layers
What does stratification in fossils refer to?
Random distribution
Vertical layering
Horizontal layering of sedimentary rocks
Uniformity of layers
What is paleobiology?
Study of ancient organisms
Study of fossils
Study of modern ecosystems
Study of living organisms
What is paleobiology?
Study of ancient organisms
Study of fossils
Study of modern ecosystems
Study of living organisms
What theory explains fossil formation by catastrophe?
Gradualism
Catastrophism
Uniformitarianism
Evolutionary theory
What theory explains fossil formation by catastrophe?
Gradualism
Catastrophism
Uniformitarianism
Evolutionary theory
Who hypothesized an incorrect mechanism for evolution?
Alfred Wallace
Gregory Mendel
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Charles Darwin
Who hypothesized an incorrect mechanism for evolution?
Alfred Wallace
Gregory Mendel
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Charles Darwin
What principle did Lamarck propose?
Principle of use and disuse
Principle of genetic drift
Principle of adaptation
Principle of natural selection
What principle did Lamarck propose?
Principle of use and disuse
Principle of genetic drift
Principle of adaptation
Principle of natural selection
What is descent with modification?
Stability of species
Uniformity of traits
Static evolution
Change in species over time
What is descent with modification?
Stability of species
Uniformity of traits
Static evolution
Change in species over time
What is an example of a fossil similarity?
Dinosaurs and modern reptiles
Armadillos and their fossil counterparts
Birds and mammals
Fish and amphibians
What is an example of a fossil similarity?
Dinosaurs and modern reptiles
Armadillos and their fossil counterparts
Birds and mammals
Fish and amphibians
What does the principle of succession refer to?
Uniform distribution of species
Equal representation of fossils
Random fossil appearance
Fossils appearing in a specific chronological order
What does the principle of succession refer to?
Uniform distribution of species
Equal representation of fossils
Random fossil appearance
Fossils appearing in a specific chronological order
What is an example of a fossil found in Patagonia that is similar to living forms?
Saber-toothed Cats
Armadillos
Woolly Mammoths
Dinosaurs
What is an example of a fossil found in Patagonia that is similar to living forms?
Saber-toothed Cats
Armadillos
Woolly Mammoths
Dinosaurs
What does the 'Principle of succession' refer to?
Divergence in Isolation From a Common Ancestor
Genetic Drift
Convergence of Species
Migration Patterns
What does the 'Principle of succession' refer to?
Divergence in Isolation From a Common Ancestor
Genetic Drift
Convergence of Species
Migration Patterns
What distinct species were found on the Galapagos Islands despite similar physical conditions?
Mockingbirds and tortoises
Lizards and Snakes
Rabbits and Hares
Bats and Birds
What distinct species were found on the Galapagos Islands despite similar physical conditions?
Mockingbirds and tortoises
Lizards and Snakes
Rabbits and Hares
Bats and Birds
What did Darwin not realize the importance of until he returned to England?
The armadillos
The mockingbirds
The finches
The tortoises
What did Darwin not realize the importance of until he returned to England?
The armadillos
The mockingbirds
The finches
The tortoises
What type of selection are goldenrod gall flies likely subject to after a nematode infection killed all parasitoid wasps?
Disruptive selection
Stabilizing selection
Directional selection
Balancing selection
What type of selection are goldenrod gall flies likely subject to after a nematode infection killed all parasitoid wasps?
Disruptive selection
Stabilizing selection
Directional selection
Balancing selection
In a hypothetical population of 1000 frogs, what is the frequency of the D allele if 280 are homozygous dominant and 220 are homozygous recessive?
The answer cannot be determined from the data provided
0.47
0.50
0.53
In a hypothetical population of 1000 frogs, what is the frequency of the D allele if 280 are homozygous dominant and 220 are homozygous recessive?
The answer cannot be determined from the data provided
0.47
0.50
0.53
What distinguishes a scientific theory from everyday use of the term 'theory'?
It is a guess
It is a hypothesis
It is an assumption
It is well-established and well-supported
What distinguishes a scientific theory from everyday use of the term 'theory'?
It is a guess
It is a hypothesis
It is an assumption
It is well-established and well-supported
What does a scientific law describe?
How something evolves
When something occurs
What happens in a specific situation
Why something happens
What does a scientific law describe?
How something evolves
When something occurs
What happens in a specific situation
Why something happens
What do theories explain in contrast to laws?
When something occurs
What happens
Why something happens
How something is observed
What do theories explain in contrast to laws?
When something occurs
What happens
Why something happens
How something is observed
What is a common characteristic of adaptations in evolution?
They do not change over time
They are usually compromises
They are permanent
They are always beneficial
What is a common characteristic of adaptations in evolution?
They do not change over time
They are usually compromises
They are permanent
They are always beneficial
What happened to the finches on Daphne Major during the drought in 1976/77?
Seed variety increased
Foraging habits remained unchanged
Population doubled
Food availability decreased by 84%
What happened to the finches on Daphne Major during the drought in 1976/77?
Seed variety increased
Foraging habits remained unchanged
Population doubled
Food availability decreased by 84%
Before the drought, how many types of seeds did most finches prefer to eat?
15 types
30 types
10 types
24 types
Before the drought, how many types of seeds did most finches prefer to eat?
15 types
30 types
10 types
24 types
After the drought, what happened to the remaining seeds?
They increased in variety
They were big and tough
They became smaller
They were easier to find
After the drought, what happened to the remaining seeds?
They increased in variety
They were big and tough
They became smaller
They were easier to find
What percentage of time do finches spend foraging on their favorites during drought conditions?
3%
10%
50%
0.03%
What percentage of time do finches spend foraging on their favorites during drought conditions?
3%
10%
50%
0.03%
What happens to seed abundance during drought?
Remains constant at 10g/m²
Decreased to less than 3g/m²
Increased to 10g/m²
Decreased to 10g/m²
What happens to seed abundance during drought?
Remains constant at 10g/m²
Decreased to less than 3g/m²
Increased to 10g/m²
Decreased to 10g/m²
Which finch species is able to crush seeds with its beak?
Tribulus
Chamaesyce
Fortis
Magnirostris
Which finch species is able to crush seeds with its beak?
Tribulus
Chamaesyce
Fortis
Magnirostris
How much force does Magnirostris require to crush seeds?
150 newtons
54 newtons
100 newtons
200 newtons
How much force does Magnirostris require to crush seeds?
150 newtons
54 newtons
100 newtons
200 newtons
What is a disadvantage of small Fortis finches during drought?
Can easily open Tribulus
Require less food
Have larger beaks
Cannot open Tribulus
What is a disadvantage of small Fortis finches during drought?
Can easily open Tribulus
Require less food
Have larger beaks
Cannot open Tribulus
What do small Fortis finches have to eat when they cannot feed on Tribulus?
Large seeds
Tribulus
Chamaesyce
Magnirostris
What do small Fortis finches have to eat when they cannot feed on Tribulus?
Large seeds
Tribulus
Chamaesyce
Magnirostris
What happens to the feathers on the heads of small Fortis finches?
Fall off
Change color
Become thicker
Grow longer
What happens to the feathers on the heads of small Fortis finches?
Fall off
Change color
Become thicker
Grow longer
What is the role of adaptations during times of stress and competition?
Increase in variation
Remain constant
Become important
Become less significant
What is the role of adaptations during times of stress and competition?
Increase in variation
Remain constant
Become important
Become less significant
What did Darwin mean by 'descent with modification'?
Evolution is a special process
All species are identical
Populations living today are related to populations that lived in the past, but they are not identical
Evolution is a quick process
What did Darwin mean by 'descent with modification'?
Evolution is a special process
All species are identical
Populations living today are related to populations that lived in the past, but they are not identical
Evolution is a quick process
What will happen to the size and shape of beaks in medium ground finches in the future?
They will remain constant
They will get narrower
They will continue to get deeper and wider
It depends on changes in the environment
What will happen to the size and shape of beaks in medium ground finches in the future?
They will remain constant
They will get narrower
They will continue to get deeper and wider
It depends on changes in the environment
What is speciation?
All species share a common ancestor
A species remains unchanged
Species evolve instantaneously
One species splits into two or more species
What is speciation?
All species share a common ancestor
A species remains unchanged
Species evolve instantaneously
One species splits into two or more species
How does evolution usually occur?
Instantaneously
Only in response to environmental changes
In a few days
Gradually over hundreds and thousands of years
How does evolution usually occur?
Instantaneously
Only in response to environmental changes
In a few days
Gradually over hundreds and thousands of years
What is shared among all species according to the theory of evolution?
No relation
Independent origins
Common ancestry
Different adaptations
What is shared among all species according to the theory of evolution?
No relation
Independent origins
Common ancestry
Different adaptations
What occurs when one species splits into two or more species?
Evolution
Speciation
Mutation
Adaptation
What occurs when one species splits into two or more species?
Evolution
Speciation
Mutation
Adaptation
What do all species share?
Common ancestry
Different habitats
Distinct DNA
Unique traits
What do all species share?
Common ancestry
Different habitats
Distinct DNA
Unique traits
What process is primarily responsible for producing adaptation?
Mutation
Migration
Natural selection
Genetic drift
What process is primarily responsible for producing adaptation?
Mutation
Migration
Natural selection
Genetic drift
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
20
23
24
22
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
20
23
24
22
How many pairs of chromosomes do chimpanzees have?
23
25
24
22
How many pairs of chromosomes do chimpanzees have?
23
25
24
22
What is one prediction regarding the chromosome difference between humans and chimpanzees?
There has been a fusion event
Chromosome duplication
Chromosome loss
Gene loss
What is one prediction regarding the chromosome difference between humans and chimpanzees?
There has been a fusion event
Chromosome duplication
Chromosome loss
Gene loss
What should we see as evidence if life originated on Earth and evolved?
Evidence in DNA
Evidence in behavior
Evidence in morphology
Evidence in the fossil record
What should we see as evidence if life originated on Earth and evolved?
Evidence in DNA
Evidence in behavior
Evidence in morphology
Evidence in the fossil record
What does the fossil record document?
Organismal behavior
Genetic sequences
Environmental changes
Preserved organismal features
What does the fossil record document?
Organismal behavior
Genetic sequences
Environmental changes
Preserved organismal features
Why is the fossil record considered incomplete?
Soft bodies are preserved less than hard bodies
Only large species are fossilized
Fossils cannot be dated accurately
Fossils are only found in certain climates
Why is the fossil record considered incomplete?
Soft bodies are preserved less than hard bodies
Only large species are fossilized
Fossils cannot be dated accurately
Fossils are only found in certain climates
What does geological dating rely on?
Fossil sizes
Geographical locations
Geological strata arranged in order
Organism types
What does geological dating rely on?
Fossil sizes
Geographical locations
Geological strata arranged in order
Organism types
What is the earliest life form we can detect?
Dinosaurs
Mammals
Cyanobacteria
Fungi
What is the earliest life form we can detect?
Dinosaurs
Mammals
Cyanobacteria
Fungi
What should we find if evolution occurred within lineages and they sometimes split?
Rapid changes
Static species
Examples of traits and species gradually changing
No changes
What should we find if evolution occurred within lineages and they sometimes split?
Rapid changes
Static species
Examples of traits and species gradually changing
No changes
What does the transition from Hyracotherium to Equus illustrate?
Linear progression
Non-linear, branching pattern
Simple evolution
Static lineage
What does the transition from Hyracotherium to Equus illustrate?
Linear progression
Non-linear, branching pattern
Simple evolution
Static lineage
What is the non-linear, branching pattern of evolution referred to as?
Linear evolution
Cyclic evolution
Convergent evolution
Equus
What is the non-linear, branching pattern of evolution referred to as?
Linear evolution
Cyclic evolution
Convergent evolution
Equus
What type of evidence should we find if all creatures share common ancestry?
Genetic mutations
Transitional forms
Homologous structures
Fossil records
What type of evidence should we find if all creatures share common ancestry?
Genetic mutations
Transitional forms
Homologous structures
Fossil records
Which lineage of dinosaurs are birds classified under?
Mammals
Reptiles
Birds
Amphibians
Which lineage of dinosaurs are birds classified under?
Mammals
Reptiles
Birds
Amphibians
What is Archaeopteryx an example of?
A mammal
A modern bird
A transitional fossil between birds and dinosaurs
A type of dinosaur
What is Archaeopteryx an example of?
A mammal
A modern bird
A transitional fossil between birds and dinosaurs
A type of dinosaur
Which organism is an example of a transitional form between fish and amphibians?
Tiktaalik
Tyrannosaurus
Pterodactyl
Archaeopteryx
Which organism is an example of a transitional form between fish and amphibians?
Tiktaalik
Tyrannosaurus
Pterodactyl
Archaeopteryx
What are vestigial characters?
Mutated genes
Remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors
New adaptations
Functional structures
What are vestigial characters?
Mutated genes
Remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors
New adaptations
Functional structures
What is a retrodiction in evolutionary biology?
A description of current species
A classification of organisms
A prediction of future traits
An inference about the past based on current evidence
What is a retrodiction in evolutionary biology?
A description of current species
A classification of organisms
A prediction of future traits
An inference about the past based on current evidence
What is an example of a vestigial gene in humans?
Genes for limb growth
Genes for making yolk proteins
Genes for hearing
Genes for eyesight
What is an example of a vestigial gene in humans?
Genes for limb growth
Genes for making yolk proteins
Genes for hearing
Genes for eyesight
What is the primary characteristic of convergent evolution?
Identical species in different locations
Evolution of similar structures in related species
Divergence of species from a common ancestor
Similar niches occupied by different organisms
What is the primary characteristic of convergent evolution?
Identical species in different locations
Evolution of similar structures in related species
Divergence of species from a common ancestor
Similar niches occupied by different organisms
What is one example of adaptive radiation?
Insects and arachnids
Birds and reptiles
Fish and amphibians
Mammals and marsupials
What is one example of adaptive radiation?
Insects and arachnids
Birds and reptiles
Fish and amphibians
Mammals and marsupials
What does the evolutionary history of a species or group of species refer to?
Ecology
Genetics
Phylogeny
Anatomy
What does the evolutionary history of a species or group of species refer to?
Ecology
Genetics
Phylogeny
Anatomy
Which of the following could be used as evidence of descent from a common ancestor?
All of the above
Antibiotics can cure the same diseases in rabbits and humans
Species of tortoise living in close proximity are more similar than those far apart
Genes for limb formation have almost identical sequences in salamanders and chimpanzees
Which of the following could be used as evidence of descent from a common ancestor?
All of the above
Antibiotics can cure the same diseases in rabbits and humans
Species of tortoise living in close proximity are more similar than those far apart
Genes for limb formation have almost identical sequences in salamanders and chimpanzees
Which of the following is a true statement regarding natural selection?
An individual with an adaptation is said to have evolved
Over time organisms will become increasingly complex as evolution makes them more adapted
An individual who is naturally selected has more offspring than an unselected individual
An individual that needs an adaptation to survive is more likely to evolve it
Which of the following is a true statement regarding natural selection?
An individual with an adaptation is said to have evolved
Over time organisms will become increasingly complex as evolution makes them more adapted
An individual who is naturally selected has more offspring than an unselected individual
An individual that needs an adaptation to survive is more likely to evolve it
What is one characteristic that distinguishes a slow worm from a snake?
Presence of scales
Cold blooded
Immobile jaw
Absence of legs
What is one characteristic that distinguishes a slow worm from a snake?
Presence of scales
Cold blooded
Immobile jaw
Absence of legs
Which of the following is not a kingdom in the classification system?
Protista
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
Which of the following is not a kingdom in the classification system?
Protista
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
What is the discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships?
Paleontology
Morphology
Systematics
Genetics
What is the discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships?
Paleontology
Morphology
Systematics
Genetics
What type of data is essential for testing homologous vs. analogous relationships?
Only DNA
Only fossils
Only morphology
Fossils, morphology, molecules, genes & DNA
What type of data is essential for testing homologous vs. analogous relationships?
Only DNA
Only fossils
Only morphology
Fossils, morphology, molecules, genes & DNA
Why is identifying species crucial to biology?
To control agricultural pests and diseases
To create new species
To increase pollution
To eliminate all wildlife
Why is identifying species crucial to biology?
To control agricultural pests and diseases
To create new species
To increase pollution
To eliminate all wildlife
What is the Latin scientific name for a Leopard?
Panthera Tigris
Panthera Pardus
Panthera Leo
Panthera Onca
What is the Latin scientific name for a Leopard?
Panthera Tigris
Panthera Pardus
Panthera Leo
Panthera Onca
Who instituted the use of Latin scientific names in the 18th century?
Carolus Linnaeus
Charles Darwin
Gregor Mendel
Louis Pasteur
Who instituted the use of Latin scientific names in the 18th century?
Carolus Linnaeus
Charles Darwin
Gregor Mendel
Louis Pasteur
What is the correct order of hierarchical classification from species to domain?
Species, Family, Order, Class, Kingdom, Phylum, Domain
Genus, Species, Family, Class, Order, Phylum, Kingdom
Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Species
What is the correct order of hierarchical classification from species to domain?
Species, Family, Order, Class, Kingdom, Phylum, Domain
Genus, Species, Family, Class, Order, Phylum, Kingdom
Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Species
What mnemonic helps remember the order of hierarchical classification?
Did King Philip Come Over For Great Sandwich
Did King Philip Come Over For Good Salad
Did King Philip Come Over For Great Spaghetti
Did King Peter Come Over For Great Soup
What mnemonic helps remember the order of hierarchical classification?
Did King Philip Come Over For Great Sandwich
Did King Philip Come Over For Good Salad
Did King Philip Come Over For Great Spaghetti
Did King Peter Come Over For Great Soup
What diagram represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms?
Evolutionary map
Classification chart
Phylogenetic tree
Species diagram
What diagram represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms?
Evolutionary map
Classification chart
Phylogenetic tree
Species diagram
What are homologous characters?
Characters that arise from convergent evolution
Characters that are unrelated
Characters that result from common ancestry
Characters that are similar due to environmental factors
What are homologous characters?
Characters that arise from convergent evolution
Characters that are unrelated
Characters that result from common ancestry
Characters that are similar due to environmental factors
What are analogous characters also known as?
Homologies
Homoplasies
Pleiotropies
Genotypes
What are analogous characters also known as?
Homologies
Homoplasies
Pleiotropies
Genotypes
What is the term for traits that are similar for reasons other than inheritance from a common ancestor?
Derived traits
Common traits
Ancestral traits
Homoplastic traits
What is the term for traits that are similar for reasons other than inheritance from a common ancestor?
Derived traits
Common traits
Ancestral traits
Homoplastic traits
What is the significance of bird feathers in phylogeny?
They are not significant
They are only found in mammals
They are ancestral in birds but derived when considering all living vertebrates
They are derived in all vertebrates
What is the significance of bird feathers in phylogeny?
They are not significant
They are only found in mammals
They are ancestral in birds but derived when considering all living vertebrates
They are derived in all vertebrates
What is the function of halteres in certain insects?
Provides camouflage
Serves as a weapon
Aids in feeding
Helps with balance
What is the function of halteres in certain insects?
Provides camouflage
Serves as a weapon
Aids in feeding
Helps with balance
What is a trait that differs from the ancestral trait called?
Synapomorphy
Ancestral
Derived
Homoplasy
What is a trait that differs from the ancestral trait called?
Synapomorphy
Ancestral
Derived
Homoplasy
What is a trait that was present in the ancestor of a group called?
Ancestral
Homoplasy
Synapomorphy
Derived
What is a trait that was present in the ancestor of a group called?
Ancestral
Homoplasy
Synapomorphy
Derived
What are derived traits that are shared among a group and viewed as evidence of common ancestry called?
Ancestral traits
Polyphyletic traits
Homoplasies
Synapomorphies
What are derived traits that are shared among a group and viewed as evidence of common ancestry called?
Ancestral traits
Polyphyletic traits
Homoplasies
Synapomorphies
What is an example of a synapomorphy of all vertebrates?
Vertebral column
Feathers
Lungs
Fins
What is an example of a synapomorphy of all vertebrates?
Vertebral column
Feathers
Lungs
Fins
How can derived characters be determined?
From geographical distribution
From behavioral studies
From fossils and embryos
From ecological data
How can derived characters be determined?
From geographical distribution
From behavioral studies
From fossils and embryos
From ecological data
What does evolutionary reversal mean?
Character reverts from a derived state back to the ancestral state
Character disappears completely
Character evolves from ancestral state to derived state
Character remains unchanged
What does evolutionary reversal mean?
Character reverts from a derived state back to the ancestral state
Character disappears completely
Character evolves from ancestral state to derived state
Character remains unchanged
What is the principle of monophyly?
All systematics uses monophyletic taxa
All taxa are polyphyletic
Monophyletic taxa include only one species
All taxa are paraphyletic
What is the principle of monophyly?
All systematics uses monophyletic taxa
All taxa are polyphyletic
Monophyletic taxa include only one species
All taxa are paraphyletic
What do polyphyletic taxa include?
Only closely related species
One ancestral species and all its descendants
Species from separate lineages
Only some descendants of an ancestor
What do polyphyletic taxa include?
Only closely related species
One ancestral species and all its descendants
Species from separate lineages
Only some descendants of an ancestor
What do paraphyletic taxa contain?
All descendants of an ancestor
Only the ancestor
Species from separate lineages
An ancestor and some but not all descendants
What do paraphyletic taxa contain?
All descendants of an ancestor
Only the ancestor
Species from separate lineages
An ancestor and some but not all descendants
How are phylogenetic trees typically constructed?
Using only fossil records
Based solely on geographical data
Using a single trait
Using hundreds or thousands of traits
How are phylogenetic trees typically constructed?
Using only fossil records
Based solely on geographical data
Using a single trait
Using hundreds or thousands of traits
What does the principle of parsimony state?
All explanations are equally valid
Only data-driven explanations are valid
Simplest explanation is most likely to be correct
Most complex explanation is correct
What does the principle of parsimony state?
All explanations are equally valid
Only data-driven explanations are valid
Simplest explanation is most likely to be correct
Most complex explanation is correct
What is the goal of minimizing evolutionary changes in phylogenetic trees?
To complicate the evolutionary history
To assume the fewest homoplasies
To include all possible changes
To maximize the number of traits
What is the goal of minimizing evolutionary changes in phylogenetic trees?
To complicate the evolutionary history
To assume the fewest homoplasies
To include all possible changes
To maximize the number of traits
On what basis have most species been described?
Genetic data
Geographical data
Behavioral data
Morphological data
On what basis have most species been described?
Genetic data
Geographical data
Behavioral data
Morphological data
What may reveal evolutionary relationships through similarities?
Morphological differences
Behavioral patterns
Development patterns
Geographical distribution
What may reveal evolutionary relationships through similarities?
Morphological differences
Behavioral patterns
Development patterns
Geographical distribution
What do fossils provide information about?
Current species behaviors
Geographical distribution of living species
Modern ecological interactions
Morphology of past organisms
What do fossils provide information about?
Current species behaviors
Geographical distribution of living species
Modern ecological interactions
Morphology of past organisms
What can behavior be in terms of transmission?
Only instinctual
Inherited or culturally transmitted
Only genetically determined
Only learned
What can behavior be in terms of transmission?
Only instinctual
Inherited or culturally transmitted
Only genetically determined
Only learned
What has become the most widely used data type in phylogenetics?
Behavioral data
Fossil records
DNA sequences
Morphological data
What has become the most widely used data type in phylogenetics?
Behavioral data
Fossil records
DNA sequences
Morphological data
What is the limitation of using morphological data?
It cannot be used for any species
Comparing distantly related species can be problematic
It is always accurate
It only applies to plants
What is the limitation of using morphological data?
It cannot be used for any species
Comparing distantly related species can be problematic
It is always accurate
It only applies to plants
What determines frog calls that can be used in phylogenetic trees?
Environmentally influenced
Random chance
Genetically determined
Learned behavior
What determines frog calls that can be used in phylogenetic trees?
Environmentally influenced
Random chance
Genetically determined
Learned behavior
What type of data is most widely used for constructing phylogenetic trees?
Behavioral patterns
Morphological traits
Protein structures
DNA sequences
What type of data is most widely used for constructing phylogenetic trees?
Behavioral patterns
Morphological traits
Protein structures
DNA sequences
Which type of DNA is used in phylogenetic analysis?
Ribosomal RNA
Mitochondrial DNA
Plasmid DNA
Viral DNA
Which type of DNA is used in phylogenetic analysis?
Ribosomal RNA
Mitochondrial DNA
Plasmid DNA
Viral DNA
What is used alongside nuclear DNA in phylogenetic studies?
Cytoplasmic RNA
Chloroplast DNA
Histone proteins
Exosomal DNA
What is used alongside nuclear DNA in phylogenetic studies?
Cytoplasmic RNA
Chloroplast DNA
Histone proteins
Exosomal DNA
Which information is also used in constructing phylogenetic trees?
Species behavior
Environmental data
Geographical distribution
Gene product information
Which information is also used in constructing phylogenetic trees?
Species behavior
Environmental data
Geographical distribution
Gene product information
What happens to average fitness of a population during genetic drift?
The effect of drift on average fitness is not predictable
The average fitness of the population to increase
The average fitness of the population to decrease
The average fitness of the population to remain the same
What happens to average fitness of a population during genetic drift?
The effect of drift on average fitness is not predictable
The average fitness of the population to increase
The average fitness of the population to decrease
The average fitness of the population to remain the same
Which evolutionary mechanism increases genetic variation in a population?
Sexual selection
Directional natural selection
Mutation
Genetic Drift
Which evolutionary mechanism increases genetic variation in a population?
Sexual selection
Directional natural selection
Mutation
Genetic Drift
What is often the basis for the initial tree in phylogenetic analysis?
Parsimony
Consensus
Maximum likelihood
Bayesian methods
What is often the basis for the initial tree in phylogenetic analysis?
Parsimony
Consensus
Maximum likelihood
Bayesian methods
What do molecular characters reflect?
Species behavior
Environmental changes
Evolution
Population dynamics
What do molecular characters reflect?
Species behavior
Environmental changes
Evolution
Population dynamics
What is a disadvantage of using molecular data?
It is difficult to obtain
It is not abundant
Base changes may have evolved independently
It does not reflect evolutionary relationships
What is a disadvantage of using molecular data?
It is difficult to obtain
It is not abundant
Base changes may have evolved independently
It does not reflect evolutionary relationships
What does a molecular clock measure?
Rate of species extinction
Rate of DNA mutation
Rate of environmental change
Rate of genetic drift
What does a molecular clock measure?
Rate of species extinction
Rate of DNA mutation
Rate of environmental change
Rate of genetic drift
What does less similarity in amino acid sequences indicate?
More distant relation
More recent common ancestor
Same species
Closer relation
What does less similarity in amino acid sequences indicate?
More distant relation
More recent common ancestor
Same species
Closer relation
How many living species may exist on Earth?
As great as 100 million
Approximately 10 million
Roughly 500 million
About 1 million
How many living species may exist on Earth?
As great as 100 million
Approximately 10 million
Roughly 500 million
About 1 million
When did the first living forms appear?
3.8 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
1 billion years ago
2.5 billion years ago
When did the first living forms appear?
3.8 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
1 billion years ago
2.5 billion years ago
What percentage of all species that have existed on Earth are now extinct?
99%
75%
50%
90%
What percentage of all species that have existed on Earth are now extinct?
99%
75%
50%
90%
What is the smallest independently evolving unit?
Genus
Family
Population
Species
What is the smallest independently evolving unit?
Genus
Family
Population
Species
How many different species concepts exist?
Five
About 22
Ten
Fifteen
How many different species concepts exist?
Five
About 22
Ten
Fifteen
What varies according to the location of giraffes?
Dietary habits
Distribution of pelage patterns
Social behavior
Size
What varies according to the location of giraffes?
Dietary habits
Distribution of pelage patterns
Social behavior
Size
How many different subspecies of giraffes are there?
2 to 4
5 to 10
10 to 15
8 to 12
How many different subspecies of giraffes are there?
2 to 4
5 to 10
10 to 15
8 to 12
What has been established by analyzing mitochondrial DNA sequences?
Behavioral patterns
Geographic distributions
Genetic relationships
Environmental adaptations
What has been established by analyzing mitochondrial DNA sequences?
Behavioral patterns
Geographic distributions
Genetic relationships
Environmental adaptations
What has been established about giraffes based on mitochondrial DNA sequences?
They belong to the same species
They show six genealogically distinct lineages
They are all genetically identical
They have only one lineage
What has been established about giraffes based on mitochondrial DNA sequences?
They belong to the same species
They show six genealogically distinct lineages
They are all genetically identical
They have only one lineage
What is the morphological species concept based on?
Habitat
Appearance
Genetic makeup
Behavioral traits
What is the morphological species concept based on?
Habitat
Appearance
Genetic makeup
Behavioral traits
Why might males and females of a species not look alike?
Age difference
Genetic mutation
Environmental factors
Sexual dimorphism
Why might males and females of a species not look alike?
Age difference
Genetic mutation
Environmental factors
Sexual dimorphism
What defines the biological species concept?
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
A group that has the same genetic traits
A group based on physical appearance
A group that shares the same habitat
What defines the biological species concept?
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
A group that has the same genetic traits
A group based on physical appearance
A group that shares the same habitat
Which organisms pose a problem for the biological species concept?
Organisms that live in different habitats
Organisms with similar appearances
Asexual organisms
Organisms that are extinct
Which organisms pose a problem for the biological species concept?
Organisms that live in different habitats
Organisms with similar appearances
Asexual organisms
Organisms that are extinct
What does the phylogenetic species concept emphasize?
Physical traits
Genetic similarity
Unique ancestry
Geographical location
What does the phylogenetic species concept emphasize?
Physical traits
Genetic similarity
Unique ancestry
Geographical location
What is the ecological species concept based on?
Distinct ecological niche
Genetic similarity
Behavioral traits
Physical characteristics
What is the ecological species concept based on?
Distinct ecological niche
Genetic similarity
Behavioral traits
Physical characteristics
What is a characteristic of androdioecious species?
Unchanging characteristics
Static groups
Rigid classifications
Dynamic, evolving individuals
What is a characteristic of androdioecious species?
Unchanging characteristics
Static groups
Rigid classifications
Dynamic, evolving individuals
What does the statement 'Life is always in transition' imply about species?
Species do not evolve
Species are all distinct
Species are constantly changing
Species are fixed and unchanging
What does the statement 'Life is always in transition' imply about species?
Species do not evolve
Species are all distinct
Species are constantly changing
Species are fixed and unchanging
What is the correct statement about the wings of bats and birds?
Their wings are homologous; their limbs represent homoplasy
Their limbs are homologous; their wings represent homoplasy
Both have homologous wings
Both have homologous limbs
What is the correct statement about the wings of bats and birds?
Their wings are homologous; their limbs represent homoplasy
Their limbs are homologous; their wings represent homoplasy
Both have homologous wings
Both have homologous limbs
What type of character is hair on mammals when compared to other vertebrates?
Polyphyletic character
Shared ancestral character
Paraphyletic character
Shared derived character
What type of character is hair on mammals when compared to other vertebrates?
Polyphyletic character
Shared ancestral character
Paraphyletic character
Shared derived character
How many living species may exist on Earth?
As many as 100 million
Around 500 million
About 1 million
Approximately 10 million
How many living species may exist on Earth?
As many as 100 million
Around 500 million
About 1 million
Approximately 10 million
When did the first living forms (species) appear?
1 billion years ago
2 billion years ago
3.8 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
When did the first living forms (species) appear?
1 billion years ago
2 billion years ago
3.8 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
What is speciation?
The classification of species
The study of species behavior
The creation of new species
The extinction of species
What is speciation?
The classification of species
The study of species behavior
The creation of new species
The extinction of species
What occurs during prezygotic isolation?
Hybrids are produced
Individuals mate successfully
Individuals of different species are prevented from mating
Species become extinct
What occurs during prezygotic isolation?
Hybrids are produced
Individuals mate successfully
Individuals of different species are prevented from mating
Species become extinct
What happens during postzygotic isolation?
All offspring are viable
Hybrids are always fertile
Individuals do not mate
Hybrid offspring have low fitness and do not survive
What happens during postzygotic isolation?
All offspring are viable
Hybrids are always fertile
Individuals do not mate
Hybrid offspring have low fitness and do not survive
What is the criterion of reproductive isolation that cannot be evaluated in fossils?
Reproductive isolation is irrelevant in modern species
Reproductive isolation cannot be evaluated in fossils or asexually reproducing species
Reproductive isolation is only applicable to extinct species
Reproductive isolation can be evaluated in all species
What is the criterion of reproductive isolation that cannot be evaluated in fossils?
Reproductive isolation is irrelevant in modern species
Reproductive isolation cannot be evaluated in fossils or asexually reproducing species
Reproductive isolation is only applicable to extinct species
Reproductive isolation can be evaluated in all species
What occurs prior to mating in prezygotic isolation?
Isolation prior to the zygote
Isolation during zygote formation
Isolation after fertilization
Isolation after mating
What occurs prior to mating in prezygotic isolation?
Isolation prior to the zygote
Isolation during zygote formation
Isolation after fertilization
Isolation after mating
Which of the following is a form of prezygotic isolation?
Reduced fitness of hybrids
Sterile hybrid formation
Genitalic compatibility
Breeding in different places
Which of the following is a form of prezygotic isolation?
Reduced fitness of hybrids
Sterile hybrid formation
Genitalic compatibility
Breeding in different places
What is an example of postzygotic isolation?
Sexual selection
Sterile hybrid
Different mating times
Genitalic incompatibility
What is an example of postzygotic isolation?
Sexual selection
Sterile hybrid
Different mating times
Genitalic incompatibility
What happens during allopatric speciation?
Speciation requires immediate mating
Speciation begins with physical isolation via dispersal or vicariance
Speciation is only possible in sympatric conditions
Speciation occurs without physical separation
What happens during allopatric speciation?
Speciation requires immediate mating
Speciation begins with physical isolation via dispersal or vicariance
Speciation is only possible in sympatric conditions
Speciation occurs without physical separation
What does biogeography study?
How species and populations are distributed geographically
How species evolve in isolation
How species interact with each other
How species reproduce
What does biogeography study?
How species and populations are distributed geographically
How species evolve in isolation
How species interact with each other
How species reproduce
What is dispersal in the context of population isolation?
When populations reproduce asexually
When a population moves to a new habitat and forms a new population
When populations merge into one
When a population remains in the same habitat
What is dispersal in the context of population isolation?
When populations reproduce asexually
When a population moves to a new habitat and forms a new population
When populations merge into one
When a population remains in the same habitat
What occurs during vicariance?
Population reproduces asexually
Population remains unchanged
Population merges into a larger group
A physical barrier splits a widespread population into subgroups
What occurs during vicariance?
Population reproduces asexually
Population remains unchanged
Population merges into a larger group
A physical barrier splits a widespread population into subgroups
What is the founder effect?
A type of physical barrier
A form of natural selection
Genetic drift via the founder effect causes divergence
A method of asexual reproduction
What is the founder effect?
A type of physical barrier
A form of natural selection
Genetic drift via the founder effect causes divergence
A method of asexual reproduction
What is required for speciation to occur?
Absence of natural selection
Immediate mating between populations
Physical closeness of populations
Genetic isolation accompanied by genetic divergence
What is required for speciation to occur?
Absence of natural selection
Immediate mating between populations
Physical closeness of populations
Genetic isolation accompanied by genetic divergence
What can cause divergence in newly colonized environments?
No environmental change
Genetic drift only
Natural selection if the new environment differs from the original habitat
Immediate reproduction
What can cause divergence in newly colonized environments?
No environmental change
Genetic drift only
Natural selection if the new environment differs from the original habitat
Immediate reproduction
What is the role of glaciers during the last ice age in speciation?
Glaciers caused all species to merge
Glaciers served as physical barriers for population isolation
Glaciers had no effect on populations
Glaciers only affected terrestrial species
What is the role of glaciers during the last ice age in speciation?
Glaciers caused all species to merge
Glaciers served as physical barriers for population isolation
Glaciers had no effect on populations
Glaciers only affected terrestrial species
What leads to genetic isolation of populations?
Mating between different populations
Physical isolation via dispersal or vicariance
Asexual reproduction
Immediate environmental changes
What leads to genetic isolation of populations?
Mating between different populations
Physical isolation via dispersal or vicariance
Asexual reproduction
Immediate environmental changes
What results from genetic isolation and genetic divergence?
Speciation
Population merging
Extinction
Hybrid formation
What results from genetic isolation and genetic divergence?
Speciation
Population merging
Extinction
Hybrid formation
What is the term for populations or species that live in the same geographic region?
Sympatry
Parapatry
Synonymy
Allopatry
What is the term for populations or species that live in the same geographic region?
Sympatry
Parapatry
Synonymy
Allopatry
What can overcome gene flow and cause sympatric speciation?
Natural selection
Isolation
Genetic drift
Mutation
What can overcome gene flow and cause sympatric speciation?
Natural selection
Isolation
Genetic drift
Mutation
What is the average diameter of hawthorn fruits?
5mm
20mm
12.6mm
70mm
What is the average diameter of hawthorn fruits?
5mm
20mm
12.6mm
70mm
To which genus do apples belong?
Carya
Crataegus
Malus
Rubus
To which genus do apples belong?
Carya
Crataegus
Malus
Rubus
When were domesticated apples introduced to North America?
1600s
1500s
1700s
1800s
When were domesticated apples introduced to North America?
1600s
1500s
1700s
1800s
What is the typical diameter of a commercial apple?
80mm
50mm
60mm
70mm
What is the typical diameter of a commercial apple?
80mm
50mm
60mm
70mm
How much more food do large apples provide compared to hawthorn fruit?
220 times
100 times
150 times
300 times
How much more food do large apples provide compared to hawthorn fruit?
220 times
100 times
150 times
300 times
What percentage of hawthorn maggots survive?
47%
52%
27%
37%
What percentage of hawthorn maggots survive?
47%
52%
27%
37%
What percentage of apple maggots survive?
52%
37%
47%
27%
What percentage of apple maggots survive?
52%
37%
47%
27%
What allows apple maggots to avoid parasitoid wasps?
Burrowing deeper
Flying away
Hiding under leaves
Changing color
What allows apple maggots to avoid parasitoid wasps?
Burrowing deeper
Flying away
Hiding under leaves
Changing color
Are hawthorn and apple maggot flies physically distinguishable?
Only by size
Yes
Only by color
No
Are hawthorn and apple maggot flies physically distinguishable?
Only by size
Yes
Only by color
No
What is the hybridization rate between hawthorn and apple maggot flies?
10-15%
4-6%
1-3%
7-10%
What is the hybridization rate between hawthorn and apple maggot flies?
10-15%
4-6%
1-3%
7-10%
What can lead to speciation through polyploidy?
Mutation resulting in polyploidy
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Natural selection
What can lead to speciation through polyploidy?
Mutation resulting in polyploidy
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Natural selection
What type of individuals are genetically isolated from wild-type individuals due to polyploidy?
Triploid individuals
Haploid individuals
Diploid individuals
Tetraploid individuals
What type of individuals are genetically isolated from wild-type individuals due to polyploidy?
Triploid individuals
Haploid individuals
Diploid individuals
Tetraploid individuals
What type of gametes do tetraploid individuals provide?
Diploid gametes
Triploid gametes
Tetraploid gametes
Haploid gametes
What type of gametes do tetraploid individuals provide?
Diploid gametes
Triploid gametes
Tetraploid gametes
Haploid gametes
What is the result of combining diploid gametes?
Tetraploid zygote
Diploid zygote
Triploid zygote
Haploid zygote
What is the result of combining diploid gametes?
Tetraploid zygote
Diploid zygote
Triploid zygote
Haploid zygote
What is polyploidy?
Having one set of chromosomes
Having three sets of chromosomes
Having two sets of chromosomes
Having more than two sets of chromosomes
What is polyploidy?
Having one set of chromosomes
Having three sets of chromosomes
Having two sets of chromosomes
Having more than two sets of chromosomes
What is autopolyploidy?
Chromosome duplications within a species
Chromosome duplications between species
Chromosome deletions within a species
Chromosome inversions between species
What is autopolyploidy?
Chromosome duplications within a species
Chromosome duplications between species
Chromosome deletions within a species
Chromosome inversions between species
What typically happens to odd chromosome numbers in autopolyploidy?
Always fertile
Always viable
Usually sterile
Can reproduce normally
What typically happens to odd chromosome numbers in autopolyploidy?
Always fertile
Always viable
Usually sterile
Can reproduce normally
What is allopolyploidy?
Chromosome duplications between species
Chromosome duplications within a species
Chromosome deletions between species
Chromosome inversions within a species
What is allopolyploidy?
Chromosome duplications between species
Chromosome duplications within a species
Chromosome deletions between species
Chromosome inversions within a species
What is a common outcome of chromosome alterations?
Divergence in closely related species
Decreased speciation
Increased similarity
Reduced genetic variation
What is a common outcome of chromosome alterations?
Divergence in closely related species
Decreased speciation
Increased similarity
Reduced genetic variation
What occurs when isolated populations come into contact?
Always results in extinction
Always maintains separation
Always leads to interbreeding
Depends on genetic divergence
What occurs when isolated populations come into contact?
Always results in extinction
Always maintains separation
Always leads to interbreeding
Depends on genetic divergence
What is prezygotic isolation?
Isolation due to genetic drift
Isolation before fertilization occurs
Isolation due to environmental factors
Isolation after fertilization occurs
What is prezygotic isolation?
Isolation due to genetic drift
Isolation before fertilization occurs
Isolation due to environmental factors
Isolation after fertilization occurs
What may happen if prezygotic isolation does not exist?
Populations will remain distinct
Populations will not mate
Populations may successfully interbreed
Populations will go extinct
What may happen if prezygotic isolation does not exist?
Populations will remain distinct
Populations will not mate
Populations may successfully interbreed
Populations will go extinct
What is a hybrid zone?
A habitat with no species
A region with only one species
An area of complete genetic separation
A geographic area where interbreeding occurs
What is a hybrid zone?
A habitat with no species
A region with only one species
An area of complete genetic separation
A geographic area where interbreeding occurs
What does reinforcement refer to in evolutionary biology?
Selection for traits that isolate populations reproductively
Selection for traits that reduce extinction
Selection for traits that enhance interbreeding
Selection for traits that increase genetic similarity
What does reinforcement refer to in evolutionary biology?
Selection for traits that isolate populations reproductively
Selection for traits that reduce extinction
Selection for traits that enhance interbreeding
Selection for traits that increase genetic similarity
What is the expected pattern of sympatric species in reinforcement?
Only mate in hybrid zones
Seldom willing to mate with one another
Mate freely with all species
Always willing to mate
What is the expected pattern of sympatric species in reinforcement?
Only mate in hybrid zones
Seldom willing to mate with one another
Mate freely with all species
Always willing to mate
What defines protists in contrast to prokaryotes?
Lack of organelles
Membrane-bound nucleus
Absence of a nucleus
Single-celled structure
What defines protists in contrast to prokaryotes?
Lack of organelles
Membrane-bound nucleus
Absence of a nucleus
Single-celled structure
What do protists have that prokaryotes do not?
Membrane bound nucleus
Flagella
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
What do protists have that prokaryotes do not?
Membrane bound nucleus
Flagella
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Which organelles are found in protists?
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Which organelles are found in protists?
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
How do photosynthesizing protists differ from plants?
Have seeds
Can also live as heterotrophs
Are highly differentiated
Have a complex digestive system
How do photosynthesizing protists differ from plants?
Have seeds
Can also live as heterotrophs
Are highly differentiated
Have a complex digestive system
What do protists lack that differentiates them from animals?
Internal digestive tract
Nucleus
Chloroplasts
Cell membrane
What do protists lack that differentiates them from animals?
Internal digestive tract
Nucleus
Chloroplasts
Cell membrane
What is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells regarding energy metabolism?
Occurs freely in cytoplasm
Requires no membranes
Only happens in the nucleus
Confined to organelles
What is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells regarding energy metabolism?
Occurs freely in cytoplasm
Requires no membranes
Only happens in the nucleus
Confined to organelles
What separates transcription and translation in eukaryotic cells?
Nuclear membrane
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
What separates transcription and translation in eukaryotic cells?
Nuclear membrane
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
What is the function of vesicles in eukaryotic cells?
Store genetic information
Transport materials into and out of the cell
Generate ATP
Provide structural support
What is the function of vesicles in eukaryotic cells?
Store genetic information
Transport materials into and out of the cell
Generate ATP
Provide structural support
What type of habitat do protists typically inhabit?
Forests
Aqueous environments
Mountains
Deserts
What type of habitat do protists typically inhabit?
Forests
Aqueous environments
Mountains
Deserts
What is an example of a large multicellular protist?
Euglena
Paramecium
Amoeba
Giant kelp
What is an example of a large multicellular protist?
Euglena
Paramecium
Amoeba
Giant kelp
What is the function of a contractile vacuole in protists?
Facilitates movement
Pumps water to prevent lysis
Produces energy
Stores food
What is the function of a contractile vacuole in protists?
Facilitates movement
Pumps water to prevent lysis
Produces energy
Stores food
What are pseudopodia used for in protists?
Nutrient absorption
Reproduction
Photosynthesis
Amoeboid movement
What are pseudopodia used for in protists?
Nutrient absorption
Reproduction
Photosynthesis
Amoeboid movement
What organelles generate ATP in cells?
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Chloroplasts
Golgi apparatus
What organelles generate ATP in cells?
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Chloroplasts
Golgi apparatus
What does the endosymbiosis theory propose about mitochondria?
Originated from a bacterial cell living inside a eukaryote
Evolved from chloroplasts
Are remnants of ancient viruses
Developed independently in eukaryotes
What does the endosymbiosis theory propose about mitochondria?
Originated from a bacterial cell living inside a eukaryote
Evolved from chloroplasts
Are remnants of ancient viruses
Developed independently in eukaryotes
What occurs in endosymbiosis?
One species preys on another
An organism of one species lives inside another species
Two species compete for resources
Species exchange genetic material
What occurs in endosymbiosis?
One species preys on another
An organism of one species lives inside another species
Two species compete for resources
Species exchange genetic material
What are the initial steps in the evolution of mitochondria?
Mitochondria form from cellular debris
Eukaryotic cell surrounds and engulfs bacterium
Bacterium divides within the eukaryotic cell
Eukaryote develops a cell wall
What are the initial steps in the evolution of mitochondria?
Mitochondria form from cellular debris
Eukaryotic cell surrounds and engulfs bacterium
Bacterium divides within the eukaryotic cell
Eukaryote develops a cell wall
How do mitochondria replicate?
By mitosis
By fission
By budding
By binary fission
How do mitochondria replicate?
By mitosis
By fission
By budding
By binary fission
What do mitochondria have that supports the endosymbiosis theory?
Cell walls
Their own DNA
Their own ribosomes
Chlorophyll
What do mitochondria have that supports the endosymbiosis theory?
Cell walls
Their own DNA
Their own ribosomes
Chlorophyll
What is the approximate size of an average bacterium according to the Endosymbiosis Theory?
Smaller than a virus
Larger than a human cell
The same size as a mitochondrion
Approximately the size of an average bacterium
What is the approximate size of an average bacterium according to the Endosymbiosis Theory?
Smaller than a virus
Larger than a human cell
The same size as a mitochondrion
Approximately the size of an average bacterium
How do mitochondria replicate?
By binary fission
By fission as do bacteria
By budding
By mitosis
How do mitochondria replicate?
By binary fission
By fission as do bacteria
By budding
By mitosis
What type of ribosomes do mitochondria have?
Prokaryotic ribosomes
Their own ribosomes
No ribosomes
Eukaryotic ribosomes
What type of ribosomes do mitochondria have?
Prokaryotic ribosomes
Their own ribosomes
No ribosomes
Eukaryotic ribosomes
What do mitochondria have that is consistent with the engulfing mechanism?
No membranes
Double membranes
Triple membranes
Single membrane
What do mitochondria have that is consistent with the engulfing mechanism?
No membranes
Double membranes
Triple membranes
Single membrane
What do mitochondria have that allows them to replicate and transcribe their own genomes?
Their own genomes
No genomes
Shared genomes with host
Only RNA genomes
What do mitochondria have that allows them to replicate and transcribe their own genomes?
Their own genomes
No genomes
Shared genomes with host
Only RNA genomes
What is a defining feature of Opisthokonts?
No flagella
Multiple flagella
A single posterior flagellum at some stage in life cycle
Two anterior flagella
What is a defining feature of Opisthokonts?
No flagella
Multiple flagella
A single posterior flagellum at some stage in life cycle
Two anterior flagella
What surrounds the single flagellum in Choanoflagellates?
A collar of microvilli
A thick membrane
A cluster of cells
A layer of cilia
What surrounds the single flagellum in Choanoflagellates?
A collar of microvilli
A thick membrane
A cluster of cells
A layer of cilia
What are likely ancestors of fungi and animals?
Dinoflagellates
Ciliates
Choanoflagellates
Diatoms
What are likely ancestors of fungi and animals?
Dinoflagellates
Ciliates
Choanoflagellates
Diatoms
What type of organisms are most amoebas classified as?
Ciliates
Dinoflagellates
Not Cercozoa
Cercozoa
What type of organisms are most amoebas classified as?
Ciliates
Dinoflagellates
Not Cercozoa
Cercozoa
What type of life cycle do slime molds exhibit?
No life cycle
Complex life cycle
Simple life cycle
Asexual life cycle only
What type of life cycle do slime molds exhibit?
No life cycle
Complex life cycle
Simple life cycle
Asexual life cycle only
What do fruiting bodies of slime molds form?
Spores by asexual or sexual reproduction
Only sexual spores
Only asexual spores
No spores
What do fruiting bodies of slime molds form?
Spores by asexual or sexual reproduction
Only sexual spores
Only asexual spores
No spores
What type of environments do amoebas inhabit?
Mountains
Urban areas
Marine, freshwater, soil
Deserts
What type of environments do amoebas inhabit?
Mountains
Urban areas
Marine, freshwater, soil
Deserts
What disease is associated with some amoebas?
Giardiasis
Amoebic dysentery
Malaria
Tuberculosis
What disease is associated with some amoebas?
Giardiasis
Amoebic dysentery
Malaria
Tuberculosis
What do heterotrophic amoebas feed on?
Bacteria, other protists, organic matter
Only plants
Only other amoebas
Only algae
What do heterotrophic amoebas feed on?
Bacteria, other protists, organic matter
Only plants
Only other amoebas
Only algae
What is a characteristic of amoebas in terms of cellular organization?
Highly organized
Contain organelles
Multicellular
Unsupported by any internal cellular organization
What is a characteristic of amoebas in terms of cellular organization?
Highly organized
Contain organelles
Multicellular
Unsupported by any internal cellular organization
What type of algae share the same pigment as true plants?
Brown algae
Red algae
Blue-green algae
Green algae
What type of algae share the same pigment as true plants?
Brown algae
Red algae
Blue-green algae
Green algae
What type of relationships do green algae have with fungi or animals?
Symbiotic relationships
No relationships
Parasitic relationships
Commensal relationships
What type of relationships do green algae have with fungi or animals?
Symbiotic relationships
No relationships
Parasitic relationships
Commensal relationships
What pigment do brown algae contain?
Carotene
Fucoxanthin
Phycocyanin
Chlorophyll
What pigment do brown algae contain?
Carotene
Fucoxanthin
Phycocyanin
Chlorophyll
What is the largest and most complex protist?
Ciliates
Kelps
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
What is the largest and most complex protist?
Ciliates
Kelps
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
What do diatoms use to cover their cells?
Silica shells
Protein membranes
Calcium carbonate shells
Cellulose plates
What do diatoms use to cover their cells?
Silica shells
Protein membranes
Calcium carbonate shells
Cellulose plates
What type of reproduction do diatoms exhibit?
Budding only
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Only sexual reproduction
Only asexual reproduction
What type of reproduction do diatoms exhibit?
Budding only
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Only sexual reproduction
Only asexual reproduction
What do alveolates have under their plasma membrane?
Large vacuoles
Nuclei
Small, membrane-bound vesicles called alveoli
Chloroplasts
What do alveolates have under their plasma membrane?
Large vacuoles
Nuclei
Small, membrane-bound vesicles called alveoli
Chloroplasts
What type of organisms are Ciliophora?
Dinoflagellates
Ciliates
Apicomplexans
Foraminifera
What type of organisms are Ciliophora?
Dinoflagellates
Ciliates
Apicomplexans
Foraminifera
What do dinoflagellates swim using?
Cilia
Pseudopodia
Flagella
Tentacles
What do dinoflagellates swim using?
Cilia
Pseudopodia
Flagella
Tentacles
What is a significant role of photosynthetic dinoflagellates?
Support coral species
Compete with coral
Decompose dead coral
Provide shelter for fish
What is a significant role of photosynthetic dinoflagellates?
Support coral species
Compete with coral
Decompose dead coral
Provide shelter for fish
What type of reproduction do Apicomplexans exhibit?
Budding only
Only asexual reproduction
Only sexual reproduction
Both asexual and sexual reproduction
What type of reproduction do Apicomplexans exhibit?
Budding only
Only asexual reproduction
Only sexual reproduction
Both asexual and sexual reproduction
What type of shells do Foraminifera form?
No shells
Silica shells
Chambered, spiral shells containing calcium carbonate
Flat shells
What type of shells do Foraminifera form?
No shells
Silica shells
Chambered, spiral shells containing calcium carbonate
Flat shells
What type of cells are Excavates?
Multicellular
Non-motile
Flagellated, single cells
Colonial
What type of cells are Excavates?
Multicellular
Non-motile
Flagellated, single cells
Colonial
What do some organisms use to trap prey?
Tentacles
Perforations in shells
Gills
Fins
What do some organisms use to trap prey?
Tentacles
Perforations in shells
Gills
Fins
What type of symbionts do some organisms have?
Bacterial symbionts
Viral symbionts
Algal symbionts
Fungal symbionts
What type of symbionts do some organisms have?
Bacterial symbionts
Viral symbionts
Algal symbionts
Fungal symbionts
What are Euglenids primarily classified as?
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Parasites
Decomposers
What are Euglenids primarily classified as?
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Parasites
Decomposers
What is the function of eyespots in Euglenids?
Light detection
Food capture
Movement
Reproduction
What is the function of eyespots in Euglenids?
Light detection
Food capture
Movement
Reproduction
What type of cells are Excavates?
Fungal
Flagellated single cells
Multicellular
Bacterial
What type of cells are Excavates?
Fungal
Flagellated single cells
Multicellular
Bacterial
Which organism is known as an animal parasite?
Trichomonas vaginalis
Giardia lamblia
Trypanosoma brucei
Euglena gracilis
Which organism is known as an animal parasite?
Trichomonas vaginalis
Giardia lamblia
Trypanosoma brucei
Euglena gracilis
What is a characteristic feature of Diplomonadida?
Single nucleus and pseudopodia
Multiple nuclei and no flagella
One nucleus and cilia
Two nuclei and flagella
What is a characteristic feature of Diplomonadida?
Single nucleus and pseudopodia
Multiple nuclei and no flagella
One nucleus and cilia
Two nuclei and flagella
What structure is associated with Parabasala?
Undulating membrane
Cell wall
Cilia
Flagella
What structure is associated with Parabasala?
Undulating membrane
Cell wall
Cilia
Flagella
What is the focus of Evolutionary Developmental Biology?
Behavioral adaptations
Genetic tool-kits controlling growth
Dietary influences
Environmental factors
What is the focus of Evolutionary Developmental Biology?
Behavioral adaptations
Genetic tool-kits controlling growth
Dietary influences
Environmental factors
What do homeotic genes control?
Translation of proteins
Cell division
Transcription of development genes
Metabolic pathways
What do homeotic genes control?
Translation of proteins
Cell division
Transcription of development genes
Metabolic pathways
What is the significance of Hox genes?
Regulate metabolic rates
Determine color patterns
Control reproductive cycles
Control animal body plan
What is the significance of Hox genes?
Regulate metabolic rates
Determine color patterns
Control reproductive cycles
Control animal body plan
What is a homeobox?
200-nucleotide sequence
150-nucleotide sequence
100-nucleotide sequence
180-nucleotide sequence
What is a homeobox?
200-nucleotide sequence
150-nucleotide sequence
100-nucleotide sequence
180-nucleotide sequence
What evolutionary feature do male water striders have?
Hooks for mating success
Wings for flight
Bright colors for attraction
Longer legs for speed
What evolutionary feature do male water striders have?
Hooks for mating success
Wings for flight
Bright colors for attraction
Longer legs for speed
What happens when the regulatory element in Pitx1 is restored in sticklebacks?
Fins grow
Color changes
Spines develop
Size decreases
What happens when the regulatory element in Pitx1 is restored in sticklebacks?
Fins grow
Color changes
Spines develop
Size decreases
What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle specify?
Conditions for rapid evolution
Conditions for genetic drift
Conditions for no evolution
Conditions for natural selection
What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle specify?
Conditions for rapid evolution
Conditions for genetic drift
Conditions for no evolution
Conditions for natural selection
Why are manipulated tail lengths in male tails shorter in nature?
Longer tails are less attractive
Natural selection favors shorter tails
Shorter tails are easier to maneuver
Longer tails are more prone to injury
Why are manipulated tail lengths in male tails shorter in nature?
Longer tails are less attractive
Natural selection favors shorter tails
Shorter tails are easier to maneuver
Longer tails are more prone to injury
Why are extremely long tail lengths likely to interfere with flight and increase susceptibility to predation?
Because they would enhance their speed
Because they would improve their camouflage
Because they would likely interfere with flight and make them very susceptible to predation
Because they would help in attracting mates
Why are extremely long tail lengths likely to interfere with flight and increase susceptibility to predation?
Because they would enhance their speed
Because they would improve their camouflage
Because they would likely interfere with flight and make them very susceptible to predation
Because they would help in attracting mates
What is the observed frequency of the A1 and A2 alleles in a population?
0.54; 0.45 A1A1 = 0.54
0.73; 0.27
0.485; 0.515 A2A2 = 0.08
0.63; 0.37 A1A2 = 0.38
What is the observed frequency of the A1 and A2 alleles in a population?
0.54; 0.45 A1A1 = 0.54
0.73; 0.27
0.485; 0.515 A2A2 = 0.08
0.63; 0.37 A1A2 = 0.38
Why were the DNA sequence similarities between mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacterial DNA considered important?
Genetic data are always more precise and convincing than morphological data
It explained why some eukaryotes have many mitochondria-like genes in their nuclear chromosomes
The data suggest that mitochondria and chloroplasts did not evolve within the eukaryotic cell
Endosymbiotic origin was the only reasonable explanation for the results
Why were the DNA sequence similarities between mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacterial DNA considered important?
Genetic data are always more precise and convincing than morphological data
It explained why some eukaryotes have many mitochondria-like genes in their nuclear chromosomes
The data suggest that mitochondria and chloroplasts did not evolve within the eukaryotic cell
Endosymbiotic origin was the only reasonable explanation for the results
What concept does the presence of isolated species of desert pupfish in tiny springs in Death Valley represent?
Biological species concept
Vicariance
Morphological species concept
Dispersal
What concept does the presence of isolated species of desert pupfish in tiny springs in Death Valley represent?
Biological species concept
Vicariance
Morphological species concept
Dispersal
What is the accurate evolutionary relationship between chimpanzees and humans?
Chimpanzees are bipedal
There was a population of chimpanzees that had mutations that made them human
Chimpanzees are the next group that will turn into humans
Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor
What is the accurate evolutionary relationship between chimpanzees and humans?
Chimpanzees are bipedal
There was a population of chimpanzees that had mutations that made them human
Chimpanzees are the next group that will turn into humans
Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor
What is the definition of evolution?
Changes in the physical appearance of individuals
Changes in the genetic make-up of populations over time
Changes in the behavior of animals
Changes in the environment over time
What is biological evolution?
Changes in the physical traits of individuals
Changes in the environment affecting individuals
Changes in the genetic make-up of populations; individuals do not evolve
Changes in the behavior of species
What is penicillin?
A type of bacteria
A type of virus
A type of fungus
An antibiotic drug that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria
What is microevolution?
Population level changes within a species
Changes in the genetic make-up of individuals
Changes in individual behavior
Changes in the environment affecting species
What is macroevolution?
Changes in the environment affecting species
Changes between species over time where breeding is not possible
Changes in genetic make-up of individuals
Changes in individual traits over generations
What is phenotypic variation?
Changes in genetic traits
Environmental changes affecting traits
Heritable traits in physical appearance and/or function
Behavioral changes in populations
What is quantitative variation?
Characteristics with a range of variation that can be quantified
Characteristics that do not change
Characteristics with distinct features
Characteristics that are only environmental
What is qualitative variation?
Characteristics that change over time
Characteristics that are random
Characteristics that are measurable
Characteristics with distinct features
What does bell curve distribution indicate?
Only extreme traits exist
All traits are distributed evenly
Some individuals are outliers but the majority are in the middle
All individuals are equal in traits
What causes phenotypic variation?
Due to random mutations
Only due to genetic factors
Due to genetics and/or environmental factors
Only due to environmental factors
What was the purpose of the experiment with mice?
To breed mice based on the most active individuals
To observe the effects of diet on mice
To compare different species of mice
To study the effects of environment on mice
What is the conclusion of the experiment on mice?
Genetic variation has no effect on mice's behavior
Mice activity is unrelated to genetics
Genetic variation is the cause of level of activity in mice
Mice activity is determined solely by environment
What happens during mutation?
New traits are immediately formed
Genes are completely destroyed
Alleles remain unchanged
An allele is changed, altering the genetic make-up of the gene
What is recombination in genetics?
DNA is duplicated
Genes are eliminated
Pieces of DNA from adjacent chromosomes combine to form new genes
Chromosomes are destroyed
What is artificial selection?
Breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits
Natural selection of random traits
Selection based on environmental factors
Elimination of undesirable traits
How can genetic variation be assessed?
Using only behavioral observations
When phenotype equals genotype
Through random sampling
By measuring only physical traits
What method can measure genetic variation directly?
Microscopy
Phenotypic observation
Traditional breeding methods
High-throughput DNA methods (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
What is the first step in the gel electrophoresis procedure?
Staining is done
A fly is mashed in the well
Electric current is applied
Gel is prepared
What happens to heavier molecules during gel electrophoresis?
They move slower through the gel
They move faster than lighter ones
They move to the negative electrode
They do not move at all
What defines a homozygote?
Alleles are unlinked
Both alleles of a given gene are the same
Only one allele is present
Both alleles are different
What defines a heterozygote?
Both alleles are identical
Only one allele exists
Two alleles of a given gene are different
Alleles are the same
What is population genetics?
Focus on environmental factors
Made up of individuals of the same species, each with different genotypes
Only concerned with physical traits
A study of single organisms
What is a population in genetics?
Only individuals of different species
A random collection of species
Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed
Individuals that do not interbreed
What is gene flow?
Stability of genetic traits
Isolation of populations
Elimination of alleles
Transfer of alleles from one population to another through interbreeding
What is the gene pool?
Total number of species in an area
Total individuals in a population
Only the dominant alleles
Sum of all alleles at all gene loci in all individuals
What are genotype frequencies?
Only the number of homozygotes
Frequency of phenotypes only
Total number of alleles present
Number of individuals with a given genotype divided by total number of individuals in the population
What are allele frequencies?
Frequency of genotypes only
Total number of individuals
Number of a type of allele divided by the total number of alleles in the population
Only the dominant alleles
What is incomplete dominance?
No traits are visible
Individuals that are capable of showing traits of two different alleles
Dominance of one allele over another
Only one trait is expressed
What is the genotype frequency of red snapdragons (C_RC_R) if there are 450 individuals?
0.50
0.25
0.30
0.45
What does p represent in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
genotype frequency
two alleles
one allele
population size
What does q represent in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
one allele
population size
another allele
genotype frequency
What is a condition that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
gene flow
natural selection
no mutations
high mutation rate
What is the conclusion of the experiment regarding the population of snapdragons?
the population is extinct
the population is stable
the population is decreasing
the population is evolving
What is a factor that causes a population bottleneck?
increased reproduction
catastrophic factors
gene flow
natural selection
What is the founder effect?
all individuals migrate
founders have the same genetic makeup
founders have a different genetic makeup
population increases rapidly
Which type of mutation benefits an organism?
disadvantageous mutations
advantageous mutations
harmful mutations
neutral mutations
What is genetic drift?
decrease in genetic variation
random change in allele frequencies
deliberate change in allele frequencies
increase in population size
What is natural selection?
all individuals survive equally
individuals with the best traits survive
population decreases
random mating occurs
What does natural selection favor in individuals?
Traits that reduce an individual's survival
Traits that increase an individual's access to reproductive opportunities
Ornamentation such as bright feathers in male birds
Large males
What is the definition of fitness in the context of natural selection?
The physical strength of an individual
The number of mates an individual has
The age at which an individual reproduces
The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation
Which type of natural selection favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic spectrum?
Balancing Selection
Stabilizing Selection
Disruptive Selection
Directional Selection
What does stabilizing selection favor?
Individuals in the middle of the phenotypic spectrum
Individuals at the extremes of the phenotypic spectrum
Individuals with the largest size
Individuals with the most colorful traits
In disruptive selection, which individuals are favored?
Individuals in the middle of the phenotypic spectrum
Individuals with the least colorful traits
Individuals with average traits
Individuals at the extremes of the phenotypic spectrum
What preference do female gray tree frogs show in mate selection?
Males with brighter colors
Males with longer calls
Males with no calls
Males with shorter calls
What is the conclusion of the experiment regarding female tree frogs' mate selection?
They do not have a preference
They prefer short call males
They prefer males with bright colors
They prefer long call males because of good genes
What is balancing selection?
Selection that favors one allele over another
Selection that leads to extinction
Selection that occurs only in large populations
Various forms of selection that maintain genetic variation
What is negative frequency-dependent selection?
Only common genotypes have high fitness
Fitness is determined solely by environmental factors
Relative fitness of genotypes varies with their frequencies in the population
Fitness is constant regardless of frequency
True or False: Natural selection ensures organisms are optimally suited to their environment.
False
True
Only in stable environments
Only for certain traits
What does natural selection favor in a particular trait?
Absolute optimum
Random variation
A competitive optimum
Genetic drift
What is the biological study of organismal form and variety in natural environments called?
Taxonomy
Biogeography
Paleobiology
Natural History
What does natural theology seek to catalog?
Plant taxonomy
God's creation
Animal behavior
Human evolution
What is the purpose of Linnaean taxonomy?
To classify organisms by habitat
To study evolutionary relationships
For the greater glory of God
To understand genetic diversity
What does biogeography study?
Behavioral ecology
World distribution of organisms
Genetic variation
Species extinction
What type of structures are vestigial structures?
Currently useless structures
Adaptive structures
Functional structures
Essential structures
What does the theory of catastrophism explain?
Gradual evolution
Species adaptation
Genetic mutation
Fossil formation by catastrophe
What principle did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck hypothesize?
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Survival of the fittest
Principle of use and disuse
What does descent with modification refer to?
Genetic variability in populations
Fossils of Patagonia showing similarity
Environmental adaptation
Species extinction patterns
What is an example of divergence in isolation?
Fauna of Galapagos Islands
Plant diversity in rainforests
Migration patterns of birds
Genetic similarities in mammals
What type of selection are goldenrod gall flies likely subject to after wasp extinction?
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Balancing selection
Disruptive selection
What is the frequency of the D allele in a hypothetical frog population of 1000 with 280 homozygous dominant frogs?
0.53
0.50
0.47
0.60
What is the frequency of the D allele in the population?
The answer cannot be determined from the data provided
0.53
0.50
0.47
How is a scientific theory different from a guess?
It is an untested assumption
It is a simple hypothesis
It is just a hunch
It is a well-established explanation for observations
What does a scientific law describe?
Why something happens
What happens under certain conditions
A theory that is unproven
A guess about future events
Which theory explains why gravity occurs?
Theory of Evolution
Law of Gravity
Newton's Theory of Gravity
Einstein's Theory of Relativity
What occurs when one species splits into two or more species?
Natural selection
Adaptation
Evolution
Speciation
What is a key process in producing adaptation in species?
Migration
Genetic drift
Mutation
Natural selection
What usually happens to populations over time?
They change gradually
They become extinct
They remain static
They evolve rapidly
What is a common characteristic of adaptations?
They are usually compromises
They are permanent
They are always perfect
They are random
What evidence should we see if life originated and evolved on Earth?
Evidence in geological formations
Evidence in historical texts
Evidence in the fossil record
Evidence in modern species
What happened to food availability during the drought on Daphne Major?
It increased by 50%
It decreased by 84%
It remained the same
It decreased by 25%
What types of seeds did finches prefer before the drought?
Only one type of seed
50 types of seeds
No seeds
Preferred 24 types of seeds
What was the behavior of large fortis during the drought?
Ate medium seeds
Ate large seeds
Ate no seeds
Ate small seeds
What is the relationship between evolution and natural selection?
Evolution is independent of natural selection
Natural selection only occurs in artificial environments
Natural selection is a process that drives evolution
Evolution is a random process
Which finches can break open the hard spines of Tribulus?
Medium fortis
Only magnirostris
Small fortis
Fortis and magnirostris
How does magnirostris eat Tribulus seeds?
Steals from others
Eats them whole
Crushes the seeds with its beak
Splits them open
How much force does magnirostris require to crush seeds?
54 newtons
150 newtons
200 newtons
100 newtons
What strategy does fortis use to eat Tribulus seeds?
Braces it against a rock to split it open
Crushes with its beak
Steals from magnirostris
Eats the seeds whole
How much more energy does magnirostris get per minute compared to fortis?
4 times
3 times
2.5 times
1.5 times
What disadvantage do small fortis face?
Too weak to eat
Cannot open Tribulus
Too large to find food
Too small to eat seeds
What happens to small fortis when they eat Chamaesyce?
Loses feathers
Gets stuck to their head
Gains more energy
Becomes stronger
What is a consequence for bald birds in hot sun?
They find more food
They die
They get stronger
They thrive
What may adaptations be evident during?
Times of stress and competition
Good years
Calm periods
Abundant resources
What happens during good years for finches?
Increased competition
More adaptations
Variation fills in
Decreased food supply
What occurs during tough years for finches?
Decreased competition
Less adaptation
Increased selection
More variation
What is one prediction about the lost chromosome in humans?
It was lost, we didn’t need those genes
It was fused with another chromosome
It was gained from other species
It was a mutation
What is a possible reason for the difference in chromosome numbers between humans and chimps?
A fusion event occurred
A loss of genes
A gain of genes
Different distributions of genes
What should we see if life evolved on Earth?
All species identical
Evidence in the fossil record
No fossils present
No changes over time
What indicates that creatures share a common ancestry?
All species unrelated
Transitional forms
Identical species
No changes in morphology
What should we see if creatures share a common ancestry?
Identical species
Transitional forms
Extinct species
Modern species
What type of evidence should support the theory of evolution?
Evidence of creationism
Evidence of extinction
Evidence of natural selection
Evidence of static species
What are the first detectable traces of life on Earth?
Dinosaurs
Multicellular organisms
Simple forms
Complex forms
How does the fossil record occur?
When organisms are buried alive
When organisms are frozen
When organismal features are preserved long after death
When organisms are exposed to air
What is a characteristic of the fossil record?
It is always accurate
It only includes hard bodies
It is incomplete
It is fully preserved
What does geological dating rely on?
Geological strata arranged in order
Random sampling
Biological dating
Visual estimation
What do retrodictions in evolution refer to?
Evidence of identical genes
Evidence of vestigial characters
Evidence of new species
Evidence of extinct species
What is an example of a vestigial gene in humans?
Genes for making yolk proteins
Genes for eyesight
Genes for hearing
Genes for making insulin
What is convergent evolution?
Identical evolution paths
Similar niches occupied by different organisms
Evolution of the same species
Evolution of extinct species
What is a significant example of adaptive radiation?
Fish vs Amphibians
Birds vs Reptiles
Mammals vs Australian marsupials
Insects vs Arachnids
What does the fossil record indicate about soft bodies?
They are not preserved at all
They are preserved less than hard bodies
They are preserved more than hard bodies
They are preserved equally
What is the significance of homology in evolution?
It shows random variations
It shows identical species
It shows extinction patterns
It shows conservation of structure
What is the term for organisms living in different spaces in allopatry?
Ecopatry
Allopatry
Sympatry
Parapatry
Which type of mammals are compared to Australian marsupials?
Monotremes
Insectivores
Eutherians
Placental mammals
What is a key difference between human hands and bird wings?
Conservation of structure
Coloration
Functionality
Size
What type of evolutionary predictions might include 'imperfections'?
Environmental adaptations
Evolutionary predictions
Genetic mutations
Species extinction
Which of the following is considered an 'imperfection' in human evolution?
Wisdom teeth
Long lifespan
Strong bones
Large brain
Who instituted the use of Latin scientific names in the 18th century?
Gregor Mendel
Louis Pasteur
Charles Darwin
Carolus Linnaeus
What is the correct scientific name for the African Lion?
Panthera Tigris
Panthera Onca
Panthera Pardus
Panthera Leo
What is a mnemonic to remember the hierarchical classification order?
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles
Every Good Boy Deserves Fruit
Did King Philip Come Over For Great Spaghetti
A Big Cat Can Eat Fish
What diagram represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms?
Flowchart
Bar graph
Phylogenetic tree
Venn diagram
What must systematic characters be in relation to environmental phenotypic variation?
Variable
Similar
Independent
Dependent
What is a requirement for systematic characters?
They must be homologous
They must be derived
They can have environmental phenotypic variation
They must be independent
What does pleiotropy refer to?
Environmental variation
Homologous characters
Multiple characters controlled by the same gene
Independent characters
What results from common ancestry?
Environmental traits
Derived traits
Analogous characters
Homologous characters
What are analogous characters also known as?
Synapomorphies
Pleiotropic traits
Homoplasies
Derived traits
What type of evolution do homoplasies result from?
Divergent evolution
Adaptive radiation
Parallel evolution
Convergent evolution
What are traits similar for reasons other than common ancestry called?
Homoplastic traits
Synapomorphies
Derived traits
Ancestral traits
What is the term for a trait that differs from the ancestral trait?
Environmental trait
Derived trait
Ancestral trait
Homologous trait
What is a trait that was present in the ancestor of a group called?
Homoplastic trait
Derived trait
Synapomorphy
Ancestral trait
What are shared derived traits that provide evidence of common ancestry called?
Ancestral traits
Synapomorphies
Pleiotropic traits
Homoplasies
How can derived characters be determined?
By environmental factors
From fossils and embryos
By morphological similarity
By genetic sequencing
What does evolutionary reversal refer to?
A character reverting to an ancestral state
A new trait emerging
A trait becoming homologous
A trait becoming more derived
What is the principle of monophyly in systematics?
All systematics uses monophyletic taxa
It excludes all descendants
It includes polyphyletic taxa
It requires environmental variation
What do polyphyletic taxa include?
Only ancestral traits
Only derived traits
One ancestral species and all descendants
Species from separate lineages
What do paraphyletic taxa contain?
Only ancestral traits
Only derived traits
An ancestor and some but not all descendants
Species from separate lineages
How are phylogenetic trees typically constructed?
Using only morphological data
By comparing only a few traits
Using hundreds or thousands of traits
Based on environmental factors
What does the principle of parsimony state?
The simplest explanation is most likely to be correct
Evolutionary changes are always simple
The most complex explanation is always correct
All explanations must be equally complex
What is the goal of minimizing evolutionary changes in phylogenetic trees?
To find the most parsimonious tree
To include more homoplasies
To make the tree more complex
To ignore derived characters
What has most species descriptions been based on?
Morphological data
Behavioral data
Environmental data
Genetic data
What is a limitation of using morphological data?
Comparing distantly related species
Determining derived traits
Identifying ancestral traits
Describing closely related species
What is a limitation of using morphological data in evolutionary studies?
Morphological data is easy to collect
Morphological data is always accurate
Comparing distantly related species can be misleading
All species show many morphological differences
What developmental structure do sea squirts and vertebrates share?
Lungs
Dorsal fins
Notochord
Gills
What do fossils provide information about?
Modern environmental conditions
Morphology of past organisms
Genetic sequences
Current species behavior
What is a key limitation of the fossil record?
Fossils provide complete genetic information
Fossils are always easy to find
It includes all species ever existed
It is fragmentary and missing for some groups
How can behavior be transmitted in species?
Only inherited
Inherited or culturally transmitted
Only learned
Only genetically determined
Which type of DNA is most widely used for constructing phylogenetic trees?
Chromosomal sequences
Protein sequences
RNA sequences
DNA sequences
What evolutionary mechanism increases genetic variation in a population?
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Mutation
Genetic drift
What is the purpose of computer software in phylogenetic analysis?
To collect field data
To generate trees based on data
To study animal behavior
To analyze fossil records
What is a disadvantage of using molecular data?
It has unlimited states
It is always accurate
It requires no alignment
Only four states in nucleotides
What does a molecular clock measure?
Speed of species evolution
Rate of DNA mutation
Number of species
Length of DNA sequences
How many living species may exist on Earth?
As great as 100 million
About 1 million
Approximately 10 million
Over 1 billion
How long ago were the first living forms observed?
4.5 billion years ago
1 billion years ago
3.8 billion years ago
500 million years ago
When were the first living forms observed on Earth?
3.8 billion years ago
1 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
2 billion years ago
What varies according to the location of giraffes?
Size
Diet
Reproduction
Distribution of pelage patterns
What type of DNA analysis was used to establish distinct lineages in giraffes?
Mitochondrial DNA sequences
Ribosomal RNA
Chromosomal analysis
Nuclear DNA sequences
What concept describes species based on appearance?
Morphological species concept
Ecological species concept
Biological species concept
Phylogenetic species concept
What is the biological species concept?
A group of organisms with a unique ancestry
A group of organisms with similar morphology
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
A group of organisms that share a habitat
What is a major problem with the biological species concept?
Organisms with different habitats
Organisms with similar morphology
Organisms that migrate
Asexual organisms
What does the phylogenetic species concept emphasize?
Geographic range
Morphological similarities
Unique ancestry
Ecological niches
What does the ecological species concept focus on?
Genetic similarities
Geographic distribution
Distinct ecological niche
Morphological traits
What is the estimated number of living species on Earth?
100 million
200 million
10 million
50 million
What is a polyphyletic character in a phylogenetic tree?
Groups that are genetically identical
Groups that share a common ancestor
Groups that do not share a common ancestor
Groups that are geographically isolated
What is the estimated number of living species on Earth?
Approximately 10 million
About 500 million
Around 1 million
Up to 100 million
When were the first living forms observed on Earth?
2.5 billion years ago
1 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
3.8 billion years ago
What is speciation?
The classification of species
The extinction of species
The migration of species
The creation of new species
What can lead to genetic divergence between populations?
Increased gene flow
Reduced gene flow
Genetic uniformity
Stable environmental conditions
What is prezygotic isolation?
Hybrid offspring survival
Mating after fertilization
Prevention of mating between different species
Geographic separation of populations
What is postzygotic isolation?
Isolation due to geographic barriers
Isolation prior to mating
Isolation occurring after fertilization
Isolation caused by environmental changes
What is an example of postzygotic isolation?
Geographic separation
A sterile hybrid like a mule
Different mating seasons
Behavioral differences
What does allopatric speciation involve?
Physical isolation of populations
Behavioral isolation
Temporal isolation
Genetic similarity
What is biogeography?
The study of genetic variation
The study of environmental changes
The study of species distribution
The study of fossil records
What occurs during dispersal in isolation and divergence?
A population merges with another
A population remains in one area
A population becomes extinct
A population moves to a new habitat
What is vicariance?
A physical barrier that splits a population
A change in mating behavior
A genetic mutation
A migration event
What is the founder effect?
Stabilization of genetic traits
Rapid divergence of populations due to isolation
Reduction of genetic variation
Increased gene flow
How can natural selection affect isolated populations?
By preventing adaptation
By increasing gene flow
By promoting genetic uniformity
By causing divergence in different environments
What is the first step in the process of speciation described?
Start with one continuous population
End with two isolated populations
Introduce a new species
Create a physical barrier
What event can cause populations to diverge according to the text?
Human intervention
Introduction of a new species
Natural disaster
Chance event that changes the landscape
What are vicariance events responsible for?
The migration of species
The origin of many modern species
The extinction of species
The introduction of invasive species
What does continental drift explain?
The rotation of the Earth
The climate change
Movement of continental plates
The formation of mountains
What is the first requirement for speciation?
Natural selection
Physical isolation
Genetic isolation
Genetic drift
What accompanies genetic isolation to result in speciation?
Population growth
Genetic divergence
Environmental changes
Gene flow
What does sympatry refer to?
Populations living in the same geographic region
Populations that are genetically identical
Populations that are extinct
Populations living in different regions
What can overcome gene flow in sympatric populations?
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Gene exchange
Mutation
What is an example of a plant involved in sympatric speciation?
Maple trees
Pine trees
Hawthorn trees
Oak trees
When were domesticated apples introduced to North America?
In the 1600s
In the 1800s
In the 1500s
In the 1700s
How much more food do large apple fruits provide compared to hawthorn fruits?
150 times more
220 times more
50 times more
100 times more
What is a key difference in the fruits of apples and hawthorns?
Larger fruits of apples are much deeper
Hawthorn fruits are larger
Apples have thicker skins
Hawthorn fruits are sweeter
How do apple maggots avoid parasitoid wasps?
They fly away quickly
They can burrow into larger fruits
They produce toxins
They change color
What distinguishes hawthorn and apple maggot flies genetically?
They have the same genetic profiles
They have different genetic profiles
They are different species
They have identical DNA
What is the primary factor for mating preference in apple maggot flies?
No preference
Apple fruit
Hawthorn fruit
Any fruit
What do apple maggot flies prefer to mate on and lay fertilized eggs in?
Apple fruit
Hawthorn fruit
Peach fruit
Cherry fruit
Can natural selection cause speciation when gene flow is possible?
Only in plants
Yes
Only in animals
No
What happens when a population switches to a new host species?
Increases gene flow
No effect on gene flow
Enhances mating opportunities
Reduces gene flow leading to disruptive selection
What can cause speciation particularly in plants?
Gene flow
Hybridization
Natural selection alone
Mutation resulting in polyploidy
What type of individuals are genetically isolated from wild-type individuals?
Haploid individuals
Diploid individuals
Triploid individuals
Tetraploid individuals
What is the condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes called?
Polyploidy
Haploidy
Diploidy
Aneuploidy
What type of polyploidy results from chromosome duplications within a species?
Autopolyploidy
Chromosomal mutation
Allopolyploidy
Gene duplication
What happens to odd chromosome numbers in species?
Can reproduce normally
Usually sterile
Always fertile
May produce hybrids
What can closely related species often differ in?
Chromosomal arrangement
Physical appearance
Genetic makeup
Behavioral traits
What occurs when isolated populations of related species come into contact?
Results in extinction
Depends on genetic divergence
No effect on populations
Always leads to hybridization
What may happen if prezygotic isolation exists between two populations?
Gene flow is maximal
Mating is common
Populations merge completely
Mating is rare and gene flow is minimal
What is a geographic area where interbreeding between two populations occurs called?
Hybrid zone
Diversity zone
Isolation zone
Speciation zone
What can hybridization sometimes lead to?
Increased genetic diversity
Reinforcement of existing species
Guaranteed extinction
Origination of a new species
What is a hybrid zone?
A place with no genetic diversity
A region where species are extinct
An area with only one species
A geographic area where interbreeding between two populations occurs and hybrid offspring are common
What is reinforcement in biological terms?
The process of creating new habitats
A method of species extinction
Selection for traits that isolate populations reproductively
A form of genetic mutation
What happens to hybrid offspring from extensively diverged species?
They will always be fertile
They will most likely have lower fitness and will not develop or reproduce normally
They will thrive and dominate the ecosystem
They will have higher fitness than their parents
What is postzygotic isolation?
A method of genetic engineering
When hybrid offspring have reduced fitness and are selected against
Isolation that occurs before fertilization
A type of environmental isolation
What is an example of sympatric species behavior?
They only mate in different areas
They are seldom willing to mate with one another
They are genetically identical
They always mate regardless of conditions
What is the outcome when prezygotic isolation does not exist?
Gene flow will be impossible
Populations may successfully interbreed
Populations will remain completely isolated
Species will become extinct
What can occur in hybrid zones?
Hybrid offspring may possess traits that are intermediate between the parental populations
Hybrids will always be more fit than parents
All hybrids are infertile
Hybrid zones do not exist in nature
What distinguishes protists from prokaryotes?
They have only circular DNA
They lack any cellular structure
They have a membrane-bound nucleus with multiple, linear chromosomes
They do not reproduce
Which organelles do protists possess that prokaryotes do not?
Cell walls and membranes
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Ribosomes and vacuoles
Nuclei and lysosomes
What transcription and translation characteristics do protists share?
They are identical to prokaryotes
They are unique to plants
They do not undergo these processes
They are similar to those of other eukaryotes
Which theory suggests that mitochondria originated from a bacterial cell living inside a eukaryote?
Endosymbiosis theory
Cell theory
Biogenesis theory
Evolutionary theory
What type of metabolism is confined to organelles in eukaryotic cells?
Lipid metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Protein metabolism
Energy metabolism
What separates transcription and translation in eukaryotic cells?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear membrane
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
What structure enables cells to change shape quickly?
Cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
Cytoskeleton
Vesicles
What type of locomotion do protists use when moving via pseudopodia?
Gliding motion
Amoeboid motion
Flagellar motion
Ciliary motion
What is a contractile vacuole's function in protists?
Synthesizes proteins
Stores nutrients
Pumps water to prevent lysis
Transports waste
What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common?
Ability to perform photosynthesis
Presence of a cell wall
Existence in prokaryotic cells
Transcription and translation characteristics similar to other eukaryotes
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protists compared to animals?
No collagen
No internal digestive tract
Highly differentiated
No complex development
What type of organism can photosynthesizing protists also live as?
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Saprotrophs
Decomposers
What is the role of the pellicle in protists?
Energy storage
Waste removal
Supportive layer under plasma membrane
Photosynthesis
What do mitochondria have that is consistent with the endosymbiosis theory?
No membranes
Single membrane
Double membranes
Triple membranes
What do mitochondria possess that allows them to manufacture their own proteins?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Nuclei
What do eukaryotic cells provide to engulfed aerobic bacteria?
Protection and carbon compounds
Water and minerals
Light and energy
Oxygen and nitrogen
What type of flagellum do opisthokonts have at some stage in their life cycle?
Single posterior flagellum
Multiple anterior flagella
Single lateral flagellum
No flagellum
What surrounds the single flagellum of choanoflagellates?
Spiral structure
Thick gelatinous sheath
Layer of cilia
Collar of microvilli
Which group is likely the ancestor of fungi and animals?
Green algae
Amoebas
Choanoflagellates
Diatoms
What are the two main types of slime molds?
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Cellular and plasmodial
Amoeboid and flagellated
Marine and freshwater
What type of reproduction do slime molds use to form spores?
Asexual or sexual reproduction
Fragmentation only
Budding only
Binary fission only
Where can amoebas be found?
Only in freshwater
Marine, freshwater, and soil
Only in marine environments
Only in soil
What is a characteristic of brown algae?
All are heterotrophs
All are unicellular
All are photoautotrophs
All are freshwater
What structure do diatoms have that covers their cells?
Chitin exoskeletons
Cellulose walls
Silica shells
Protein coats
What type of reproduction do diatoms undergo?
Only asexual reproduction
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Only sexual reproduction
Budding only
What type of vesicles do alveolates have under their plasma membrane?
Alveoli
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
What is a primary characteristic of ciliates?
Swim using flagella
Immobile
Use pseudopodia
Swim using cilia
What type of shell do dinoflagellates have?
Calcium carbonate shells
Silica shells
Cellulose plates
Chitin shells
What type of organism are apicomplexans?
Nonmotile animal parasites
Photosynthetic autotrophs
Motile herbivores
Free-living protists
What is the primary disease spread by Plasmodium falciparum?
Dysentery
HIV/AIDS
Malaria
Tuberculosis
What type of movement do cercozoans exhibit?
By diffusion
By stiff, filamentous pseudopodia
By flagella
By cilia
What is a significant feature of radiolarians?
Glassy internal skeleton
Chitinous exoskeleton
Calcium carbonate shells
Proteinaceous outer layer
What type of shells do foraminifera form?
Single-layered silica shells
Gelatinous coverings
Chambered, spiral shells containing calcium carbonate
Flat, unchambered shells
What is a defining characteristic of excavates?
Lack of flagella
Multicellular organisms
Flagellated, single cells
Presence of mitochondria
What type of organism are euglenids primarily classified as?
Mixotrophic only
Autotrophs and photosynthetic
Heterotrophs only
Parasitic only
What disease is associated with Trypanosoma?
Plant diseases
Fungal infections
Bacterial infections
Animal parasites
What type of organisms are Euglenids mostly classified as?
Parasites
Heterotrophs
Decomposers
Autotrophs
Which species is an example of Euglenids?
Trichomonas vaginalis
Euglena gracilis
Trypanosoma brucei
Giardia lamblia
Which species is an example of Trypanosoma?
Trypanosoma brucei
Euglena gracilis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Giardia lamblia
Which species is an example of Diplomonadida?
Euglena gracilis
Trypanosoma brucei
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Which species is an example of Parabasala?
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Euglena gracilis
Trypanosoma brucei
What does 'EvoDevo' stand for?
Evolutionary Dynamics
Developmental Evolution
Evolutionary Genetics
Evolutionary Developmental Biology
What are homeotic genes responsible for?
Controlling transcription of development genes
Regulating metabolism
Producing energy
Controlling movement
What is a key feature of Hox genes?
Control reproduction
Control animal body plan
Influence behavior
Regulate metabolism
What is a consequence of fewer appendages in male water striders?
Smaller chance to mate
Better feeding
Larger chance to mate
Increased survival
What do regulatory sites of transcription factors do?
Influence behavior
Switch on or off downstream genes
Control energy production
Regulate cell division
What is a characteristic of normal freshwater sticklebacks?
Long tails
Many spines
Bright colors
Little to no spines
What is the effect of restoring the degenerated hindlimb regulatory element in sticklebacks?
Reduces speed
Results in spines
Increases color
Decreases size
In what way does the Hardy-Weinberg principle act as a null hypothesis?
It specifies what genotype frequencies should be
It specifies what conditions need to be controlled
It specifies what should be observed if no evolution is currently occurring
It is the starting point of all evolutionary studies
Why are male tails in nature shorter than manipulated ones?
Longer tails are disadvantageous
Natural selection favors shorter tails
Males are evolving longer tails
Sampling in nature was incomplete
What is the next step in the evolution of a trait?
More individuals with really long tails
Showing the next step in the evolution of the trait
Incomplete sampling of males in nature
Extremely long tail lengths
Why might extremely long tail lengths interfere with flight?
They would provide better camouflage
They would enhance flight ability
They would likely interfere with flight and make them very susceptible to predation
They would attract more mates
What are the observed frequencies of the A1 and A2 alleles?
0.54; 0.45
0.485; 0.515
0.63; 0.37
0.73; 0.27
What is significant about the mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA sequences?
They have no relation to bacterial DNA
They are identical to eukaryotic DNA
They are less complex than eukaryotic DNA
They are more similar to bacterial DNA than to eukaryotic nuclear DNA
Why were the genetic data considered important in the endosymbiosis theory?
They show that mitochondria evolved independently
They disprove the existence of eukaryotic cells
They support the theory of spontaneous generation
Genetic data are always more precise and convincing than morphological data
What concept does the isolation of desert pupfish in Death Valley illustrate?
Biological species concept
Vicariance
Morphological species concept
Dispersal
What is the evolutionary relationship between chimpanzees and humans?
Chimpanzees evolved directly into humans
Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor
Chimpanzees are bipedal
Humans will evolve into chimpanzees
What is evolution defined as?
Changes in species distribution
Changes in the genetic makeup of populations over time
Changes in environmental conditions
Changes in physical appearance only
What provides the raw material for evolution?
Isolation of species
Variation in populations
Uniformity in traits
Stability in populations
What is the role of natural selection in evolution?
It creates new species instantly
It ensures equal survival for all traits
It eliminates all genetic variations
It favors variants best suited for growth and reproduction
What type of variation is due to environmental differences among individuals?
Genetic Variation
Behavioral Variation
Morphological Variation
Environmental Variation
What type of variation is due to differences in the environment?
Genetic Variation
Phenotypic Variation
Morphological Variation
Environmental Variation
What is the difference in genotype among individuals in a population called?
Environmental Variation
Genetic Variation
Phenotypic Variation
Ecological Variation
What can differences in an individual's DNA lead to?
Differences in RNA and proteins
Reduced growth
Increased environmental stress
Identical traits
What process produces unique combinations of genes in sexual organisms?
Fertilization
Transcription
Mutation
Replication
What can arise from random errors in DNA replication?
Inversions
Duplications
Mutations
Translocations
What happens to mutations that are not corrected?
They are always harmful
They become beneficial
They disappear immediately
They are passed to the next generation
Which type of mutation persists for many years?
Beneficial mutations
Neutral mutations
Lethal mutations
Harmful mutations
What does evolutionary theory predict about new species?
They arise from divergence of populations from a common ancestor
They do not share genetic material
They are created suddenly
They are always larger than their ancestors
What does 'descent with modification' refer to?
Immediate changes in species
Changes due to environmental factors
Evolutionary changes accumulated over time
Changes that do not affect species
What is the study of how organisms interact with one another and their environment?
Genetics
Physiology
Ecology
Evolution
What are the basic functional requirements for plants to grow?
Water and light only
Air and temperature only
Light, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients
Soil and minerals only
What role do ecological interactions play in evolution?
They only affect genetic traits
They influence the evolution of particular traits
They only affect physical traits
They have no effect
What two factors contribute to phenotype?
Only environment
Individual's genotype and environment
Only genotype
Genotype and behavior
How do humans rank in terms of overall genetic variation compared to other species?
They are the most varied
They rank high
They rank low
They have no variation
What is a species defined as?
A population with no genetic variation
A group of individuals that can exchange genetic material
A group of identical organisms
A single organism
What percentage of DNA bases make individuals 99.9% identical?
One DNA base per ten
One DNA base per hundred
One DNA base per million
One DNA base per thousand
What defines a species?
A group of individuals that live in the same area
A group of individuals that cannot interbreed
A group of individuals that can exchange genetic material through interbreeding
A group of individuals with similar appearance
What is a gene pool?
The genetic material in a single organism
The total number of genes in an individual
All the alleles present in all individuals of a population or species
The alleles that are dominant in a population
What is population genetics?
The study of individual genetics
The study of gene therapy
The study of genetic variation in natural populations
The study of genetic diseases
What are the two sources of genetic variation?
Migration and isolation
Adaptation and evolution
Mutation and recombination
Selection and drift
What is a somatic mutation?
A mutation that occurs in DNA outside of genes
A mutation in reproductive cells
A mutation that affects the entire population
A mutation occurring in the body's tissues
What is a germline mutation?
A mutation occurring in the reproductive cells
A mutation that only affects one individual
A mutation that cannot be passed to offspring
A mutation that occurs in somatic cells
What are neutral mutations?
Genetic changes that have no effect or negligible effects on the organism
Genetic changes that are harmful
Genetic changes that affect reproduction
Genetic changes that improve survival
What are deleterious mutations?
Genetic changes that improve survival
Genetic changes that are neutral
Genetic changes that are harmful to an organism
Genetic changes that are beneficial
What are advantageous mutations?
Genetic changes that are neutral
Genetic changes that are harmful
Genetic changes that improve their carriers’ chances of survival or reproduction
Genetic changes that have no effect
What are allele frequencies?
The number of different genes in a population
The total number of alleles in a species
The rate of mutation in a population
The proportion of a specified allele among all the alleles of a gene in a population
How is allele frequency calculated?
The number of dominant alleles in the population
The number of recessive alleles in the population
The total number of individuals in the population
The number of 'x's present in the population divided by the total number of alleles
How do you calculate allele frequencies from homozygous recessive genotypes?
Count the number of homozygous dominant genotypes only.
Multiply the number of heterozygotes by 2 and subtract from the total.
Add the number of homozygous recessive genotypes and divide by the total number of individuals.
Multiply the number of homozygous recessive genotypes by 2 and add the number of heterozygotes, then divide by the total number of individuals multiplied by 2.
What describes fixed populations?
Populations that have multiple alleles at a gene.
Populations that exhibit only one allele at a particular gene.
Populations that have no alleles at a gene.
Populations that are all homozygous.
What can be determined from genotype frequencies?
Allele frequencies cannot be calculated.
Only phenotype frequencies can be determined.
Allele frequencies can also be determined.
Genotype frequencies cannot provide any information.
What are three ways to measure genotype and allele frequencies?
Observable traits, Gel Electrophoresis, DNA sequencing.
Only Gel Electrophoresis and observable traits.
Only DNA sequencing and phenotype analysis.
Only observable traits and DNA sequencing.
What is a limitation of measuring genetic variation through observable traits?
Many traits are encoded by a large number of genes.
It is always accurate and reliable.
It requires complex technology.
It can only measure dominant traits.
What does Gel Electrophoresis do?
Measures the temperature of DNA samples.
Counts the number of alleles in a gene.
Separates segments of DNA according to their size.
Visualizes only dominant traits.
What determines the rate at which proteins move in Gel Electrophoresis?
The type of dye used.
The concentration of the proteins.
Their charge and size.
The temperature of the gel.
What is the gold standard for measuring genetic variation?
Gel Electrophoresis.
DNA sequencing.
Observable traits.
Phenotypic analysis.
What is required to calculate allele frequencies using DNA sequencing?
Only count the number of individuals in a population.
Measure the temperature of the DNA samples.
Analyze observable traits of the population.
Collect a population sample and count occurrences of a mutation.
What does evolution refer to in genetic terms?
A change that occurs only in individuals.
A change in allele or genotype frequency over time.
A change that does not affect populations.
A change in phenotype only.
What does the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium describe?
Situations in which allele and genotype frequencies do not change.
Situations where only phenotypes change.
Situations where evolution occurs rapidly.
Situations where populations become extinct.
What is a key characteristic of a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Allele frequencies are constantly changing.
There is a high mutation rate.
All individuals are identical.
Evolution does not occur.
What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describe?
A situation with random mating
A situation where mutation is frequent
A situation in which evolution does not occur
A situation with high migration
Which condition is NOT part of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
No migration
No mutation
Population must be large
No differences in survival
What does 'p' represent in the allele frequency formula q + p = 1?
The total number of alleles
The dominant allele only
One allele
The recessive allele only
What does the genotype frequency formula p² + 2pq + q² = (p+q)(p+q) calculate?
Mutation rates
Allele frequencies
Population size
Genotype frequencies
What happens if populations are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Stability in genotype frequencies
Evolution has occurred
Migration has increased
No change in allele frequencies
What is the measure of an individual's fitness in evolution?
The size of the population it belongs to
The number of mutations it has
The extent to which its genotype is represented in the next generation
The number of species it can adapt to
What does Modern Synthesis combine?
Lamarckian evolution and genetic drift
Population genetics and ecology
Natural selection and mutation theory
Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution
What type of selection increases the frequency of a favorable allele?
Negative selection
Random selection
Positive selection
Neutral selection
What is an example of a trait that has multiple genes contributing to it?
Blood type
Flower color in Mendel's peas
Eye color
Human height
What is typically eliminated from the population due to lethal mutations?
Only heterozygotes
Only homozygotes
All individuals
Individuals carrying the mutations
What is the effect of negative selection on deleterious alleles?
It increases the frequency of deleterious alleles
It decreases the frequency of deleterious alleles
It has no effect on deleterious alleles
It eliminates all alleles
What is balancing selection?
Natural selection that has no impact on allele frequency
Natural selection that maintains two or more alleles in a population
Natural selection that favors only one allele
Natural selection that eliminates all alleles
What is an example of heterozygous advantage?
Individuals with SA heterozygotes suffer from sickling disease
Individuals with AA homozygotes are protected from malaria
Individuals with SA heterozygotes have protection from malaria
Individuals with SS homozygotes are vulnerable to malaria
What does stabilizing selection do?
Selects for extremes to promote diversity
Eliminates all variations
Has no effect on population traits
Selects against extremes to maintain the status quo
What is directional selection?
Selection that favors both extremes equally
Selection that maintains the status quo
Selection that favors one of two extremes over time
Selection that eliminates all traits
What is the outcome of disruptive selection?
Favors intermediate forms and selects against extremes
Favors extremes and selects against intermediate forms
Eliminates all forms
Has no effect on trait distribution
What is sexual selection?
A form of selection that favors all traits equally
A form of selection that eliminates reproductive traits
A form of selection that has no impact on reproduction
A form of selection that promotes traits increasing reproductive success
What does intrasexual selection involve?
Competition among females only
Competition among males only
No interaction between sexes
Interaction between males and females
What is migration in the context of populations?
Movement of individuals from one population to another
Genetic drift among species
Random mating between individuals
Mutation within a population
What is gene flow?
Random changes in allele frequencies
Destruction of a population
Isolation of species
Movement of alleles from one population to another through interbreeding
What happens to populations over time due to migration?
They increase in genetic variation
They gradually become the same
They cease to exist
They become completely isolated
What role does mutation play in genetic variation?
It has no effect on variation
It increases genetic variation
It leads to extinction
It decreases genetic variation
What is genetic drift?
Random changes in allele frequencies from generation to generation
Systematic changes in allele frequencies
Introduction of new alleles
Migration of individuals
What is a population bottleneck?
A gradual change in allele frequencies
Destruction of a population leaving few survivors
Migration to a new habitat
A sudden increase in population size
What is the founder effect?
A population increases in size
A large group migrates to a new area
A small group colonizes a new area, losing genetic variation
Random mating in a population
How does population size affect genetic drift?
Small populations are drastically affected
All populations are equally affected
Population size has no effect
Large populations experience more drift
What is random mating?
Individuals only mate with those from different populations
Individuals select mates without regard for genotypes
Individuals avoid mating with similar genotypes
Individuals choose mates based on phenotypes
What is non-random mating?
Mating is based solely on physical traits
Individuals preferentially choose mates according to genotypes
All mating is random
Mating does not affect genotype frequencies
What is molecular evolution?
Evolution of physical traits
Changes in population size
Evolution at the level of DNA leading to genetic divergence
Migration of species
What does genetic isolation mean?
Species have identical genetic material
Species can interbreed freely
Species are geographically close
Members of one species cannot exchange genetic materials with another
What is a molecular clock?
A record of population sizes over time
A method to track migration patterns
A measure of physical changes in species
Estimates the time when different taxa diverged based on genetic divergence
How does the rate of the molecular clock vary?
It varies from gene to gene
It is constant across all genes
It depends solely on population size
It is influenced by environmental factors
What is speciation?
The study of species behavior
The extinction of species
The classification of species
The process whereby new species are produced
What defines a species according to the Biological Species Concept?
A group of individuals living in the same habitat
A group of individuals with similar physical characteristics
A group of individuals that cannot reproduce
A group of individuals that can exchange genetic material through interbreeding
What does it mean for species to be reproductively isolated?
Living in different habitats
Having similar DNA sequences
Ability to interbreed freely
Incapability to produce fertile offspring
What is a hybrid offspring?
An offspring that is fertile and can reproduce
An offspring that can survive in different environments
An offspring that has traits from both parents
An offspring that is infertile and cannot pass down its genes
What does the Morphospecies Concept suggest?
Members of the same species usually look alike more than members of different species
Members of different species always look alike
All species look alike regardless of their type
Members of the same species have identical DNA
Why does the Biological Species Concept not apply to asexual organisms?
It only applies to terrestrial organisms
It only applies to aquatic organisms
It is outdated and not used anymore
It overlooks organisms that reproduce asexually
What is a ring species?
Species that are genetically identical
Species that cannot interbreed at all
Species with populations that are reproductively isolated but not genetically isolated
Species that live in separate habitats
What is hybridization in plants?
Cross-pollination of the same species
Asexual reproduction in plants
The extinction of a plant species
Interbreeding between two different varieties of species
What is an ecological niche?
A complete description of the role a species plays in its environment
The evolutionary history of a species
The genetic makeup of a species
The physical appearance of a species
What does the Ecological Species Concept (ESC) propose?
Species can share niches without competition
There is a one-to-one correspondence between a species and its niche
All species have identical niches
Niches are irrelevant to species classification
What does the Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC) focus on?
Members of a species can interbreed
Members of a species share common ancestry
Members of a species live in the same area
Members of a species look alike
What does the Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC) suggest about species?
Species exist only in the same geographical area
Species are temporary and do not have a common ancestry
Members of a species share a common ancestry and common fate
Species are defined by their physical traits
What is the definition of biological evolution?
Changes in individual traits
Changes that do not affect genetic makeup
Changes in the genetic makeup of populations over time
Changes that affect only a single generation
What is microevolution?
Population level changes within a species
Large scale changes in ecosystems
Evolution that occurs only in plants
Changes that occur between different species
What is the characteristic of quantitative variation?
Characteristics with a range of variation that can be quantified
Characteristics that are all the same
Characteristics with distinct states
Characteristics that cannot be measured
What does qualitative variation refer to?
Characteristics with distinct states
Characteristics that can be measured
Characteristics that show a range of variation
Characteristics that are all identical
What is an example of phenotypic variation?
Heritable traits in physical appearance and/or function
Traits that cannot be observed
Only genetic traits
Non-heritable traits
What event occurred approximately 4500 million years ago?
Formation of Earth
Age of dinosaurs
First evidence of life
Significant oxygen in atmosphere
When did multicellular organisms first appear?
Approximately 3 million years ago
Approximately 370 million years ago
Approximately 600 million years ago
Approximately 2500 million years ago
What does penicillin do?
Acts as a nutrient for bacteria
Kills and/or inhibits the growth of bacteria
Promotes the growth of bacteria
Has no effect on bacteria
What is an example of macroevolution?
Natural selection occurring in a population
Apes evolved into modern humans
Changes within a single species
Adaptation to environmental changes
What does the term 'zone of inhibited growth' refer to?
Increased bacterial growth
No bacterial growth due to antibiotic action
Bacterial growth in the presence of antibiotics
A region with no antibiotics
What is the significance of the P-T extinction event?
It marked a major extinction event in Earth's history
It was the beginning of mammal evolution
It had no effect on species diversity
It was a time of great biodiversity
What does 'phenotypic plasticity' refer to?
The inability to adapt to environments
Only changes in genetic makeup
A fixed genetic trait
The ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to environmental conditions
What can the height of a population be classified as?
only average
only tall
very tall, very short or average
only short
What happens when only one gender's height is averaged?
the average height varies
the average height remains the same
only females are considered
only males are considered
What are genotypes and phenotypes?
completely the same
only influenced by environment
not completely correlated
only influenced by genes
What type of variation is heritable?
genetic differences in phenotype
environmental differences only
phenotypic differences only
random variations
What can cause phenotypic variation?
only genetics
random mutations
genetics and/or environmental factors
only environment
What is the effect of basic soil on hydrangeas?
produces pink flowers
produces blue flowers
produces white flowers
produces yellow flowers
What is typically affected by genes and environment?
genetic similarity
environmental stability
phenotypic variation
genotypic variation
What is the purpose of experiments to determine the connection between phenotypes and genotypes?
to keep genetics constant and vary environment
to only focus on phenotypes
to keep environment constant and vary genetics
to eliminate all variables
What was the conclusion of the mouse activity experiment?
activity levels are random
mice are all genetically identical
genetic variation is the cause of level of activity
environmental factors are the cause
What does recombination do?
duplicates DNA
destroys DNA
combines pieces of DNA from adjacent chromosomes
isolates genes
What is artificial selection?
breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits
elimination of traits
natural selection
random breeding
What can be assessed when phenotype equals genotype?
genetic mutation
allelic dominance
observable phenotypic variation
environmental change
What is a method for measuring genetic variation?
Chromatography
Microscopy
Gel electrophoresis
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
What is the first step in the gel electrophoresis procedure?
A fly is mashed in the well
Electric current is applied
The gel is prepared
Samples are stained
In gel electrophoresis, what happens to heavier molecules?
they remain stationary
they disappear
they move faster
they move slower
What is a homozygote?
multiple alleles
one allele only
two different alleles
both alleles of a given gene are the same
What is a heterozygote?
both alleles are the same
two alleles of a given gene are different
multiple alleles are present
only one allele is present
What defines a population in genetics?
individuals with the same genotype only
individuals of different species
individuals living in different areas
group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
What is necessary for evolution to occur in a population?
mutation must be absent
individuals within a population must have different genotypes
all individuals must be identical
only environmental changes matter
What is a population?
individuals of different species in the same area
individuals that live in different areas
individuals that never interbreed
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed
What is the definition of a population?
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed
A group of individuals of the same species that live in different areas
A group of individuals of different species
A group of different species living together
What does gene flow refer to?
Transfer of alleles through environmental changes
Transfer of alleles within the same population
Transfer of alleles from one population to another through interbreeding
Transfer of alleles due to mutations
What is a gene pool?
The total number of species in a habitat
The sum of all alleles at all gene loci in all individuals
The total number of individuals in a population
The genetic makeup of a single individual
What are genotype frequencies?
The number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population
The number of alleles in a gene pool
The frequency of a single allele in a population
The total number of genotypes in a population
What do allele frequencies represent?
The total number of individuals in a population
The frequency of genotypes in a population
The total number of alleles in a gene pool
The number of a type of allele divided by the total number of alleles in the population
In a population with two alleles, what symbols are used to represent allele frequencies?
‘a’ for one allele and ‘b’ for the other allele
‘p’ for one allele and ‘q’ for the other allele
‘x’ for one allele and ‘y’ for the other allele
‘1’ for one allele and ‘2’ for the other allele
What is incomplete dominance?
Individuals that show a blend of traits from two different species
Individuals that show only one dominant trait
Individuals that show no traits at all
Individuals that are capable of showing traits of two different alleles
What is the equation representing the consequence of (p+q) sperm fertilizing (p+q) eggs?
(p*q)² = p + q
(p+q)+(p+q) = p + q
(p+q)x(p+q) = p² + 2pq + q²
(p-q)x(p-q) = p² - 2pq + q²
What does p² represent in a population in equilibrium for the C locus?
Predicted frequency of CRCW
Predicted frequency of CWC
Predicted frequency of CW
Predicted frequency of CRC
What does the Hardy-Weinberg Principle help determine?
The mutation rate
If a population is evolving
The population size
The allele types
What is one condition for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
No mutations
Gene flow
Natural selection
Random mating
What type of mutation does not alter amino acids?
Lethal mutations
Deleterious mutations
Advantageous mutations
Silent mutations
What type of mutation benefits an organism?
Advantageous mutations
Lethal mutations
Neutral mutations
Deleterious mutations
What is the effect of deleterious mutations?
Benefits an organism
Harms an organism
No effect
Enhances survival
What type of mutation harms an organism?
Beneficial mutations
Silent mutations
Disadvantageous mutations
Neutral mutations
What are deleterious and lethal mutations classified as?
Neutral mutations
Silent mutations
Disadvantageous mutations
Advantageous mutations
What is gene flow?
Random mutation of genes
Movement of alleles across different populations
Natural selection process
Genetic drift occurrence
What does genetic drift refer to?
Systematic change in allele frequencies
Random change in allele frequencies
Deliberate selection of traits
Migration of individuals
What is a consequence of genetic drift?
Promotes natural selection
Enhances gene flow
Increases genetic variability
Reduces genetic variability
What is natural selection?
Equal survival of all individuals
Survival based on mutation rates
Random survival of individuals
Survival of individuals with traits that best fit the environment
What is the result of natural selection?
Equal reproduction rates
Random reproduction rates
Lower reproduction rates of well-adapted individuals
Higher reproduction rates of well-adapted individuals
What is a mutation?
Migration of alleles
Random change in protein structure
Heritable change in DNA
Environmental change in species
What does gene flow introduce into a population?
Decreased allele frequencies
Genetic variation from another population
Reduction in genetic diversity
Genetic stability
What is a population bottleneck?
A drastic reduction in population often caused by catastrophic factors
Stable population dynamics
Random genetic drift
A gradual increase in population size
What is the founder effect?
When genetic variation increases
When there is a stable population
When a few individuals migrate and establish a new population
When a population becomes extinct
In a sample of ‘n’ individuals, how is the frequency of an allele defined?
The total number of individuals
The number of occurrences of the allele divided by n
The number of occurrences of the allele divided by twice the number of individuals
The number of occurrences of the allele
What can be concluded if a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
One of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated
The population is large
Natural selection has not occurred
The population is stable
What happens in a population bottleneck?
Genetic variation is preserved
Only a few individuals survive and reproduce
All individuals survive equally
Population size increases dramatically
What occurs in the founder effect?
All founders have the same genetic makeup
Founders do not reproduce
Founders have a different genetic makeup than the current population
Founders are randomly selected from the population
What happens to the group with the smaller amount of a certain genotype?
It does not survive
It becomes dominant
It thrives
It reproduces
What occurs to the group with the larger amount of another genotype?
It survives and reproduces a new population
It migrates
It becomes extinct
It loses genetic variation
What happens to a population when some individuals do not survive?
It gains variation
It loses variation
It increases in size
It stabilizes
What is genetic drift?
A random change in allele frequencies
A method of reproduction
A process of natural selection
A systematic change in allele frequencies
What is fixation in genetics?
Elimination of all alleles
Random mating of alleles
Fixation to one allele over the other
Increase in genetic diversity
Which populations are affected greater by genetic drift?
Smaller populations
Only isolated populations
Larger populations
All populations equally
What is relative fitness?
The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation
The average lifespan of individuals
The total number of offspring produced
The survival rate of a population
What type of selection favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic spectrum?
Random selection
Disruptive selection
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
What does stabilizing selection favor?
All individuals equally
Individuals at both extremes
Individuals in the middle of the phenotypic spectrum
Individuals at one end
What does disruptive selection favor?
Individuals at the extremes of the phenotypic spectrum
All individuals equally
Individuals at one end
Individuals in the middle
What is sexual selection ultimately defined as?
Competition for mates
Random mating
Competition for territory
Competition for food
In the experiment with gray tree frogs, what do females prefer?
Males with shorter calls
Males with longer calls
Males with larger sizes
Males with brighter colors
What advantage do male frogs with longer calls have?
They produce fewer offspring
They attract more predators
They have a shorter lifespan
They produce offspring that survive longer
Why is there still variation when selection is strong?
Females only select the best males
Variation is eliminated
All males are equally successful
Not all females have strong preferences
What is balanced polymorphism?
Natural selection can maintain variation
It eliminates variation
It has no effect on populations
It creates new species
What is often called balanced polymorphisms?
Mutation
Variation maintenance strategies
Natural selection
Genetic drift
What does sexual selection always favor?
Traits that increase an individual's access to reproductive opportunities
Large males
Traits that reduce survival
Bright feathers
What is balancing selection?
Stabilizing selection
Random genetic drift
Directional selection
Active maintenance of genetic variation
What happens to allele frequencies during balancing selection?
They disappear
They become fixed
They increase indefinitely
They return to a stable equilibrium state
What is negative frequency-dependent selection?
Fitness decreases with rarity
Fitness is constant regardless of frequency
Fitness of a genotype increases as its frequency decreases
Only common genotypes are favored
True or False: Natural selection ensures organisms are optimally suited to their environment.
Depends on the organism
True
False
Only in some cases
What does natural selection favor?
A competitive optimum
All traits equally
Random traits
Absolute optimum
What is natural history?
Biological study of organismal form and variety
Study of geology
Study of climate
Study of fossils
What does taxonomy refer to?
Study of evolution
Study of ecosystems
Biological classification of organisms
Study of genetics
What does biogeography study?
Climate change
Fossil records
Genetic variation
World distribution of organisms
What are vestigial structures?
Adaptive traits
Essential organs
Currently useless structures
Common features
What does stratification in fossils refer to?
Horizontal layering of sedimentary rocks
Uniformity of layers
Random distribution
Vertical layering
What is paleobiology?
Study of modern ecosystems
Study of living organisms
Study of fossils
Study of ancient organisms
What theory explains fossil formation by catastrophe?
Evolutionary theory
Catastrophism
Uniformitarianism
Gradualism
Who hypothesized an incorrect mechanism for evolution?
Charles Darwin
Alfred Wallace
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Gregory Mendel
What principle did Lamarck propose?
Principle of adaptation
Principle of use and disuse
Principle of natural selection
Principle of genetic drift
What is descent with modification?
Static evolution
Change in species over time
Uniformity of traits
Stability of species
What is an example of a fossil similarity?
Dinosaurs and modern reptiles
Birds and mammals
Fish and amphibians
Armadillos and their fossil counterparts
What does the principle of succession refer to?
Fossils appearing in a specific chronological order
Random fossil appearance
Equal representation of fossils
Uniform distribution of species
What is an example of a fossil found in Patagonia that is similar to living forms?
Woolly Mammoths
Saber-toothed Cats
Dinosaurs
Armadillos
What does the 'Principle of succession' refer to?
Migration Patterns
Convergence of Species
Genetic Drift
Divergence in Isolation From a Common Ancestor
What distinct species were found on the Galapagos Islands despite similar physical conditions?
Bats and Birds
Lizards and Snakes
Mockingbirds and tortoises
Rabbits and Hares
What did Darwin not realize the importance of until he returned to England?
The finches
The mockingbirds
The armadillos
The tortoises
What type of selection are goldenrod gall flies likely subject to after a nematode infection killed all parasitoid wasps?
Stabilizing selection
Directional selection
Balancing selection
Disruptive selection
In a hypothetical population of 1000 frogs, what is the frequency of the D allele if 280 are homozygous dominant and 220 are homozygous recessive?
The answer cannot be determined from the data provided
0.53
0.47
0.50
What distinguishes a scientific theory from everyday use of the term 'theory'?
It is well-established and well-supported
It is a hypothesis
It is a guess
It is an assumption
What does a scientific law describe?
What happens in a specific situation
How something evolves
When something occurs
Why something happens
What do theories explain in contrast to laws?
How something is observed
Why something happens
When something occurs
What happens
What is a common characteristic of adaptations in evolution?
They are permanent
They are usually compromises
They do not change over time
They are always beneficial
What happened to the finches on Daphne Major during the drought in 1976/77?
Seed variety increased
Foraging habits remained unchanged
Food availability decreased by 84%
Population doubled
Before the drought, how many types of seeds did most finches prefer to eat?
24 types
15 types
10 types
30 types
After the drought, what happened to the remaining seeds?
They became smaller
They were easier to find
They increased in variety
They were big and tough
What percentage of time do finches spend foraging on their favorites during drought conditions?
0.03%
3%
50%
10%
What happens to seed abundance during drought?
Decreased to less than 3g/m²
Decreased to 10g/m²
Increased to 10g/m²
Remains constant at 10g/m²
How much force does Magnirostris require to crush seeds?
54 newtons
200 newtons
150 newtons
100 newtons
What is a disadvantage of small Fortis finches during drought?
Can easily open Tribulus
Have larger beaks
Cannot open Tribulus
Require less food
What do small Fortis finches have to eat when they cannot feed on Tribulus?
Chamaesyce
Large seeds
Tribulus
Magnirostris
What happens to the feathers on the heads of small Fortis finches?
Become thicker
Change color
Fall off
Grow longer
What is the role of adaptations during times of stress and competition?
Become important
Increase in variation
Remain constant
Become less significant
What did Darwin mean by 'descent with modification'?
Evolution is a quick process
Evolution is a special process
Populations living today are related to populations that lived in the past, but they are not identical
All species are identical
What will happen to the size and shape of beaks in medium ground finches in the future?
They will continue to get deeper and wider
It depends on changes in the environment
They will get narrower
They will remain constant
What is speciation?
Species evolve instantaneously
One species splits into two or more species
A species remains unchanged
All species share a common ancestor
How does evolution usually occur?
Gradually over hundreds and thousands of years
Only in response to environmental changes
In a few days
Instantaneously
What is shared among all species according to the theory of evolution?
Common ancestry
No relation
Independent origins
Different adaptations
What occurs when one species splits into two or more species?
Evolution
Speciation
Mutation
Adaptation
What process is primarily responsible for producing adaptation?
Genetic drift
Mutation
Natural selection
Migration
What is one prediction regarding the chromosome difference between humans and chimpanzees?
Chromosome duplication
Chromosome loss
Gene loss
There has been a fusion event
What should we see as evidence if life originated on Earth and evolved?
Evidence in behavior
Evidence in morphology
Evidence in DNA
Evidence in the fossil record
What does the fossil record document?
Organismal behavior
Preserved organismal features
Environmental changes
Genetic sequences
Why is the fossil record considered incomplete?
Only large species are fossilized
Fossils are only found in certain climates
Fossils cannot be dated accurately
Soft bodies are preserved less than hard bodies
What does geological dating rely on?
Organism types
Fossil sizes
Geographical locations
Geological strata arranged in order
What should we find if evolution occurred within lineages and they sometimes split?
Static species
No changes
Rapid changes
Examples of traits and species gradually changing
What does the transition from Hyracotherium to Equus illustrate?
Simple evolution
Linear progression
Static lineage
Non-linear, branching pattern
What is the non-linear, branching pattern of evolution referred to as?
Convergent evolution
Equus
Cyclic evolution
Linear evolution
What type of evidence should we find if all creatures share common ancestry?
Genetic mutations
Transitional forms
Homologous structures
Fossil records
What is Archaeopteryx an example of?
A mammal
A modern bird
A transitional fossil between birds and dinosaurs
A type of dinosaur
Which organism is an example of a transitional form between fish and amphibians?
Tyrannosaurus
Pterodactyl
Archaeopteryx
Tiktaalik
What are vestigial characters?
Functional structures
Remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors
Mutated genes
New adaptations
What is a retrodiction in evolutionary biology?
An inference about the past based on current evidence
A prediction of future traits
A classification of organisms
A description of current species
What is an example of a vestigial gene in humans?
Genes for limb growth
Genes for eyesight
Genes for making yolk proteins
Genes for hearing
What is the primary characteristic of convergent evolution?
Divergence of species from a common ancestor
Evolution of similar structures in related species
Identical species in different locations
Similar niches occupied by different organisms
What is one example of adaptive radiation?
Birds and reptiles
Mammals and marsupials
Insects and arachnids
Fish and amphibians
What does the evolutionary history of a species or group of species refer to?
Phylogeny
Genetics
Anatomy
Ecology
Which of the following could be used as evidence of descent from a common ancestor?
Species of tortoise living in close proximity are more similar than those far apart
Genes for limb formation have almost identical sequences in salamanders and chimpanzees
All of the above
Antibiotics can cure the same diseases in rabbits and humans
Which of the following is a true statement regarding natural selection?
An individual who is naturally selected has more offspring than an unselected individual
An individual with an adaptation is said to have evolved
An individual that needs an adaptation to survive is more likely to evolve it
Over time organisms will become increasingly complex as evolution makes them more adapted
What is one characteristic that distinguishes a slow worm from a snake?
Immobile jaw
Cold blooded
Presence of scales
Absence of legs
Which of the following is not a kingdom in the classification system?
Animalia
Fungi
Protista
Plantae
What is the discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships?
Systematics
Genetics
Morphology
Paleontology
What type of data is essential for testing homologous vs. analogous relationships?
Only DNA
Only fossils
Fossils, morphology, molecules, genes & DNA
Only morphology
Why is identifying species crucial to biology?
To create new species
To increase pollution
To eliminate all wildlife
To control agricultural pests and diseases
What is the Latin scientific name for a Leopard?
Panthera Onca
Panthera Tigris
Panthera Pardus
Panthera Leo
Who instituted the use of Latin scientific names in the 18th century?
Gregor Mendel
Carolus Linnaeus
Charles Darwin
Louis Pasteur
What is the correct order of hierarchical classification from species to domain?
Genus, Species, Family, Class, Order, Phylum, Kingdom
Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Species
Species, Family, Order, Class, Kingdom, Phylum, Domain
What mnemonic helps remember the order of hierarchical classification?
Did King Philip Come Over For Good Salad
Did King Peter Come Over For Great Soup
Did King Philip Come Over For Great Spaghetti
Did King Philip Come Over For Great Sandwich
What diagram represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms?
Evolutionary map
Phylogenetic tree
Species diagram
Classification chart
What are homologous characters?
Characters that are similar due to environmental factors
Characters that are unrelated
Characters that result from common ancestry
Characters that arise from convergent evolution
What is the term for traits that are similar for reasons other than inheritance from a common ancestor?
Derived traits
Ancestral traits
Homoplastic traits
Common traits
What is the significance of bird feathers in phylogeny?
They are derived in all vertebrates
They are only found in mammals
They are not significant
They are ancestral in birds but derived when considering all living vertebrates
What is the function of halteres in certain insects?
Serves as a weapon
Aids in feeding
Provides camouflage
Helps with balance
What is a trait that differs from the ancestral trait called?
Derived
Homoplasy
Ancestral
Synapomorphy
What is a trait that was present in the ancestor of a group called?
Derived
Ancestral
Homoplasy
Synapomorphy
What are derived traits that are shared among a group and viewed as evidence of common ancestry called?
Homoplasies
Ancestral traits
Synapomorphies
Polyphyletic traits
How can derived characters be determined?
From ecological data
From fossils and embryos
From geographical distribution
From behavioral studies
What does evolutionary reversal mean?
Character remains unchanged
Character disappears completely
Character reverts from a derived state back to the ancestral state
Character evolves from ancestral state to derived state
What is the principle of monophyly?
Monophyletic taxa include only one species
All taxa are paraphyletic
All systematics uses monophyletic taxa
All taxa are polyphyletic
What do polyphyletic taxa include?
Species from separate lineages
Only some descendants of an ancestor
Only closely related species
One ancestral species and all its descendants
What do paraphyletic taxa contain?
An ancestor and some but not all descendants
All descendants of an ancestor
Only the ancestor
Species from separate lineages
How are phylogenetic trees typically constructed?
Using hundreds or thousands of traits
Based solely on geographical data
Using a single trait
Using only fossil records
What does the principle of parsimony state?
All explanations are equally valid
Simplest explanation is most likely to be correct
Most complex explanation is correct
Only data-driven explanations are valid
What is the goal of minimizing evolutionary changes in phylogenetic trees?
To maximize the number of traits
To complicate the evolutionary history
To include all possible changes
To assume the fewest homoplasies
On what basis have most species been described?
Morphological data
Geographical data
Behavioral data
Genetic data
What may reveal evolutionary relationships through similarities?
Morphological differences
Behavioral patterns
Development patterns
Geographical distribution
What do fossils provide information about?
Morphology of past organisms
Current species behaviors
Geographical distribution of living species
Modern ecological interactions
What can behavior be in terms of transmission?
Only learned
Only instinctual
Only genetically determined
Inherited or culturally transmitted
What has become the most widely used data type in phylogenetics?
DNA sequences
Morphological data
Fossil records
Behavioral data
What is the limitation of using morphological data?
It is always accurate
Comparing distantly related species can be problematic
It only applies to plants
It cannot be used for any species
What determines frog calls that can be used in phylogenetic trees?
Random chance
Learned behavior
Environmentally influenced
Genetically determined
What type of data is most widely used for constructing phylogenetic trees?
Behavioral patterns
Protein structures
Morphological traits
DNA sequences
Which type of DNA is used in phylogenetic analysis?
Plasmid DNA
Mitochondrial DNA
Viral DNA
Ribosomal RNA
What is used alongside nuclear DNA in phylogenetic studies?
Chloroplast DNA
Cytoplasmic RNA
Exosomal DNA
Histone proteins
Which information is also used in constructing phylogenetic trees?
Environmental data
Gene product information
Geographical distribution
Species behavior
What happens to average fitness of a population during genetic drift?
The effect of drift on average fitness is not predictable
The average fitness of the population to remain the same
The average fitness of the population to decrease
The average fitness of the population to increase
Which evolutionary mechanism increases genetic variation in a population?
Sexual selection
Directional natural selection
Mutation
Genetic Drift
What is often the basis for the initial tree in phylogenetic analysis?
Parsimony
Consensus
Maximum likelihood
Bayesian methods
What do molecular characters reflect?
Environmental changes
Species behavior
Population dynamics
Evolution
What is a disadvantage of using molecular data?
It is not abundant
It is difficult to obtain
It does not reflect evolutionary relationships
Base changes may have evolved independently
What does a molecular clock measure?
Rate of species extinction
Rate of genetic drift
Rate of DNA mutation
Rate of environmental change
What does less similarity in amino acid sequences indicate?
Closer relation
Same species
More distant relation
More recent common ancestor
How many living species may exist on Earth?
Roughly 500 million
About 1 million
As great as 100 million
Approximately 10 million
When did the first living forms appear?
1 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
3.8 billion years ago
2.5 billion years ago
What varies according to the location of giraffes?
Size
Distribution of pelage patterns
Dietary habits
Social behavior
What has been established by analyzing mitochondrial DNA sequences?
Geographic distributions
Environmental adaptations
Genetic relationships
Behavioral patterns
What has been established about giraffes based on mitochondrial DNA sequences?
They have only one lineage
They show six genealogically distinct lineages
They belong to the same species
They are all genetically identical
What is the morphological species concept based on?
Habitat
Behavioral traits
Appearance
Genetic makeup
Why might males and females of a species not look alike?
Genetic mutation
Age difference
Environmental factors
Sexual dimorphism
What defines the biological species concept?
A group based on physical appearance
A group that shares the same habitat
A group that has the same genetic traits
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Which organisms pose a problem for the biological species concept?
Asexual organisms
Organisms with similar appearances
Organisms that live in different habitats
Organisms that are extinct
What does the phylogenetic species concept emphasize?
Genetic similarity
Unique ancestry
Geographical location
Physical traits
What is the ecological species concept based on?
Genetic similarity
Distinct ecological niche
Physical characteristics
Behavioral traits
What is a characteristic of androdioecious species?
Unchanging characteristics
Dynamic, evolving individuals
Static groups
Rigid classifications
What does the statement 'Life is always in transition' imply about species?
Species are constantly changing
Species are all distinct
Species are fixed and unchanging
Species do not evolve
What is the correct statement about the wings of bats and birds?
Both have homologous limbs
Their limbs are homologous; their wings represent homoplasy
Their wings are homologous; their limbs represent homoplasy
Both have homologous wings
What type of character is hair on mammals when compared to other vertebrates?
Paraphyletic character
Polyphyletic character
Shared ancestral character
Shared derived character
How many living species may exist on Earth?
As many as 100 million
Approximately 10 million
Around 500 million
About 1 million
When did the first living forms (species) appear?
4.5 billion years ago
2 billion years ago
3.8 billion years ago
1 billion years ago
What is speciation?
The study of species behavior
The creation of new species
The extinction of species
The classification of species
What occurs during prezygotic isolation?
Hybrids are produced
Species become extinct
Individuals of different species are prevented from mating
Individuals mate successfully
What happens during postzygotic isolation?
Hybrids are always fertile
Individuals do not mate
Hybrid offspring have low fitness and do not survive
All offspring are viable
What is the criterion of reproductive isolation that cannot be evaluated in fossils?
Reproductive isolation cannot be evaluated in fossils or asexually reproducing species
Reproductive isolation is irrelevant in modern species
Reproductive isolation is only applicable to extinct species
Reproductive isolation can be evaluated in all species
What occurs prior to mating in prezygotic isolation?
Isolation after mating
Isolation during zygote formation
Isolation prior to the zygote
Isolation after fertilization
Which of the following is a form of prezygotic isolation?
Genitalic compatibility
Sterile hybrid formation
Reduced fitness of hybrids
Breeding in different places
What is an example of postzygotic isolation?
Sterile hybrid
Sexual selection
Different mating times
Genitalic incompatibility
What happens during allopatric speciation?
Speciation occurs without physical separation
Speciation begins with physical isolation via dispersal or vicariance
Speciation requires immediate mating
Speciation is only possible in sympatric conditions
What does biogeography study?
How species interact with each other
How species reproduce
How species evolve in isolation
How species and populations are distributed geographically
What is dispersal in the context of population isolation?
When populations reproduce asexually
When populations merge into one
When a population moves to a new habitat and forms a new population
When a population remains in the same habitat
What occurs during vicariance?
A physical barrier splits a widespread population into subgroups
Population reproduces asexually
Population merges into a larger group
Population remains unchanged
What is the founder effect?
A type of physical barrier
A form of natural selection
Genetic drift via the founder effect causes divergence
A method of asexual reproduction
What is required for speciation to occur?
Immediate mating between populations
Physical closeness of populations
Absence of natural selection
Genetic isolation accompanied by genetic divergence
What can cause divergence in newly colonized environments?
Genetic drift only
No environmental change
Natural selection if the new environment differs from the original habitat
Immediate reproduction
What is the role of glaciers during the last ice age in speciation?
Glaciers had no effect on populations
Glaciers served as physical barriers for population isolation
Glaciers only affected terrestrial species
Glaciers caused all species to merge
What leads to genetic isolation of populations?
Asexual reproduction
Mating between different populations
Physical isolation via dispersal or vicariance
Immediate environmental changes
What results from genetic isolation and genetic divergence?
Speciation
Hybrid formation
Population merging
Extinction
What is the term for populations or species that live in the same geographic region?
Synonymy
Sympatry
Allopatry
Parapatry
What can overcome gene flow and cause sympatric speciation?
Genetic drift
Isolation
Natural selection
Mutation
How much more food do large apples provide compared to hawthorn fruit?
100 times
150 times
220 times
300 times
What allows apple maggots to avoid parasitoid wasps?
Changing color
Hiding under leaves
Burrowing deeper
Flying away
What can lead to speciation through polyploidy?
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Mutation resulting in polyploidy
Natural selection
What type of individuals are genetically isolated from wild-type individuals due to polyploidy?
Haploid individuals
Triploid individuals
Diploid individuals
Tetraploid individuals
What type of gametes do tetraploid individuals provide?
Haploid gametes
Diploid gametes
Tetraploid gametes
Triploid gametes
What is the result of combining diploid gametes?
Diploid zygote
Triploid zygote
Tetraploid zygote
Haploid zygote
What is polyploidy?
Having two sets of chromosomes
Having one set of chromosomes
Having more than two sets of chromosomes
Having three sets of chromosomes
What is autopolyploidy?
Chromosome duplications within a species
Chromosome deletions within a species
Chromosome inversions between species
Chromosome duplications between species
What typically happens to odd chromosome numbers in autopolyploidy?
Always fertile
Can reproduce normally
Usually sterile
Always viable
What is allopolyploidy?
Chromosome duplications between species
Chromosome duplications within a species
Chromosome deletions between species
Chromosome inversions within a species
What is a common outcome of chromosome alterations?
Increased similarity
Decreased speciation
Divergence in closely related species
Reduced genetic variation
What occurs when isolated populations come into contact?
Always leads to interbreeding
Always maintains separation
Depends on genetic divergence
Always results in extinction
What is prezygotic isolation?
Isolation after fertilization occurs
Isolation due to genetic drift
Isolation due to environmental factors
Isolation before fertilization occurs
What may happen if prezygotic isolation does not exist?
Populations will remain distinct
Populations will go extinct
Populations may successfully interbreed
Populations will not mate
What is a hybrid zone?
A geographic area where interbreeding occurs
An area of complete genetic separation
A habitat with no species
A region with only one species
What does reinforcement refer to in evolutionary biology?
Selection for traits that enhance interbreeding
Selection for traits that reduce extinction
Selection for traits that increase genetic similarity
Selection for traits that isolate populations reproductively
What is the expected pattern of sympatric species in reinforcement?
Always willing to mate
Mate freely with all species
Seldom willing to mate with one another
Only mate in hybrid zones
What defines protists in contrast to prokaryotes?
Absence of a nucleus
Single-celled structure
Lack of organelles
Membrane-bound nucleus
What do protists have that prokaryotes do not?
Flagella
Membrane bound nucleus
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
How do photosynthesizing protists differ from plants?
Have seeds
Are highly differentiated
Can also live as heterotrophs
Have a complex digestive system
What do protists lack that differentiates them from animals?
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Internal digestive tract
Chloroplasts
What is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells regarding energy metabolism?
Occurs freely in cytoplasm
Requires no membranes
Confined to organelles
Only happens in the nucleus
What separates transcription and translation in eukaryotic cells?
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
What is the function of vesicles in eukaryotic cells?
Generate ATP
Store genetic information
Provide structural support
Transport materials into and out of the cell
What is the function of a contractile vacuole in protists?
Pumps water to prevent lysis
Facilitates movement
Produces energy
Stores food
What are pseudopodia used for in protists?
Reproduction
Photosynthesis
Nutrient absorption
Amoeboid movement
What organelles generate ATP in cells?
Chloroplasts
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
What does the endosymbiosis theory propose about mitochondria?
Originated from a bacterial cell living inside a eukaryote
Developed independently in eukaryotes
Evolved from chloroplasts
Are remnants of ancient viruses
What occurs in endosymbiosis?
Species exchange genetic material
An organism of one species lives inside another species
Two species compete for resources
One species preys on another
What are the initial steps in the evolution of mitochondria?
Mitochondria form from cellular debris
Eukaryote develops a cell wall
Eukaryotic cell surrounds and engulfs bacterium
Bacterium divides within the eukaryotic cell
What do mitochondria have that supports the endosymbiosis theory?
Their own ribosomes
Cell walls
Chlorophyll
Their own DNA
What is the approximate size of an average bacterium according to the Endosymbiosis Theory?
The same size as a mitochondrion
Approximately the size of an average bacterium
Larger than a human cell
Smaller than a virus
What type of ribosomes do mitochondria have?
Eukaryotic ribosomes
No ribosomes
Their own ribosomes
Prokaryotic ribosomes
What do mitochondria have that is consistent with the engulfing mechanism?
No membranes
Double membranes
Single membrane
Triple membranes
What do mitochondria have that allows them to replicate and transcribe their own genomes?
Only RNA genomes
Their own genomes
No genomes
Shared genomes with host
What is a defining feature of Opisthokonts?
A single posterior flagellum at some stage in life cycle
Two anterior flagella
No flagella
Multiple flagella
What surrounds the single flagellum in Choanoflagellates?
A layer of cilia
A thick membrane
A cluster of cells
A collar of microvilli
What type of organisms are most amoebas classified as?
Not Cercozoa
Dinoflagellates
Cercozoa
Ciliates
What type of life cycle do slime molds exhibit?
Asexual life cycle only
Simple life cycle
No life cycle
Complex life cycle
What do fruiting bodies of slime molds form?
Spores by asexual or sexual reproduction
No spores
Only sexual spores
Only asexual spores
What type of environments do amoebas inhabit?
Mountains
Deserts
Marine, freshwater, soil
Urban areas
What do heterotrophic amoebas feed on?
Only plants
Only other amoebas
Only algae
Bacteria, other protists, organic matter
What is a characteristic of amoebas in terms of cellular organization?
Contain organelles
Highly organized
Multicellular
Unsupported by any internal cellular organization
What type of algae share the same pigment as true plants?
Blue-green algae
Brown algae
Green algae
Red algae
What type of relationships do green algae have with fungi or animals?
Parasitic relationships
No relationships
Symbiotic relationships
Commensal relationships
What do diatoms use to cover their cells?
Cellulose plates
Silica shells
Protein membranes
Calcium carbonate shells
What type of reproduction do diatoms exhibit?
Only asexual reproduction
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Budding only
Only sexual reproduction
What do alveolates have under their plasma membrane?
Chloroplasts
Large vacuoles
Small, membrane-bound vesicles called alveoli
Nuclei
What is a significant role of photosynthetic dinoflagellates?
Compete with coral
Decompose dead coral
Provide shelter for fish
Support coral species
What type of reproduction do Apicomplexans exhibit?
Only sexual reproduction
Budding only
Only asexual reproduction
Both asexual and sexual reproduction
What type of shells do Foraminifera form?
Flat shells
No shells
Chambered, spiral shells containing calcium carbonate
Silica shells
What type of symbionts do some organisms have?
Viral symbionts
Algal symbionts
Bacterial symbionts
Fungal symbionts
Which organism is known as an animal parasite?
Trichomonas vaginalis
Giardia lamblia
Euglena gracilis
Trypanosoma brucei
What is a characteristic feature of Diplomonadida?
Single nucleus and pseudopodia
One nucleus and cilia
Two nuclei and flagella
Multiple nuclei and no flagella
What is the focus of Evolutionary Developmental Biology?
Environmental factors
Genetic tool-kits controlling growth
Dietary influences
Behavioral adaptations
What do homeotic genes control?
Transcription of development genes
Translation of proteins
Cell division
Metabolic pathways
What is the significance of Hox genes?
Regulate metabolic rates
Determine color patterns
Control reproductive cycles
Control animal body plan
What is a homeobox?
100-nucleotide sequence
200-nucleotide sequence
180-nucleotide sequence
150-nucleotide sequence
What evolutionary feature do male water striders have?
Longer legs for speed
Hooks for mating success
Bright colors for attraction
Wings for flight
What happens when the regulatory element in Pitx1 is restored in sticklebacks?
Size decreases
Color changes
Spines develop
Fins grow
What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle specify?
Conditions for natural selection
Conditions for genetic drift
Conditions for no evolution
Conditions for rapid evolution
Why are manipulated tail lengths in male tails shorter in nature?
Longer tails are less attractive
Shorter tails are easier to maneuver
Longer tails are more prone to injury
Natural selection favors shorter tails
Why are extremely long tail lengths likely to interfere with flight and increase susceptibility to predation?
Because they would enhance their speed
Because they would likely interfere with flight and make them very susceptible to predation
Because they would help in attracting mates
Because they would improve their camouflage
What is the observed frequency of the A1 and A2 alleles in a population?
0.73; 0.27
0.54; 0.45 A1A1 = 0.54
0.485; 0.515 A2A2 = 0.08
0.63; 0.37 A1A2 = 0.38
Why were the DNA sequence similarities between mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacterial DNA considered important?
Genetic data are always more precise and convincing than morphological data
It explained why some eukaryotes have many mitochondria-like genes in their nuclear chromosomes
The data suggest that mitochondria and chloroplasts did not evolve within the eukaryotic cell
Endosymbiotic origin was the only reasonable explanation for the results
What concept does the presence of isolated species of desert pupfish in tiny springs in Death Valley represent?
Biological species concept
Morphological species concept
Dispersal
Vicariance
What is the accurate evolutionary relationship between chimpanzees and humans?
There was a population of chimpanzees that had mutations that made them human
Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor
Chimpanzees are the next group that will turn into humans
Chimpanzees are bipedal
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