Flashcards in this deck (50)

• What must a patient have to make a decision regarding treatment?

  The capacity to make the decision and should not be coerced.
  medical ethics
• What is an ectopic pregnancy?

  A life-threatening condition where a fertilised egg implants and grows outside the uterus.
  medical ectopic_pregnancy
• Where is the most common location for an ectopic pregnancy?

  In one of the fallopian tubes (tubal pregnancy).
  medical ectopic_pregnancy
• What are the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy?

  • Previous ectopic pregnancy
  • History of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
  • Previous abdominal surgery
  • Use of a progesterone-only contraceptive
  medical risk_factors
• What is the classic triad of symptoms for ectopic pregnancy?

  1. Amenorrhoea (missed period)
  2. Abdominal pain (unilateral, sharp, sudden)
  3. Vaginal bleeding (dark and scanty)
  medical symptoms
• How is ectopic pregnancy diagnosed?

  With a positive pregnancy test, transvaginal ultrasound, and blood test for serial hCG levels.
  medical diagnosis
• What is the normal hCG level behavior in a pregnancy?

  It should double every 48 hours; in an ectopic, it rises more slowly.
  medical hcg_levels
• What is the management for ectopic pregnancy?

  Depends on patient's stability and size of the ectopic; can include expectant, medical, or surgical management.
  medical management
• What is the medical management for ectopic pregnancy?

  A single dose of methotrexate can stop cell growth and dissolve the pregnancy.
  medical management
• What is the gold standard for surgical management of ectopic pregnancy?

  Salpingectomy (removal of the fallopian tube) or salpingostomy (opening the tube to remove the pregnancy).
  medical surgery
• What is an ectopic pregnancy?

  An ectopic pregnancy occurs when an embryo develops in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.
  medical gynecology
• What is a miscarriage?

  A miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 24th week of gestation.
  medical gynecology
• When do most miscarriages occur?

  Most miscarriages occur in the first trimester, before 12 weeks.
  medical gynecology
• What are the main causes of miscarriage?

  Over 80% are caused by chromosomal abnormalities; other causes include hormonal issues, uterine abnormalities, or maternal health conditions.
  medical gynecology
• What is a threatened miscarriage?

  Vaginal bleeding with a closed cervix and a viable fetus on ultrasound; the pregnancy may continue.
  medical gynecology
• What is an inevitable miscarriage?

  Heavy bleeding with an open cervix; miscarriage is certain.
  medical gynecology
• What is an incomplete miscarriage?

  Some but not all fetal or placental tissue has been passed.
  medical gynecology
• What is a complete miscarriage?

  All fetal and placental tissue has been passed.
  medical gynecology
• What is a missed miscarriage?

  The fetus has died but there are no symptoms of bleeding or pain, and tissue has not been passed.
  medical gynecology
• How is miscarriage managed?

  Management depends on the type of miscarriage and the patient's preference.
  medical gynecology
• What is the most common cause of miscarriage?

  Chromosomal abnormalities

  Maternal age

  Environmental factors

  Uterine infections
  medical gynecology
• A miscarriage is defined as the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 24th week of gestation.
  medical gynecology
• Most miscarriages occur in the first trimester before 12 weeks.
  medical gynecology
• The types of miscarriage include: - Threatened Miscarriage - Inevitable Miscarriage - Incomplete Miscarriage - Complete Miscarriage - Missed Miscarriage.
  medical gynecology
• In a threatened miscarriage, vaginal bleeding occurs with a closed cervix and a viable fetus on ultrasound.
  medical gynecology
• In an inevitable miscarriage, there is heavy bleeding with an open cervix.
  medical gynecology
• In a missed miscarriage, the fetus has died, but there are no symptoms of bleeding or pain.
  medical gynecology
• What is expectant management in miscarriage treatment?

  Allowing the body to pass the tissue naturally.
  miscarriage management
• What is medical management in miscarriage treatment?

  Medications (misoprostol) can be used to induce contractions to expel the tissue.
  miscarriage management
• What is surgical management in miscarriage treatment?

  A D&C (dilatation and curettage) procedure to remove the tissue from the uterus.
  miscarriage management
• What defines recurrent miscarriage?

  The loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies.
  miscarriage recurrent
• What are the causes of recurrent miscarriage?

  • Genetic: Parental chromosomal abnormalities
  • Anatomical: Uterine abnormalities
  • Endocrine: Poorly controlled diabetes or thyroid disease
  • Autoimmune: Antiphospholipid syndrome
  • Lifestyle: Smoking, obesity, alcohol use
  miscarriage causes
• What is the management for antiphospholipid syndrome in recurrent miscarriage?

  Low-dose aspirin and heparin can be used.
  miscarriage management
• What is a termination of pregnancy?

  A medical procedure to end a pregnancy.
  abortion termination
• What is medical abortion?

  Involves taking medications (mifepristone and misoprostol) to induce an abortion, typically used for pregnancies up to 10 weeks gestation.
  abortion medical
• What is surgical abortion?

  A minor surgical procedure to remove the pregnancy tissue from the uterus, commonly using vacuum aspiration for first-trimester abortions.
  abortion surgical
• What is Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy (NVP)?

  Commonly known as 'morning sickness,' affecting up to 80% of pregnant women, usually mild to moderate.
  pregnancy nvp
• What is Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG)?

  A severe form of NVP causing persistent vomiting, leading to dehydration and may require hospitalization.
  pregnancy hg
• What are the management options for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy?

  • Small, frequent meals
  • Ginger
  • Anti-sickness medications (antiemetics)
  • Intravenous fluids in hospital
  management pregnancy
• What is a molar pregnancy?

  A rare complication where abnormal growth of placental tissue occurs instead of a viable foetus.
  molar_pregnancy complications
• What are the types of molar pregnancy?

  • Complete Mole: No foetus, only placenta-like tissue
  • Partial Mole: Abnormal placental tissue with some foetal tissue
  molar_pregnancy types
• What are the symptoms of a molar pregnancy?

  • Severe nausea and vomiting
  • Vaginal bleeding
  • Abnormally large uterus for gestational age
  molar_pregnancy symptoms
• How is a molar pregnancy diagnosed?

  An ultrasound shows a 'grape-like cluster' or 'snowstorm' appearance in the uterus, along with very high levels of hCG.
  molar_pregnancy diagnosis
• What is the management for molar pregnancy?

  The molar tissue must be surgically removed, and hCG levels are monitored for several months.
  molar_pregnancy management
• What are the three trimesters of pregnancy?

  1. First Trimester: Conception to 12 weeks
  2. Second Trimester: 13 to 27 weeks
  3. Third Trimester: 28 weeks until birth
  pregnancy trimesters
• What happens in the first trimester of pregnancy?

  This is a critical period of organogenesis, where the major organs of the foetus are formed.
  pregnancy first_trimester
• What occurs during the second trimester of pregnancy?

  The foetus grows rapidly, and many early pregnancy symptoms often resolve. The foetus becomes a foetus after the embryonic stage.
  pregnancy second_trimester
• What is the third trimester of pregnancy characterized by?

  The foetus gains weight rapidly and prepares for life outside the womb.
  pregnancy third_trimester
• How is the expected date of delivery (EDD) calculated?

  Using Naegele's Rule: LMP + 9 months + 7 days, or more accurately from the dating ultrasound scan.
  pregnancy edd
• What lifestyle advice should be provided during antenatal care?

  Encourage a healthy, balanced diet and advise on foods to avoid to prevent infections like listeriosis and toxoplasmosis.
  pregnancy lifestyle_advice