What type of bond is formed when there is a complete transfer of electrons?
Ionic bond
Which type of interaction occurs between charged species?
Ionic interactions
What is the relationship between Kw and pH?
Kw = [H+][OH-], pH = -log[H+]
Identify the 20 common amino acids.
Which amino acids are considered basic?
What types of interactions stabilize protein structures?
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
Describe the nature of the peptide bond.
Rigid and planar
What motifs are common in secondary protein structure?
What determines the folding of a protein?
Sequence determines structure
How are proteins separated by size?
Centrifugation and size exclusion chromatography
What is a monoclonal antibody?
An antibody made from identical immune cells that are clones of a unique parent cell.
Identify the difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single clone; polyclonal antibodies are from multiple clones.
What is the purpose of antibodies in detecting antigens?
They bind specifically to antigens for detection in assays like western blots and ELISAs.
What is the key structural difference between hemoglobin and myoglobin?
Hemoglobin binds oxygen cooperatively, while myoglobin does not.
What role does the distal histidine play in hemoglobin?
It allows binding of O2 to heme iron and reduces hemoglobin's affinity for CO.
What is the proximal histidine's function in hemoglobin?
It coordinates with the heme iron.
What results from oxygen binding to the heme group?
It reduces the size of the heme iron, causing conformational changes.
What factors affect the T-R transition in hemoglobin?
What is the significance of mutations in hemoglobin?
They can lead to diseases like sickle-cell disease.
What do enzymes do?
They accelerate reaction rates necessary for life.
What is the relationship between Gibbs free energy and reaction spontaneity?
Large negative Gibbs free energy indicates a spontaneous reaction.
How do enzymes affect activation energy?
They lower the activation energy required for reactions.
What does Vmax represent in enzyme kinetics?
The maximum rate when all enzyme active sites are occupied.
What is the Michaelis-Menten equation used for?
To describe the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Why is the Km value important?
It reflects the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of Vmax.
What type of residues does chymotrypsin prefer?
Big hydrophobic residues due to the S1 binding pocket.
What characterizes the burst phase in chymotrypsin action?
It is observed at the start of the reaction, indicating rapid substrate conversion.
What is the anomeric carbon in carbohydrates?
The anomeric carbon is the carbon atom that is bonded to two oxygens in a cyclic sugar ring and determines the alpha or beta form.
Differentiate between reducing and non-reducing sugars.
Reducing sugars can donate electrons, whereas non-reducing sugars cannot.
What are the common polysaccharides?
What is the structure of triacylglycerol?
Triacylglycerol consists of three fatty acids esterified to a glycerol backbone.
What are the essential fatty acids?
What role does LDL play?
LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) transports cholesterol to tissues and can contribute to plaque buildup in arteries.
How do lipid bilayers form?
Lipid bilayers form spontaneously due to hydrophobic interactions between fatty acid tails and hydrophilic interactions with water.
What are the components of signal transduction?
Key components include secondary messengers like Ca++, cAMP, diacyl glycerol, and phosphatidic acid.
Define a catabolic pathway.
A catabolic pathway breaks down molecules to release energy.
What is the universal energy currency?
ATP is the universal energy currency due to its thermodynamic instability and high phosphoryl transfer potential.
What role do bile acids play?
Regulate body temperature
Aid in digestion and absorption of fats
Stimulate muscle contraction
Transport oxygen in blood
What role do bile acids play?
Regulate body temperature
Aid in digestion and absorption of fats
Stimulate muscle contraction
Transport oxygen in blood
The main classes of lipids include: - _______ - _______ - _______
The main classes of lipids include: - fatty acids - glycerolipids - sterols
Describe the Na/K ATPase pump function.
The Na/K ATPase pump transports Na+ out and K+ into the cell, crucial for maintaining membrane potential and glucose transport.
What are the high energy electron carriers mentioned?
What is the role of CoA in metabolism?
Carries acetyl/acyl groups.
What does Thiamine pyrophosphate help convert?
Acetaldehyde.
What molecule does UDP-glucose refer to?
Glucose.
What is the function of Biotin in metabolism?
Incorporates CO2 into organic compounds.
In glycolysis, the overall logic is generating compounds with a higher phosphoryl transfer potential than _______.
In glycolysis, the overall logic is generating compounds with a higher phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP.
Glycolysis consists of two phases: preparatory, making two phosphorylated 3-carbon molecules, and _______ — generates high phosphoryl potential molecules for the synthesis of ATP.
Glycolysis consists of two phases: preparatory, making two phosphorylated 3-carbon molecules, and payoff — generates high phosphoryl potential molecules for the synthesis of ATP.
What is the first enzyme in glycolysis and its action?
Hexokinase catalyzes phosphorylation.
What type of reaction does Phosphofructokinase 1 catalyze?
Phosphorylation.
Identify the reaction catalyzed by Aldolase in glycolysis.
Cleavage.
What reaction is catalyzed by Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase?
Oxidation.
What is the reaction type performed by Phosphoglycerate kinase?
Phosphorylation to generate ATP.
Describe the action of Phosphoglycerate mutase.
Isomerization.
What does Enolase catalyze?
Dehydration.
Identify the 20 common amino acids.
What types of interactions stabilize protein structures?
What motifs are common in secondary protein structure?
What is a monoclonal antibody?
An antibody made from identical immune cells that are clones of a unique parent cell.
Identify the difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single clone; polyclonal antibodies are from multiple clones.
What is the purpose of antibodies in detecting antigens?
They bind specifically to antigens for detection in assays like western blots and ELISAs.
What is the key structural difference between hemoglobin and myoglobin?
Hemoglobin binds oxygen cooperatively, while myoglobin does not.
What role does the distal histidine play in hemoglobin?
It allows binding of O2 to heme iron and reduces hemoglobin's affinity for CO.
What results from oxygen binding to the heme group?
It reduces the size of the heme iron, causing conformational changes.
What is the significance of mutations in hemoglobin?
They can lead to diseases like sickle-cell disease.
What is the relationship between Gibbs free energy and reaction spontaneity?
Large negative Gibbs free energy indicates a spontaneous reaction.
What does Vmax represent in enzyme kinetics?
The maximum rate when all enzyme active sites are occupied.
Why is the Km value important?
It reflects the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of Vmax.
What type of residues does chymotrypsin prefer?
Big hydrophobic residues due to the S1 binding pocket.
What characterizes the burst phase in chymotrypsin action?
It is observed at the start of the reaction, indicating rapid substrate conversion.
What is the anomeric carbon in carbohydrates?
The anomeric carbon is the carbon atom that is bonded to two oxygens in a cyclic sugar ring and determines the alpha or beta form.
Differentiate between reducing and non-reducing sugars.
Reducing sugars can donate electrons, whereas non-reducing sugars cannot.
What is the structure of triacylglycerol?
Triacylglycerol consists of three fatty acids esterified to a glycerol backbone.
What role does LDL play?
LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) transports cholesterol to tissues and can contribute to plaque buildup in arteries.
How do lipid bilayers form?
Lipid bilayers form spontaneously due to hydrophobic interactions between fatty acid tails and hydrophilic interactions with water.
What are the components of signal transduction?
Key components include secondary messengers like Ca++, cAMP, diacyl glycerol, and phosphatidic acid.
What is the universal energy currency?
ATP is the universal energy currency due to its thermodynamic instability and high phosphoryl transfer potential.
What role do bile acids play?
Aid in digestion and absorption of fats
Transport oxygen in blood
Regulate body temperature
Stimulate muscle contraction
Describe the Na/K ATPase pump function.
The Na/K ATPase pump transports Na+ out and K+ into the cell, crucial for maintaining membrane potential and glucose transport.
In glycolysis, the overall logic is generating compounds with a higher phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP.
Glycolysis consists of two phases: preparatory, making two phosphorylated 3-carbon molecules, and payoff — generates high phosphoryl potential molecules for the synthesis of ATP.
This document summarizes key topics for BCH 400, focusing on molecular interactions, amino acids, protein structure, and metabolism.
Are you sure you want to delete 0 flashcard(s)? This cannot be undone.
Select tags to remove from 0 selected flashcard(s):
Loading tags...