The introduction to neuroradiology is presented by _______.
The introduction to neuroradiology is presented by Steven Romero, MD.
The presenter is a _______ in _______ at _______.
The presenter is a PGY-2/R1 in Diagnostic Radiology at UMKC.
The presenter has _______ in relation to this presentation.
The presenter has no potential conflict of interest in relation to this presentation.
The objectives include a brief review of imaging techniques employed for _______.
The objectives include a brief review of imaging techniques employed for neuroimaging.
One objective is to identify vessels from the _______ on _______.
One objective is to identify vessels from the Circle of Willis on MRA.
The differences between _______ and _______ should be understood.
The differences between noncommunicating and communicating hydrocephalus should be understood.
Neuroimaging provides images of the _______ via noninvasive techniques.
Neuroimaging provides images of the head/neck/spine via noninvasive techniques.
There are two types of imaging: _______ and _______ (EEG, PET, fMRI, etc.).
There are two types of imaging: Structural imaging and Functional imaging (EEG, PET, fMRI, etc.).
Common imaging techniques include _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
Common imaging techniques include CT, CT Angiogram, Cerebral Angiography, MRI, MRA, and MRV.
_______ are a range of CT numbers from _______ used to assign value to different attenuation, with water as _______.
Hounsfield Units are a range of CT numbers from -1000 to 3000 used to assign value to different attenuation, with water as 0.
Cerebral angiography uses the same principles and techniques as _______.
Cerebral angiography uses the same principles and techniques as traditional interventional radiology.
In _______, T1 shows CSF as _______ and fat as _______, good for _______.
In MRI, T1 shows CSF as dark and fat as bright, good for anatomy.
In _______, T2 shows CSF as _______ and fat as _______, good for _______.
In MRI, T2 shows CSF as bright and fat as bright, good for pathology.
_______ detects random movements of _______, good for _______.
DWI detects random movements of water protons, good for stroke.
_______ is needed to confirm _______.
ADC is needed to confirm stroke.
A 52 year old male presented to ED with _______ and _______ that first started _______.
A 52 year old male presented to ED with right-sided weakness and numbness that first started 2 days ago.
The most appropriate initial test for stroke suspicion is _______.
The most appropriate initial test for stroke suspicion is CT head without contrast.
CT findings for _______ include loss of _______, _______, and _______.
CT findings for ischemic stroke include loss of grey/white differentiation, dense vessel sign, and insular ribbon sign.
_______ (vasogenic edema) in the area corresponds to the _______.
Hypodensity (vasogenic edema) in the area corresponds to the neuro deficit.
Old _______ can make diagnosis difficult, usually presenting as areas of _______.
Old infarcts can make diagnosis difficult, usually presenting as areas of encephalomalacia.
Usually, _______ and _______ are also obtained.
Usually, CTA head/neck and CT perfusion are also obtained.
A 78 year old male with a history of _______ presented to the ED after being found on the floor with unknown _______.
A 78 year old male with a history of dementia presented to the ED after being found on the floor with unknown LOC.
The most appropriate initial test for the 78 year old male is _______.
The most appropriate initial test for the 78 year old male is CT head without contrast.
_______ can show changes in CT scans.
Subdurals over time can show changes in CT scans.
Acute/subacute changes can occur on _______ subdurals.
Acute/subacute changes can occur on chronic subdurals.
An _______ is an accumulation of blood in the _______, commonly from rupture of the _______.
An epidural hematoma is an accumulation of blood in the epidural space, commonly from rupture of the middle meningeal artery.
Acute epidural hematoma is associated with _______, _______, and rapid _______ leading to a decline in the patient's condition.
Acute epidural hematoma is associated with trauma, lucid interval, and rapid expansion of blood leading to a decline in the patient's condition.
CT findings of epidural hematoma show _______ that do not cross _______.
CT findings of epidural hematoma show biconvex hyperdense blood products that do not cross suture lines.
The treatment for epidural hematoma can be _______ or _______ with repeat CT scans.
The treatment for epidural hematoma can be surgical evacuation or conservative management with repeat CT scans.
An _______ is an abnormal dilation of an _______ due to weakening of the _______.
An aneurysm is an abnormal dilation of an artery due to weakening of the vessel wall.
A case of a _______ with altered mental status may indicate a need for a _______ to evaluate his condition.
A case of a 84 year old male with altered mental status may indicate a need for a head CT to evaluate his condition.
The diagnosis options for the 84-year-old male's condition include: _______, _______, _______, _______, _______.
The diagnosis options for the 84-year-old male's condition include: A. Normal head CT, B. Normal pressure hydrocephalus, C. Obstructive hydrocephalus, D. Ex-vacuo dilatation, E. Colloid cyst.
_______ is characterized by dilation of the _______ due to increased volume of _______.
Hydrocephalus is characterized by dilation of the ventricles due to increased volume of CSF.
In _______, the treatment is _______.
In communicating hydrocephalus, the treatment is ventricular shunt placement.
In _______, the treatment involves _______.
In noncommunicating hydrocephalus, the treatment involves surgical removal of tumor.
_______ is the appearance of increased CSF due to decreased _______ (atrophy), with normal _______ and no treatment necessary.
Ex vacuo dilation is the appearance of increased CSF due to decreased brain parenchyma (atrophy), with normal ICP and no treatment necessary.
A 26-year-old woman with sore throat, pain while swallowing, shortness of breath, and fever may require a _______ evaluation.
A 26-year-old woman with sore throat, pain while swallowing, shortness of breath, and fever may require a CT Soft Tissue Neck evaluation.
A _______ with lung cancer and altered mental status may require an _______ for further evaluation.
A 78 year old male with lung cancer and altered mental status may require an MRI HEAD WITH CONTRAST for further evaluation.
_______ and _______ are types of _______ that can affect the central nervous system.
Meningitis and HSV Encephalitis are types of infections that can affect the central nervous system.
A 37 year old female with unilateral gradual onset monocular visual loss and a swollen optic disc may be diagnosed with _______.
A 37 year old female with unilateral gradual onset monocular visual loss and a swollen optic disc may be diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.
_______ is the most common disabling CNS disease in young adults, more commonly affecting _______ in their _______.
Multiple sclerosis is the most common disabling CNS disease in young adults, more commonly affecting women in their 20s/30s.
_______ involves autoimmune inflammation and _______ of the nervous system.
Multiple sclerosis involves autoimmune inflammation and demyelination of the nervous system.
The most common disabling CNS disease in young adults is _______.
The most common disabling CNS disease in young adults is Multiple Sclerosis.
Multiple Sclerosis more commonly affects _______ in their _______.
Multiple Sclerosis more commonly affects women in their 20s/30s.
Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by _______ and _______.
Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by autoimmune inflammation and demyelination.
Patients with Multiple Sclerosis can present with _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
Patients with Multiple Sclerosis can present with optic neuritis, INO, hemiparesis, sensory deficits, and bladder/bowel dysfunction.
A clinical feature of Multiple Sclerosis is the _______.
A clinical feature of Multiple Sclerosis is the Charcot triad.
The clinical course of Multiple Sclerosis is typically _______.
The clinical course of Multiple Sclerosis is typically relapsing and remitting.
For stroke and head trauma, a _______ is always required to assess for _______.
For stroke and head trauma, a non-contrast CT is always required to assess for hemorrhage.
A non-contrast head CT is good for assessing _______, _______, _______, and _______.
A non-contrast head CT is good for assessing stroke, hemorrhage, trauma, and hydrocephalus.
_______ and _______ are needed to assess vessels for _______ and _______.
CTA and MRA are needed to assess vessels for dissection and aneurysms.
An _______ is valuable for assessing _______, _______, and _______.
An MRI head is valuable for assessing infections, tumors, and demyelinating diseases.
In MRI, protons are like little _______ that respond to a _______.
In MRI, protons are like little magnets that respond to a Radio Frequency pulse.
Once protons are knocked out of alignment, they begin to _______ and gradually realign with the _______.
Once protons are knocked out of alignment, they begin to precess and gradually realign with the magnetic field.
Protons echo back the radio frequency that originally tipped them over, forming the basis of the _______.
Protons echo back the radio frequency that originally tipped them over, forming the basis of the MRI image.
In the context of CT imaging, _______ is typically measured at _______ Hounsfield units.
In the context of CT imaging, acute blood is typically measured at 60 to 90 Hounsfield units.
_______ is measured at _______ Hounsfield units in CT imaging.
Simple fluid is measured at -10 to 20 Hounsfield units in CT imaging.
The _______ can be seen on CT imaging as _______ and _______ branches.
The anterior cerebral artery can be seen on CT imaging as right and left branches.
The _______ is also visible on CT imaging as branches on the _______ and _______.
The middle cerebral artery is also visible on CT imaging as branches on the left and right.
_______ in CT can be classified as _______, _______, or _______.
Subdural collections in CT can be classified as hypodense, isodense, or hyperdense.
Hounsfield Units are a range of CT numbers from -1000 to 3000 used to assign value to different attenuation, with water as 0.
Cerebral angiography uses the same principles and techniques as traditional interventional radiology.
A 52 year old male presented to ED with right-sided weakness and numbness that first started 2 days ago.
CT findings for ischemic stroke include loss of grey/white differentiation, dense vessel sign, and insular ribbon sign.
A 78 year old male with a history of dementia presented to the ED after being found on the floor with unknown LOC.
An epidural hematoma is an accumulation of blood in the epidural space, commonly from rupture of the middle meningeal artery.
Acute epidural hematoma is associated with trauma, lucid interval, and rapid expansion of blood leading to a decline in the patient's condition.
CT findings of epidural hematoma show biconvex hyperdense blood products that do not cross suture lines.
The treatment for epidural hematoma can be surgical evacuation or conservative management with repeat CT scans.
A case of a 84 year old male with altered mental status may indicate a need for a head CT to evaluate his condition.
The diagnosis options for the 84-year-old male's condition include: A. Normal head CT, B. Normal pressure hydrocephalus, C. Obstructive hydrocephalus, D. Ex-vacuo dilatation, E. Colloid cyst.
Ex vacuo dilation is the appearance of increased CSF due to decreased brain parenchyma (atrophy), with normal ICP and no treatment necessary.
A 26-year-old woman with sore throat, pain while swallowing, shortness of breath, and fever may require a CT Soft Tissue Neck evaluation.
A 78 year old male with lung cancer and altered mental status may require an MRI HEAD WITH CONTRAST for further evaluation.
A 37 year old female with unilateral gradual onset monocular visual loss and a swollen optic disc may be diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.
Multiple sclerosis is the most common disabling CNS disease in young adults, more commonly affecting women in their 20s/30s.
Patients with Multiple Sclerosis can present with optic neuritis, INO, hemiparesis, sensory deficits, and bladder/bowel dysfunction.
Once protons are knocked out of alignment, they begin to precess and gradually realign with the magnetic field.
Protons echo back the radio frequency that originally tipped them over, forming the basis of the MRI image.
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