What does BUN stand for?
Blood Urea Nitrogen
What conditions can cause an increase in BUN?
What is the role of the liver in relation to BUN?
The liver converts ammonia into urea.
What is a better indicator of renal function than urea?
Creatinine
How is creatinine formed?
It is formed secondary to protein breakdown in the body.
What causes elevated creatinine levels?
What do ALT and AST indicate?
They are associated with hepatocellular damage.
What do ALP and GGT indicate?
They are associated with biliary tract stasis.
What causes elevated total bilirubin levels?
What is cholesterol?
A type of lipid.
What conditions can cause hypoglycaemia?
What can cause hyperglycaemia?
What role does albumin play in the body?
Maintains colloidal oncotic pressure and intravascular fluid balance.
What can cause losses of albumin?
What is hypoalbuminaemia associated with?
What does Total Protein measure?
Total plasma protein level, including: - Albumin - Globulin
What is the role of sodium in the body?
What should be evaluated when examining sodium levels?
What is potassium primarily involved in?
Where is most of the body's potassium sourced from?
Diet
What does chloride help maintain?
Fluid balance alongside sodium
Where is most of the body's calcium found?
Bone
What is ionised calcium?
Free calcium available in the extracellular fluid
What factors influence calcium levels?
What does phosphate regulate?
Many body processes alongside calcium
What can cause increased phosphate levels?
What can cause decreased phosphate levels?
What is Packed Cell Volume (PCV)?
Percentage of blood consisting of red blood cells
What is a normal PCV range?
Approximately 35-45%
What should be assessed alongside Packed Cell Volume?
Refractometric total solids
What do RBC levels help determine?
Presence of anaemia or polycythaemia
What can a reticulocyte count indicate?
Whether anaemia is regenerative or non-regenerative
What does the WBC count provide information about?
Overall immune status and potential infections
What can the count of immature RBC determine?
Whether anaemia is regenerative or non-regenerative.
What do WBC count and differential counts indicate?
Presence of inflammation, infection, immune system compromise, and stress responses.
What do platelet levels indicate?
Information about the patient's haemostatic ability.
What is primary haemostasis?
Formation of a platelet plug to stop haemorrhage before a blood clot forms.
What can insufficient platelet levels lead to?
Spontaneous haemorrhage in severe cases.
What do APTT and PT assess?
Coagulation during secondary haemostasis.
What does APTT evaluate?
The intrinsic and common coagulation pathways.
What does PT evaluate?
The extrinsic and common coagulation pathways.
What do nursing care plans represent?
A diagrammatic representation of nursing care.
What is the purpose of nursing care plans?
To consider each patient as an individual, not just a disease process.
What is the 'nursing process'?
A framework for creating care plans in 5 steps: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementing, evaluating.
What does the nursing assessment include?
Collection of information from clients, physical examination, diagnostic results, and team members.
What is included in a nursing diagnosis?
List of actual and potential problems based on assessment, like eating, drinking, and mobility.
What happens after the diagnosis stage in nursing?
Nursing interventions are planned and organized based on identified problems.
What is recorded during the implementation stage in a nursing care plan?
Results of nursing interventions on the patient's hospitalisation and treatment sheets.
What occurs during assessment and evaluation in a nursing care plan?
Nursing team assesses care effectiveness and makes adjustments as needed.
What is the Ability Model in veterinary care?
The Ability Model is the only veterinary-specific nursing care plan currently available, used as a basis for practices to create their own care plans.
What does the RCVS Code of Conduct require for clinical records?
What should be included on a standard hospitalisation sheet?
What parameters should be assessed at least daily for hospitalized patients?
What is included in pain assessment on hospitalisation sheets?
How should hospitalisation sheets be adapted?
What should be recorded for arterial blood pressure measurement?
What routine parameters should be monitored?
What should be recorded for fluid therapy?
What is included in the Critical Hospitalisation Sheet?
What should the patient alerts section include?
What key blood results should be recorded on the ICU hospitalisation sheet?
How should recumbent patients' limbs be maintained?
What type of bedding is recommended for recumbent patients?
What should be checked daily for recumbent patients?
What is a potential complication of decubitus ulcers?
How should urination and defecation be managed?
What is indicated for managing urination and defecation in recumbent patients?
Prevent scalding
What may be appropriate to prevent bladder distension in patients?
Urinary catheter
What can be used to clean the catheter collection system?
Dilute chlorhexidine gluconate
What may occur due to reduced gastrointestinal motility in recumbent patients?
Constipation
What may be required to relieve constipation in patients?
Enema
How often should recumbent patients be turned to prevent pneumonia?
Every 2-4 hours
What should be monitored in recumbent patients to prevent respiratory issues?
Respiration rate and effort
What tool is used to monitor ventilation-perfusion mismatch?
Pulse oximetry
How should the eyes of recumbent patients be cared for?
Regularly cleaned with sterile saline
What should be applied to prevent corneal dryness?
Ocular lubricant
What should be used to clean the oral cavity in recumbent patients?
Dilute oral antiseptic solution (e.g., Hexarinse)
What is a potential risk when cleaning the oral cavity of patients who cannot protect their airway?
Aspiration
What can lead to rapid changes in a patient's condition?
Deterioration of underlying diseases
How often should arterial blood pressure be monitored?
Continuously or every 2-12 hours as required
What advanced monitoring technique records dysrhythmias?
Continuous or intermittent ECG recording
What should be palpated or noted every 2-6 hours?
Urine output
What should be assessed for mentation?
Modified Glasgow Coma Scale
What should be noted regarding gastrointestinal output?
Regurgitation, vomiting, or faeces produced
What is measured in end tidal capnography?
Continuous or intermittent measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2)
How should thoracic drains be managed?
What should be evaluated regularly in high-dependency patients?
What is 'The Rule of 20'?
A checklist of 20 critical parameters for intensive care management
What are the first 5 parameters in 'The Rule of 20'?
What is a common cause of blindness in cats?
Systemic hypertension leading to bilateral retinal detachment
How can nurses improve care for patients with special sense disorders?
Who developed 'The Rule of 20'?
Rebecca Kirby, an ECC and Internal Medicine specialist
What year was 'Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians' published?
2020
What conditions can cause an increase in BUN?
What causes elevated creatinine levels?
What causes elevated total bilirubin levels?
What conditions can cause hypoglycaemia?
What can cause hyperglycaemia?
What role does albumin play in the body?
Maintains colloidal oncotic pressure and intravascular fluid balance.
What is the role of sodium in the body?
What factors influence calcium levels?
What do WBC count and differential counts indicate?
Presence of inflammation, infection, immune system compromise, and stress responses.
What is primary haemostasis?
Formation of a platelet plug to stop haemorrhage before a blood clot forms.
What is the purpose of nursing care plans?
To consider each patient as an individual, not just a disease process.
What is the 'nursing process'?
A framework for creating care plans in 5 steps: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementing, evaluating.
What does the nursing assessment include?
Collection of information from clients, physical examination, diagnostic results, and team members.
What is included in a nursing diagnosis?
List of actual and potential problems based on assessment, like eating, drinking, and mobility.
What happens after the diagnosis stage in nursing?
Nursing interventions are planned and organized based on identified problems.
What is recorded during the implementation stage in a nursing care plan?
Results of nursing interventions on the patient's hospitalisation and treatment sheets.
What occurs during assessment and evaluation in a nursing care plan?
Nursing team assesses care effectiveness and makes adjustments as needed.
What is the Ability Model in veterinary care?
The Ability Model is the only veterinary-specific nursing care plan currently available, used as a basis for practices to create their own care plans.
What does the RCVS Code of Conduct require for clinical records?
What should be included on a standard hospitalisation sheet?
What parameters should be assessed at least daily for hospitalized patients?
What should be recorded for arterial blood pressure measurement?
What routine parameters should be monitored?
What should be recorded for fluid therapy?
What is included in the Critical Hospitalisation Sheet?
What should the patient alerts section include?
What key blood results should be recorded on the ICU hospitalisation sheet?
How should recumbent patients' limbs be maintained?
What type of bedding is recommended for recumbent patients?
What should be checked daily for recumbent patients?
How should urination and defecation be managed?
What should be monitored in recumbent patients to prevent respiratory issues?
Respiration rate and effort
What should be used to clean the oral cavity in recumbent patients?
Dilute oral antiseptic solution (e.g., Hexarinse)
What is a potential risk when cleaning the oral cavity of patients who cannot protect their airway?
Aspiration
What is measured in end tidal capnography?
Continuous or intermittent measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2)
How should thoracic drains be managed?
What should be evaluated regularly in high-dependency patients?
What are the first 5 parameters in 'The Rule of 20'?
What is a common cause of blindness in cats?
Systemic hypertension leading to bilateral retinal detachment
How can nurses improve care for patients with special sense disorders?
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