Flashcards in this deck (101)

• What is the definition of pain according to the International Pain Society, 2018?

  Pain is always associated with injury.

  Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever they say it does.

  Pain is a physical sensation only.

  Pain is a psychological condition.
  pain definition
• What are the main types of pain?

  Localized, Generalized, Chronic.

  Nociceptive, Somatic, Visceral, Neuropathic.

  Physical, Emotional, Psychological.

  Acute, Chronic, Transient.
  pain types
• What type of pain originates from nociceptive activity in the skin?

  Somatic pain.

  Neuropathic pain.

  Psychogenic pain.

  Visceral pain.
  pain somatic
• What is visceral pain characterized by?

  Burning, prickling, tingling.

  Localized, sharp, stabbing.

  Diffuse pain, gnawing, cramping, dull, aching.

  Sharp, aching, throbbing.
  pain visceral
• What is neuropathic pain?

  Pain arising from injury to the central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous system.

  Pain from muscle strain.

  Pain from emotional distress.

  Pain that is always sharp.
  pain neuropathic
• What is the purpose of substance P in pain perception?

  Increases sensitivity to pain and awareness of pain.

  Enhances muscle recovery.

  Reduces pain sensation.

  Blocks pain signals.
  pain substance_p
• What does the 'O' in the basic pain assessment stand for?

  Observation: How do they appear?

  Origin: Where did the pain originate?

  Output: How much pain do they express?

  Onset: When did it start?
  pain assessment
• What is Fibromyalgia characterized by?

  Pain only during sleep.

  Acute pain from injuries.

  Widespread, non-articular musculoskeletal pain and fatigue.

  Localized pain in joints.
  fibromyalgia condition
• What is a common risk factor for Fibromyalgia?

  Children under 12.

  Men aged 60-70.

  Athletes with injuries.

  Women aged 30-50.
  fibromyalgia risk_factors
• What does hyperalgesia refer to?

  Painful stimulus produces exaggerated response.

  Pain that is relieved with rest.

  Pain that is dull and constant.

  Pain that does not exist.
  fibromyalgia hyperalgesia
• What is allodynia?

  Pain that is localized only.

  Pain that is relieved by medication.

  Pain that is always severe.

  Pain due to a stimulus that normally does not provoke pain.
  fibromyalgia allodynia
• What is a common non-verbal sign of pain?

  Smiling and laughing.

  Calm and relaxed demeanor.

  Talking loudly and cheerfully.

  Facial expressions like grimacing or furrowed brow.
  pain non-verbal_signs
• What condition is characterized by pain from a stimulus that wouldn't normally produce pain?

  Neuropathy

  Allodynia

  Hyperalgesia

  Radiculopathy
  pain conditions
• What substance increases sensitivity to pain?

  Endorphins

  Dopamine

  Serotonin

  Substance P
  pain physiology
• Which part of the brain mediates components of pain?

  Hypothalamus

  Thalamus

  Amygdala

  Cerebellum
  anatomy pain
• What is a common sign of fibromyalgia?

  Numbness

  Severe itching

  Widespread pain

  Localized pain
  fibromyalgia symptoms
• What is a common cognitive symptom of fibromyalgia?

  Memory enhancement

  Difficulty concentrating (fibro fog)

  Increased focus

  Severe hallucinations
  fibromyalgia cognition
• What is the minimum duration for symptoms to be present for a fibromyalgia diagnosis?

  12 months

  3 months

  6 months

  1 month
  fibromyalgia diagnosis
• Which medication type is often preferred for treating fibromyalgia?

  Opioids

  SNRIs

  NSAIDs

  Benzodiazepines
  fibromyalgia medication
• What non-pharmacologic measure is recommended for fibromyalgia management?

  Gentle stretching

  High-intensity interval training

  Heavy weightlifting

  Long-distance running
  fibromyalgia management
• What dietary irritant should be avoided to manage fibromyalgia symptoms?

  Caffeine

  Protein

  Carbohydrates

  Fiber
  fibromyalgia diet
• What is radiculopathy?

  Joint inflammation

  Pain from muscle strain

  Skin irritation

  Symptoms produced by the pinching of a nerve root in the spinal column
  radiculopathy definition
• What is a common treatment option for nerve root compression?

  Chiropractic adjustments

  Homeopathy

  Physical therapy only

  Decompression surgery
  nerve_compression treatment
• What is Radiculopathy?

  A range of symptoms produced by the pinching of a nerve root in the spinal column

  A form of arthritis

  A type of muscle injury

  A condition affecting only the cervical spine
  medical neurology
• What is the most common area affected by Radiculopathy?

  Thoracic spine

  Lumbar spine

  Sacrum

  Cervical spine
  medical spine
• What are common symptoms of Radiculopathy?

  Headaches and migraines

  Fatigue and dizziness

  Pain, numbness, and weakness

  Nausea and vomiting
  medical symptoms
• What age group is most commonly affected by Radiculopathy?

  Over 70 years old

  50-70 years old

  30-50 years old

  Under 20 years old
  medical demographics
• Which imaging technique is the most useful for diagnosing Radiculopathy?

  Ultrasound

  X-ray

  MRI

  CT scan
  medical diagnosis
• What is a potential treatment for severe Radiculopathy?

  Heat therapy

  Physical therapy

  Over-the-counter painkillers

  Surgical decompression
  medical treatment
• What lifestyle change can help prevent Radiculopathy?

  Maintaining a healthy weight

  Avoiding physical activity

  Increased smoking

  Eating high-fat foods
  medical prevention
• What is Cauda Equina Syndrome?

  A medical emergency involving damage to the cauda equina

  A form of arthritis

  A common back injury

  A type of chronic pain
  medical emergency
• What should be monitored post-op for Radiculopathy?

  Vision changes

  Weight gain

  Bleeding/CSF leaks

  Muscle growth
  medical post-op
• What type of medication is typically used for pain management in Radiculopathy?

  Antibiotics

  Antihistamines

  NSAIDs

  Antidepressants
  medical pharmacology
• What is Cauda Equina Syndrome?

  A type of cancer

  A medical emergency with damage to the cauda equina

  A heart condition

  A psychological disorder
  medical syndrome
• What should be done if Cauda Equina Syndrome is suspected?

  MRI ASAP

  Start pain medication

  Wait for symptoms to worsen

  Perform surgery immediately
  medical diagnosis
• What is the recommended surgical action for Cauda Equina Syndrome?

  Surgical decompression within 48 hours

  No surgery needed

  Surgical removal of the spine

  Surgical repair of nerves
  medical treatment
• What does palliative care aim to provide?

  Psychological therapy

  Only end-of-life support

  Relief from pain and distressing symptoms

  Cure for diseases
  medical palliative
• Palliative care can be used alongside what?

  No other therapies

  Emergency treatments

  Curative treatments

  Only hospice care
  medical treatment
• What are the main goals of palliative care?

  Pain control and clear decision making

  Curing the illness

  Minimizing family involvement

  Speeding up death
  medical goals
• What may cause palliative pain?

  Improper diagnosis

  Only emotional distress

  Alterations in nerve conduction

  Lack of medication
  medical pain
• What is a barrier to palliative care?

  Positive provider bias

  Fear of opioid addiction

  High knowledge of treatment

  Availability of resources
  medical barriers
• What is an important aspect of palliative assessment?

  Full history and complete exam

  Ignoring patient history

  Only psychological evaluation

  Only physical exam
  medical assessment
• What influences palliative care preferences?

  Culture

  Gender

  Location

  Age
  medical culture
• What should not delay treatment in palliative care?

  Immediate medication

  Assessing pain

  Consulting family

  Waiting for investigations
  medical treatment
• What should not be delayed when managing pain?

  Investigations

  Medication

  Patient education

  Treatment
  pain_management treatment
• What is the preferred route for pain management if possible?

  Topical route

  Oral route

  Intravenous route

  Subcutaneous route
  pain_management routes
• What is the first step in the WHO Pain Ladder?

  Morphine

  Codeine

  Tylenol/NSAIDs

  Tramadol
  pain_management who_pain_ladder
• What is a common side effect of opioids?

  Dizziness

  Constipation

  Increased appetite

  Insomnia
  opioids side_effects
• What should be used in case of opioid overdose?

  Ibuprofen

  Naloxone

  Ativan

  Acetaminophen
  opioids overdose
• What is a nonpharmacological intervention for pain management?

  Hydrocodone

  Morphine

  Acupuncture

  Oxycodone
  pain_management nonpharmacological
• What is a common symptom of sensory neuropathy?

  Numbness

  Cramps

  Paralysis

  Muscle weakness
  neuropathy symptoms
• What condition can cause nerve damage due to alcohol?

  Vitamin C deficiency

  Calcium deficiency

  Thiamine deficiency

  Iron deficiency
  neuropathy causes
• What is important when treating older adults for pain?

  Start LOW go SLOW

  Use only opioids

  Increase dosage quickly

  Avoid all medications
  pain_management age_considerations
• Which type of neuropathy affects multiple nerves?

  Polyneuropathy

  Motor neuropathy

  Mononeuropathy

  Autonomic neuropathy
  neuropathy types
• What is a key challenge in managing pain for clients with substance abuse problems?

  Lack of pain

  Dual diagnosis of pain and substance abuse

  Excessive medication

  Easy treatment
  pain_management substance_abuse
• What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)?

  A type of cancer

  A chronic kidney disease

  An acute, rapidly progressing, and potentially fatal form of polyneuritis

  A viral infection
  disease neurology
• What triggers Guillain-Barre Syndrome most commonly?

  Environmental toxins

  Chronic alcoholism

  Genetic factors

  A recent viral or bacterial infection
  disease triggers
• What does demyelination in GBS affect?

  The communication between nerve cells

  Hormonal balance

  Blood flow

  Muscle strength only
  disease pathophysiology
• What is a common early symptom of GBS?

  Weakness and tingling in the extremities

  Severe headaches

  Joint pain

  Nausea and vomiting
  symptoms neurology
• What is a significant risk as GBS progresses?

  Vision problems

  Skin infections

  Respiratory distress and failure

  Joint stiffness
  risk neurology
• Which diagnostic test shows marked demyelination in GBS?

  CT scan

  Blood glucose test

  MRI scan

  EMG and nerve conduction studies
  diagnosis neurology
• What is the typical recovery time for GBS?

  1 to 3 years

  3 to 6 months on average

  6 to 12 months

  1 to 2 weeks
  recovery disease
• What is a common assessment in GBS management?

  Respiratory assessment including RR and depth

  Skin assessment

  Hearing assessment

  Vision assessment
  management assessment
• What is one of the treatments for GBS?

  IVIG

  Radiation

  Chemotherapy

  Antibiotics
  treatment disease
• What should be monitored to prevent complications in GBS?

  Respiratory system

  Blood sugar levels

  Heart rate only

  Fluid intake
  management monitoring
• What is the average duration for recovery from GBS?

  1 year

  1–2 months

  3–6 months

  6–12 months
  gbs recovery
• What are common complications of GBS?

  Heart attack

  Diabetes

  High blood pressure

  Respiratory failure
  gbs complications
• What is Trigeminal Neuralgia also known as?

  Tic douloureux

  Migraine

  Facial paralysis

  Cluster headache
  trigeminal_neuralgia terminology
• Which cranial nerve is affected in Trigeminal Neuralgia?

  CN #7

  CN #10

  CN #5

  CN #12
  trigeminal_neuralgia anatomy
• What is a common symptom of Trigeminal Neuralgia?

  Vision problems

  Headaches

  Numbness in limbs

  Severe facial pain
  trigeminal_neuralgia symptoms
• Which procedure involves injecting glycerol for pain relief in Trigeminal Neuralgia?

  Nerve block

  Microvascular decompression

  Radiofrequency rhizotomy

  Glycerol rhizotomy
  trigeminal_neuralgia management
• What is the first-line treatment for Trigeminal Neuralgia?

  Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

  Aspirin

  Ibuprofen

  Baclofen
  trigeminal_neuralgia treatment
• What can trigger symptoms of Trigeminal Neuralgia?

  Loud noises

  Heavy lifting

  Temperature changes

  Bright lights
  trigeminal_neuralgia triggers
• What is a characteristic feature of pain in Trigeminal Neuralgia?

  Pain lasting all day

  Brief attacks lasting 1 second to 3 minutes

  Pain only at night

  Constant pain
  trigeminal_neuralgia symptoms
• What is a conservative management strategy for Trigeminal Neuralgia?

  Biofeedback strategies

  Chemotherapy

  Radiation therapy

  Surgery
  trigeminal_neuralgia management
• What is the primary characteristic of Bell's Palsy?

  Unilateral facial paralysis

  Facial swelling

  Loss of hearing

  Bilateral facial paralysis
  bell's_palsy neurology
• What percentage of patients with Bell's Palsy make a complete recovery?

  90%

  75%

  50%

  85%
  bell's_palsy recovery
• Which virus is associated with the etiology of Bell's Palsy?

  Varicella zoster virus

  Cytomegalovirus

  Epstein-Barr virus

  Herpes simplex virus
  bell's_palsy virology
• What is a common symptom of Bell's Palsy?

  Nausea

  Double vision

  Severe headache

  Inability to close the eyelid
  bell's_palsy symptoms
• What type of treatment may be used for Bell's Palsy?

  Corticosteroids

  Antihistamines

  Antibiotics

  Antidepressants
  bell's_palsy treatment
• What is a recommended dietary change for patients with Bell's Palsy?

  High fiber diet

  Spicy food

  Liquid diet

  Soft diet, chew on unaffected side
  bell's_palsy diet
• Which clinical manifestation indicates worsening of Guillain-Barre syndrome?

  Productive cough

  Inability to swallow

  Muscular pain

  Inability to laugh
  guillain-barre_syndrome symptoms
• What is a common emotional state associated with chronic Bell's Palsy?

  Anxiety

  Indifference

  Risk for depression

  Euphoria
  bell's_palsy psychology
• What is a physical therapy approach for Bell's Palsy?

  Balance training

  Cardio exercises

  Strength training

  Facial massage
  bell's_palsy physical_therapy
• What is the time frame for symptoms of Bell's Palsy to peak?

  48 hours

  1 week

  24 hours

  72 hours
  bell's_palsy symptoms
• What is the highest score on the pain scale from 0-10?

  7

  9

  8

  10
  pain assessment
• What condition is characterized by fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive problems?

  Fibromyalgia

  Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

  Multiple Sclerosis

  Rheumatoid Arthritis
  health fibromyalgia
• What type of care focuses on living with a life-limiting illness?

  Palliative Care

  Preventive Care

  Rehabilitative Care

  Curative Care
  health palliative
• Which type of pain is rated as 1-3 on the pain scale?

  Mild Pain

  Extreme Pain

  Severe Pain

  Moderate Pain
  pain assessment
• What is a common treatment for severe pain (7-10/10)?

  Acetaminophen

  Morphine

  Aspirin

  Ibuprofen
  pain treatment
• What is a symptom management strategy in palliative care?

  Antibiotics

  Vaccination

  Chemotherapy

  Physical Therapy
  health palliative
• What type of disc condition involves the nucleus pulposus protruding through the annulus?

  Degenerated Disc

  Herniated Disc

  Bulging Disc

  Thinning Disc
  health spine
• Which part of the nervous system is responsible for pain perception?

  Thalamus

  Cortex

  Dorsal horn of the spinal cord

  Brainstem
  anatomy pain
• What is the first line treatment for pain management?

  Fentanyl

  Oxycodone

  Hydromorphone

  Codeine
  pain_management treatment
• Which medication is considered a second line treatment?

  Methadone

  Oxycodone

  Hydromorphone

  Fentanyl
  pain_management treatment
• What are some other palliative modalities to consider?

  Chemotherapy

  Radiotherapy

  Antibiotics

  Physical therapy
  palliative_care modalities
• What is a symptom of Guillain Barre Syndrome?

  Weakness

  Fever

  Headache

  Nausea
  guillain_barre_syndrome symptoms
• What is a common symptom of facial nerve palsy?

  Severe headache

  Numbness in limbs

  Difficulty walking

  Drooping eyelid
  facial_nerve_palsy symptoms
• What does an asymmetrical smile indicate?

  Facial nerve palsy

  Stroke

  Migraine

  Allergy
  facial_nerve_palsy symptoms
• What is a characteristic of facial nerve palsy?

  Inability to wrinkle brow

  Loss of taste

  Vision problems

  Hearing loss
  facial_nerve_palsy symptoms
• What can shortness of breath indicate in Guillain Barre Syndrome?

  Allergy

  Nerve damage

  Asthma

  Pneumonia
  guillain_barre_syndrome symptoms