Flashcards in this deck (135)

• What is the function of the eyelid (palpebrae)?

  Covers the eye.
  anatomy eye
• What are the medial and lateral commissures (canthus)?

  They are the junctions of the upper and lower eyelids.
  anatomy eye
• What does the lacrimal caruncle do?

  Produces oily secretion.
  anatomy eye
• What is the role of the conjunctiva?

  Secretes mucus on the inner surface of the eyelid.
  anatomy eye
• What is the lacrimal apparatus responsible for?

  Secretes tears and contains lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme.
  anatomy eye
• Where is the lacrimal gland located?

  Superior and lateral to each eye.
  anatomy eye
• How do tears enter the lacrimal canaliculus?

  Through the lacrimal punctum.
  anatomy eye
• What are the components of the lacrimal apparatus?

  • Lacrimal gland
  • Lacrimal canaliculus
  • Lacrimal sac
  • Nasolacrimal duct
  anatomy eye
• What are the functions of ciliary glands in the eye?

  Ciliary glands are modified sweat glands that lubricate the eye.
  anatomy eye glands
• What do tarsal glands secrete?

  Tarsal glands produce an oily secretion that lubricates the eye.
  anatomy eye glands
• List the six extrinsic eye muscles.

  • Lateral rectus
  • Medial rectus
  • Superior rectus
  • Inferior rectus
  • Inferior oblique
  • Superior oblique
  anatomy eye muscles
• The functions of ciliary glands in the eye include lubricating the eye and are classified as modified sweat glands.
  anatomy eye glands
• The tarsal glands secrete an oily solution to lubricate the eye and are classified as sebaceous glands.
  anatomy eye glands
• The six extrinsic eye muscles include: - Lateral rectus - Medial rectus - Superior rectus - Inferior rectus - Inferior oblique - Superior oblique.
  anatomy eye muscles
• What are the three layers of the eye?

  • Fibrous layer
  • Vascular layer (Uvea)
  • Inner layer (Retina)
  anatomy eye
• What is the fibrous layer of the eye?

  The outer connective tissue layer that includes the sclera and cornea.
  anatomy eye layers
• Identify the two main components of the fibrous layer.

  • Sclera: white of the eye
  • Cornea: transparent front part that allows light entry.
  anatomy eye fibrous_layer
• What is the function of the cornea?

  To provide a transparent surface for light entry into the eye.
  anatomy eye cornea
• Describe the vascular layer (Uvea) of the eye.

  The middle layer that includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.
  anatomy eye vascular_layer
• What structures are found in the vascular layer?

  • Iris: anterior part
  • Ciliary body: controls lens shape and secretes aqueous humor.
  • Choroid: nourishes the eye.
  anatomy eye vascular_layer
• What does the ciliary body do?

  Controls the shape of the lens and secretes aqueous humor.
  anatomy eye ciliary_body
• What is the role of the choroid in the eye?

  It acts as a blood-rich layer that nourishes the retina and contains pigments to prevent light scattering.
  anatomy eye choroid
• The fibrous layer consists of: - Sclera (the white of the eye) - Cornea (transparent structure for light entry).
  anatomy eye fibrous_layer
• The vascular layer (Uvea) includes: - Iris - Ciliary body - Choroid.
  anatomy eye vascular_layer
• The ciliary body consists of: - Ciliary muscle (controls lens shape) - Ciliary processes (secretes aqueous humor).
  anatomy eye ciliary_body
• What is the innermost layer of the eye called?

  Sensory layer
  anatomy eye
• What does the retina consist of?

  • Pigmented epithelial layer
  • Neural (nervous) layer
  anatomy eye retina
• What is the function of rods in the retina?

  Used for black and white vision in dim light
  anatomy eye vision
• What is the function of cones in the retina?

  Used for color vision in bright light
  anatomy eye vision
• Where are cones concentrated in the eye?

  At the macula lutea, specifically the center called fovea centralis
  anatomy eye macula
• What is the blind spot in the eye?

  Located at the optic disc where optic nerves exit the eye
  anatomy eye blind_spot
• What does the suspensory ligament (ciliary zonule) do?

  It holds the lens in place.
  anatomy eye
• How does ciliary muscle contraction affect vision?

  It changes the lens thickness to focus light onto the retina.
  anatomy physiology
• Where is the lens located in the eye?

  It is found anteriorly and focuses light onto the retina.
  anatomy eye
• What are the two segments of the eye?

  • Anterior segment (contains aqueous humor)
  • Posterior segment (contains vitreous humor)
  anatomy eye
• What is contained in the anterior segment of the eye?

  Watery aqueous humor, with two chambers: anterior and posterior.
  anatomy eye
• What fluid does the posterior segment of the eye contain?

  Gel-like vitreous humor.
  anatomy eye
• The suspensory ligament (ciliary zonule) holds the lens and enables the ciliary muscle to change lens thickness for focusing light onto the retina. The eye has: 1) Anterior segment containing aqueous humor 2) Posterior segment containing vitreous humor.
  anatomy eye
• The eye is divided into two segments: 1) Anterior segment has two chambers: anterior chamber (before iris) and posterior chamber (after iris). 2) Posterior segment contains gel-like vitreous humor.
  anatomy eye
• What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina?

  • Cones: color light, bright light, mainly in fovea centralis
  • Rods: black/white, dim light, mainly in periphery
  anatomy retina photoreceptors
• What is the function of bipolar cells in the retina?

  They connect and modulate input from photoreceptors to ganglion cells.
  anatomy retina bipolar_cells
• What do ganglion cells do in the retina?

  They project axons to the brain via the optic nerve and tract.
  anatomy retina ganglion_cells
• Where do ganglion cell axons leave the eye?

  Through the optic disc.
  anatomy retina optic_disc
• Photoreceptors in the retina include: - Cones: color light, bright light, mainly in fovea centralis - Rods: black/white, dim light, mainly in periphery.
  anatomy retina photoreceptors
• What triggers impulses in the visual pathway?

  A light stimulus causes impulses to travel.
  vision anatomy
• What is the first structure in the visual pathway?

  Optic nerves.
  vision anatomy
• Where do some optic nerves cross?

  Optic chiasma.
  vision anatomy
• What follows the optic chiasma in the visual pathway?

  Optic tracts.
  vision anatomy
• Which structures in the thalamus are involved in the visual pathway?

  Superior colliculus & lateral geniculate body.
  vision anatomy
• What is the final destination of visual information in the brain?

  Occipital lobe (visual cortex).
  vision anatomy
• The visual pathway includes the following structures: - optic nerves - optic chiasma - optic tracts - superior colliculus - lateral geniculate body - occipital lobe.
  vision pathway
• What is an emmetropic eye?

  An emmetropic eye is a normal eye that focuses properly.
  anatomy vision
• What happens to images focused onto the retina?

  All images are inverted by the lens when focused onto the retina.
  anatomy vision
• What is myopia?

  Myopia is near-sightedness where the image is focused in front of the retina.
  vision myopia
• Define hyperopia.

  Hyperopia is far-sightedness where the image is focused behind the retina.
  vision hyperopia
• What is presbyopia?

  Presbyopia is far-sightedness caused by age-related decrease in lens elasticity.
  vision presbyopia
• What causes astigmatism?

  Astigmatism is caused by irregular corneal curvatures that distort the image.
  vision astigmatism
• What is the outer ear also known as?

  The external ear.
  anatomy ear
• What is the auricle or pinna made of?

  It is composed of skin covered cartilage.
  anatomy ear
• What does the external acoustic meatus contain?

  It contains ceruminous glands that secrete wax.
  anatomy ear
• What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

  It vibrates with the same frequency as sound waves.
  anatomy ear
• The outer ear consists of the auricle/pinna, which is made of skin covered cartilage, and the external acoustic meatus, which is lined with ceruminous glands.
  anatomy ear
• The tympanic membrane is also known as the eardrum, which vibrates with the same frequency as sound waves that enter the canal.
  anatomy ear
• What are the three auditory ossicles in the middle ear?

  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
  anatomy middle_ear auditory
• What is the function of the ossicles?

  They amplify & transmit tympanic membrane vibrations to the oval window.
  anatomy middle_ear function
• What connects the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx?

  The pharyngotympanic/auditory tube.
  anatomy middle_ear connections
• What is the role of the auditory tube?

  Equalizes middle ear pressure with outside air.
  anatomy middle_ear function
• The middle ear consists of a tympanic cavity containing the auditory ossicles: - Malleus - Incus - Stapes.
  anatomy middle_ear
• The ossicles amplify and transmit tympanic membrane vibrations to the oval window.
  anatomy middle_ear
• The pharyngotympanic/auditory tube connects the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx.
  anatomy middle_ear
• The function of the auditory tube is to equalize middle ear pressure with outside air.
  anatomy middle_ear function
• What fluid fills the bony labyrinth in the inner ear?

  The perilymph fills the bony labyrinth.
  anatomy inner_ear fluid
• What are the three parts of the bony labyrinth?

  • Cochlea: involved in hearing
  • Vestibule: involved in equilibrium
  • Semicircular canals: involved in equilibrium
  anatomy inner_ear bony_labyrinth
• Which part of the inner ear is responsible for hearing?

  The cochlea is responsible for hearing.
  anatomy hearing cochlea
• What does the vestibule assist with?

  The vestibule assists with equilibrium.
  anatomy equilibrium vestibule
• What is the key function of the semicircular canals?

  The semicircular canals are involved with equilibrium.
  anatomy inner_ear semicircular_canals
• What fluid is found inside the membranous labyrinth?

  The endolymph is found inside the membranous labyrinth.
  anatomy inner_ear membranous_labyrinth
• The bony labyrinth consists of three parts: cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals.
  anatomy inner_ear bony_labyrinth
• The perilymph surrounds the membranous labyrinth in the inner ear.
  anatomy inner_ear fluid
• What fluid is the cochlear duct (scala media) filled with?

  Endolymph
  anatomy cochlea
• What are the two chambers separated by the cochlear duct?

  • Scala vestibuli
  • Scala tympani
  anatomy cochlea
• What terminates at the oval window in the cochlea?

  Scala vestbuli filled with perilymph
  anatomy cochlea
• What terminates at the round window in the cochlea?

  Scala tympani filled with perilymph
  anatomy cochlea
• Where is the spiral organ located?

  Within the cochlear duct
  anatomy cochlea
• What does the spiral organ contain?

  Sensory receptors (hair cells)
  anatomy cochlea
• To which nerve do hair cells project?

  Cochlear nerve, part of vestibulocochlear nerve (C.N. VIII)
  anatomy neuroscience
• What forms the floor of the cochlear duct where hair cells rest?

  The basilar membrane.
  anatomy hearing
• Which membrane contains a gelatinous structure that stereocilia project into?

  The tectorial membrane.
  anatomy hearing
• What is the roof of the cochlear duct called?

  The vestibular membrane.
  anatomy hearing
• The membranes of the spiral organ include: - basilar membrane - tectorial membrane - vestibular membrane
  anatomy hearing
• What does the stapes do in sound transduction?

  It sends vibrations through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani.
  anatomy auditory
• Which membrane moves due to vibrations from the stapes?

  The basilar membrane.
  anatomy auditory
• Where are high frequency sounds primarily detected?

  At the base of the cochlear duct.
  auditory frequency
• Where are low frequency sounds primarily detected?

  At the apex of the cochlear duct.
  auditory frequency
• The stapes sends vibrations through perilymph of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani.
  anatomy auditory
• Vibrations cause the basilar membrane to move and stimulate the hair cells.
  anatomy auditory
• High frequency sounds are detected at the base of the cochlear duct.
  auditory frequency
• Low frequency sounds are detected at the apex of the cochlear duct.
  auditory frequency
• What does the Weber test determine?

  Whether sound conduction is equally loud for both ears.
  hearing tests
• What may indicate sensorineural deafness in the Weber test?

  Sound is less loud in the affected ear.
  hearing sensorineural
• What does the Rinne test compare?

  Bone conduction versus air conduction.
  hearing tests
• What does it indicate if air conduction sounds lower in the Rinne test?

  Possible earwax blockage, perforated eardrum, middle ear inflammation, or ossicle damage.
  hearing conditions
• The Weber test checks if sound conduction is equally loud for both ears. A weaker sound can indicate sensorineural deafness.
  hearing tests
• The Rinne test compares conduction between bone and air. Lower air conduction may indicate earwax, perforated eardrum, or middle ear inflammation.
  hearing conditions
• What does the Weber test assess?

  It determines if sound is normal or lateralized, indicating conduction or sensorineural deafness.
  auditory testing
• Which test is used to identify lateralization of sound?

  The Weber test.
  auditory testing
• Images (b and c) in the auditory tests show the Rinne test comparing:

  • Bone conduction
  • Air conduction
  auditory testing
• The Weber test assesses if sound is normal or lateralized to one side, indicating conduction or sensorineural deafness.
  auditory testing
• The Rinne test compares bone conduction and air conduction.
  testing auditory
• The auditory tests include the Weber test (a) and the Rinne test which compares: - bone conduction - air conduction.
  auditory testing
• What fluid is the vestibular apparatus suspended in?

  Perilymph
  anatomy vestibular
• What does the utricle detect?

  Horizontal acceleration
  anatomy vestibular
• What does the saccule monitor?

  Vertical acceleration
  anatomy vestibular
• What do the semicircular canals monitor?

  Angular acceleration (dynamic equilibrium)
  anatomy vestibular
• How many ducts are in the semicircular canals?

  Three: anterior, posterior, and lateral
  anatomy vestibular
• The vestibule and semicircular canals are filled with endolymph.
  anatomy vestibular
• What do the utricle and saccule contain that helps detect head movement?

  They contain hair cells that project stereocilia and kinocilium into the otolithic membrane.
  vestibular anatomy
• What is the composition of the otolithic membrane?

  It is a gelatinous material containing calcium carbonate crystals called otoliths.
  vestibular anatomy
• How does head movement affect the otolithic membrane?

  It causes the otolithic membrane to move, stimulating or inhibiting hair cells.
  vestibular function
• What happens when hair cells in the utricle and saccule are stimulated?

  They alter electrical signals sent along the vestibular nerve to the brain.
  vestibular function
• The utricle and saccule contain hair cells that project stereocilia and kinocilium into the otolithic membrane.
  vestibular anatomy
• Movement of the head causes the otolithic membrane to move and stimulate or inhibit the hair cells to alter electrical signals sent along the vestibular nerve.
  vestibular function
• What is contained within the semicircular canals?

  They contain hair cells in the crista ampullaris.
  anatomy vestibular
• What is the function of the ampullary cupula?

  It acts as a gelatinous cap that moves in response to movement.
  anatomy vestibular
• How do hair cells in the crista ampullaris send signals?

  They send electrical impulses through the vestibular nerve.
  nervous_system vestibular
• What happens to the cupula when the body moves?

  It moves due to pressure from the endolymph.
  physiology vestibular
• The semicircular canals contain hair cells in the crista ampullaris.
  anatomy vestibular
• The ampullary cupula is a gelatinous cap that moves when the body moves.
  anatomy vestibular
• Hair cells send movement information to the brain as electrical impulses through the vestibular nerve.
  nervous_system vestibular
• When the body moves, the cupula moves as the endolymph pushes against it.
  physiology vestibular
• What should you complete for the lesson assignments?

  Complete Canvas Assignment 1 and Mastering A&P Assignment 1.
  assignments coursework
• Where can you find the assignments?

  In the Lesson 1 Module.
  assignments module
• What happens if assignments are submitted late?

  Late assignments will NOT be accepted.
  assignments policies
• Who should you ask if you are unsure about assignment due dates?

  Ask the TA.
  support ta
• For the lesson, you need to understand the following concepts: External and internal eye anatomy, visual pathways to the brain, auditory test methods, vestibular system functioning, and common vision problems.
  anatomy vision hearing