Searching...
Flashcards in this deck (22)
  • Which energy association is correct?

    Potential energy must be used immediately or it is lost.

    Energy in the chemical bonds of a molecule is kinetic energy.

    Kinetic energy is energy of motion.

    Light energy is a form of chemical energy.

    energy kinetic potential
  • Which of the following events does not take place in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

    Generation of NADPH from NADP+

    Generation/production of Glucose from CO2 and water

    Splitting of water releasing oxygen

    Generation of ATP from ADP and Pi

    photosynthesis light_reactions events
  • Which statement most accurately describes the first law of thermodynamics?

    Energy cannot be transformed.

    Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another.

    Energy can be created or destroyed but not changed from one form to another.

    Energy can be transformed and then destroyed.

    thermodynamics first_law energy
  • What happens to energy transformed from one form into another?

    It will never be 100% efficient.

    It can be created or destroyed.

    It will always be utilized without any loss.

    It can be transformed or transferred with 100% efficiency.

    energy efficiency transformation
  • What is the ultimate source of energy for the majority of organisms on Earth?

    Moving water

    The Moon

    The Sun

    The wind

    Natural deposits of fossil fuel

    energy source organisms
  • During an enzymatic reaction, what happens to the enzyme?

    It becomes the substrate.

    It is depleted.

    The enzyme and the substrate form a temporary complex (induced fit)

    It becomes the product.

    enzymes reactions substrate
  • Which of the following molecules is an enzyme?

    collagenase

    lactate

    hydrocarbonic

    maltose

    biochemistry enzymes
  • Enzymes have 'specificity.' What does this mean?

    have a preferred temperature

    are only in certain cells

    they have a particular substrate

    have a preferred pH

    biochemistry enzymes
  • Which is true about energy of activation?

    Measured as the energy released after a reaction occurs

    It's the difference between stored energy of reactant and product

    Adding the correct enzyme can lower the energy of activation

    All steps in a metabolic pathway have the same energy of activation

    biochemistry energy
  • ATP contains what?

    adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

    adenine base and three phosphate groups

    adenine base and one phosphate group

    amino acid arginine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

    biochemistry atp
  • In a coupled reaction, what occurs?

    all energy released in one reaction is used to stop another

    one product is split to form two products

    two reactants are combined to form a product

    some of the energy released in one reaction is used to drive another reaction forward

    biochemistry reactions
  • In the metabolic pathway A → B → C → D → E, what does E represent?

    the enzyme

    the endpoint of the pathway

    the catalyst

    the substrate

    biochemistry metabolism
  • What does the letter C represent in the metabolic pathway A → B → C → D → E?

    an end product

    an intermediate

    energy

    end substrate

    metabolism biochemistry
  • What is the function of an enzyme?

    change the direction of metabolic reactions.

    increase the speed of a metabolic reaction.

    raise the energy of activation for a reaction.

    provide the energy for metabolic reactions.

    enzymology biochemistry
  • Which reaction is NOT part of the aerobic cellular respiration pathway?

    Calvin Benson cycle

    electron transport chain

    glycolysis

    citric acid cycle/Kreb's cycle

    cellular_respiration metabolism
  • What cellular process is represented by the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 38 ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O?

    Electron Transport System

    Aerobic Cellular Respiration

    Calvin Benson Cycle

    Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

    cellular_respiration biochemistry
  • What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?

    It acts as a carbon source.

    It aids in photosynthesis.

    It provides the oxygen.

    It stores energy.

    cellular_respiration biochemistry
  • Which pathway of aerobic cellular respiration produces the majority of ATP?

    electron transport system (ETS)

    preparatory reaction (prep)

    citric acid cycle

    glycolysis

    cellular_respiration atp_production
  • What is the correct order of phases in cellular respiration?

    glycolysis, prep reaction, Kreb's cycle, electron transport chain

    prep reaction, glycolysis, electron transport chain, Kreb's cycle

    Kreb's cycle, prep reaction, glycolysis, electron transport chain

    electron transport chain, glycolysis, prep reaction, Kreb's cycle

    cellular_respiration phases
  • Which statement about glycolysis is true?

    Glycolysis is a cyclical reaction that takes place in the mitochondrion.

    Glycolysis results in the release of oxygen when taking place in the mitochondria.

    Glycolysis breaks glucose down to two pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm.

    Glycolysis occurs twice per glucose molecule in the cytoplasm.

    glycolysis metabolism
  • What is a likely side effect of a drug that significantly inhibits the synthesis of NADH and FADH2?

    hyperactivity

    headache

    insomnia

    tiredness/fatigue

    pharmacology side_effects
  • What happens to the end products of glycolysis when oxygen is not available?

    The products of glycolysis enter the preparatory reaction and then proceed on to the Kreb's cycle.

    The products of glycolysis skip the preparatory reaction and the Kreb's cycle and go directly to the electron transport chain.

    glycolysis oxygen_availability
Study Notes

Energy Fundamentals

Types of Energy

  • Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.
  • Potential Energy: Stored energy, can be lost if not used immediately.
  • Chemical Energy: Found in molecular bonds; not to be confused with light energy.

First Law of Thermodynamics

  • Definition: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
  • Efficiency Note: Transformations are never 100% efficient, resulting in energy loss (e.g., heat).

Photosynthesis Light Reactions

Key Events in Light Reactions

  • NADPH generation from NADP+.
  • Water splitting releases oxygen.
  • ATP production from ADP and Pi.

Note: Glucose production does not occur in these reactions.

Enzymology and ATP

Enzymes

  • Specific to certain substrates.
  • Form temporary complexes with substrates (induced fit).
  • Common enzyme example: collagenase.

Energy of Activation

  • Enzymes can lower the energy of activation needed for reactions.
  • Important for metabolic pathways.

ATP Structure

  • Composed of an adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.

Metabolic Pathways and Reactions

Coupled Reactions

  • Energy released from one reaction helps drive another.

Pathway Structure

  • In A → B → C → D → E:
  • E: End product.
  • C: Intermediate.

Cellular Respiration Overview

  • Major ATP production occurs in the electron transport system (ETS).
  • Equation: \(C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 ightarrow 38 ATP + 6CO_2 + 6H_2O\) represents Aerobic Cellular Respiration.

Glycolysis and Oxygen Availability

Glycolysis

  • Takes place in the cytoplasm, breaking glucose into two pyruvate molecules.
  • Significant reaction in cellular respiration.
  • If oxygen is unavailable, glycolysis products do not proceed to the Kreb's cycle.

Effects of Inhibiting NADH/FADH2 Synthesis

  • Major symptom: tiredness/fatigue due to lower ATP production.