Flashcards in this deck (112)

• 

  
• What are the five senses?

  • Touch
  • Taste
  • Sight
  • Sound
  • Smell
  biology senses
• 

  
• 

  
• What is the function of taste buds?

  To detect flavors in food and beverages.
  biology taste
• What sense is primarily responsible for balance?

  The vestibular sense.
  biology balance
• What part of the eye detects light?

  The retina.
  biology eyes
• What are the three types of photoreceptors in the eye?

  • Rods
  • Cones
  • Ganglion cells
  biology photoreceptors
• What is the role of olfactory receptors?

  To detect and identify odors.
  biology olfaction
• Which sense is affected by the cochlea?

  The sense of hearing.
  biology hearing
• What is the main role of the cornea?

  To focus light onto the retina.
  biology eyes
• What are the components of the afferent division of the nervous system?

  • Sensory neurons
  • Affector neurons
  nervous_system anatomy
• What are the components of the efferent division of the nervous system?

  • Motor neurons
  • Effector organs
  nervous_system anatomy
• What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

  • Voluntary control of skeletal muscles
  • Reflex actions
  nervous_system somatic
• Why do receptors respond to specific stimuli?

  Receptors are specialized for detecting certain types of energy (e.g., light, sound).
  physiology receptors
• How does the organization of a receptor affect its sensitivity?

  The structure and location determine the types of stimuli and the efficiency of response.
  physiology sensitivity
• What are the receptors for the general senses?

  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
  • Photoreceptors
  senses anatomy
• How do general sense receptors function?

  They convert different forms of energy into electrical signals for interpretation.
  senses function
• What are the general senses responsible for sensing?

  • Temperature
  • Pain
  • Touch
  • Pressure
  • Vibration
  • Proprioception (body position)
  biology senses
• What are the special senses?

  • Olfaction (smell)
  • Gustation (taste)
  • Vision (sight)
  • Equilibrium (balance)
  • Hearing
  biology special_senses
• Where are special sensory receptors located?

  • In sense organs
  • Such as the eye or ear
  • Protected by surrounding tissues
  biology senses receptors
• What sensations do special sensory receptors provide?

  Sensations of the special senses.
  biology senses receptors
• What are the focus areas in this section?

  • Sensory pathways
  • Motor pathways
  • Somatic nervous system (SNS)
  nervous_system anatomy
• What do sensory pathways consist of?

  • General senses
  nervous_system sensory
• What does the somatic nervous system (SNS) control?

  • Contractions of skeletal muscles
  nervous_system motor_control
• What are sensory pathways?

  Series of neurons that relay sensory information from receptors to CNS.
  anatomy nervous_system
• What are sensory receptors?

  Specialized cells or processes that monitor specific conditions.
  anatomy nervous_system
• Where can sensory receptors be found?

  • In the body
  • In the external environment
  anatomy environment
• What happens when a receptor is stimulated?

  It generates action potentials sent along sensory pathways.
  physiology nervous_system
• What does the efferent division of the nervous system include?

  • Somatic motor portion
  nervous_system efferent
• What do somatic motor commands control?

  • Peripheral effectors
  nervous_system motor
• How do commands travel from the brain in the efferent pathway?

  • Along somatic motor pathways
  nervous_system motor
• What happens during the depolarization of sensory receptors?

  A stimulus produces a graded change in the membrane potential of a receptor cell.
  neuroscience sensory
• What triggers action potential generation in sensory pathways?

  The membrane depolarization reaching the threshold.
  neuroscience action_potential
• What do sensory neurons carry to the CNS?

  Information about the type of stimulus (e.g., touch, pressure, temperature).
  neuroscience sensory
• Where does CNS processing occur in sensory pathways?

  At every relay synapse, distributing information to multiple nuclei and centers.
  neuroscience cns
• What does the immediate involuntary response involve?

  Processing centers in the spinal cord or brainstem direct a reflex response before sensations reach the cortex.
  neuroscience reflex
• What is the role of the voluntary response in motor pathways?

  It can moderate, enhance, or supplement involuntary reflexive responses.
  neuroscience motor
• What percentage of sensations are relayed to the primary somatosensory cortex?

  Only about 1 percent of arriving sensations.
  neuroscience perception
• What diagram illustrates sensory and motor pathways?

  See the diagram showing stimulus arrival, depolarization, action potential generation, propagation, and processing.
  diagram overview
• What do sensory receptors detect?

  Stimuli
  biology sensation
• What is receptor specificity?

  Each receptor has a characteristic sensitivity.
  biology sensation
• What is a receptive field?

  Area monitored by a single receptor cell.
  biology sensation
• How does receptive field size affect stimulus localization?

  Larger fields make it more difficult to localize a stimulus.
  biology sensation
• What is transduction in sensory receptors?

  Conversion of an arriving stimulus into an action potential.
  biology sensation
• What are receptive fields in the skin?

  • Receptive field 1
  • Receptive field 2
  biology sensation
• What is the function of free nerve endings?

  • Detects pain
  • Senses temperature
  biology sensation
• Where are receptive fields located?

  • In the epidermis
  • Associated with free nerve endings
  biology sensation
• What is adaptation in sensory receptors?

  Reduction of receptor sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus
  biology sensation
• What type of adaptation occurs in the PNS?

  Peripheral adaptation
  biology nervous_system
• What type of adaptation occurs in the CNS?

  Central adaptation
  biology nervous_system
• How does the nervous system respond to constant stimuli?

  It quickly adapts to painless, constant stimuli
  biology nervous_system
• What are tonic receptors?

  • Always active
  • Slow-adapting receptors
  • Show little peripheral adaptation
  anatomy sensation
• What do pain receptors do?

  Remind you of an injury long after damage has taken place
  anatomy sensation
• What are Tonic receptors?

  Receptors that are always active and generate action potentials reflecting the background level of stimulation.
  biology sensory
• How do Tonic receptors respond to stimulus change?

  They change the frequency of action potentials based on stimulus increases or decreases.
  biology sensory
• What does the frequency of action potentials indicate in Tonic receptors?

  It indicates the background level of stimulation.
  biology neuroscience
• What does increased stimulation do to Tonic receptors?

  It increases the rate of action potential generation.
  biology sensory
• What does decreased stimulation do to Tonic receptors?

  It decreases the rate of action potential generation.
  biology sensory
• What does the term 'Normal' refer to in the context of Tonic receptors?

  The baseline level of stimulation at which Tonic receptors operate.
  biology neuroscience
• What visual aid represents Tonic receptors?

  
  biology visual
• What are phasic receptors?

  • Normally inactive
  • Provide information about intensity and rate of change of a stimulus
  • Fast-adapting receptors
  biology sensory
• How do phasic receptors respond to stimuli?

  • Respond strongly at first
  • Activity decreases after initial response
  biology sensory
• What are phasic receptors known for?

  They are normally inactive and generate action potentials only for a short time during a change in conditions.
  biology senses
• What happens to phasic receptors when a stimulus is applied?

  Action potentials are generated in response to the change in conditions.
  biology senses
• What is the representation of action potentials in phasic receptors?

  The frequency of action potentials increases during stimulus change and returns to normal afterward.
  biology senses
• What does the graph depict about phasic receptors?

  It shows the frequency of action potentials in response to a stimulus over time.
  biology senses
• What are the characteristics of action potentials in phasic receptors?

  They are generated for a short time during a change in monitored conditions.
  biology senses
• What are nociceptors?

  • Pain receptors
  • Free nerve endings in:
  • Superficial skin
  • Joint capsules
  • Periostea of bones
  • Walls of blood vessels
  biology nervous_system
• Do nociceptors adapt?

  • No adaptation
  • Reminder of injury or inflammation
  biology nervous_system
• What are thermoreceptors?

  • Temperature receptors
  • Free nerve endings in:
  • Dermis
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Liver
  • Hypothalamus
  biology nervous_system
• How do cold receptors compare to warm receptors?

  • 3-4 times more numerous than warm receptors
  biology nervous_system
• How do thermoreceptors function when temperature changes?

  • Very active during temperature changes
  • Quickly adapt to stable temperature
  biology nervous_system
• What are chemoreceptors responsible for?

  Detecting small changes in concentrations of specific chemicals.
  biology sensors
• What types of chemicals do chemoreceptors detect?

  • pH (acidity)
  • CO2 (carbon dioxide)
  • O2 (oxygen)
  biology chemicals
• Where are chemoreceptors important?

  In respiratory centres of the brain.
  biology respiration
• How does information from chemoreceptors process?

  Unconsciously.
  biology neurology
• What are mechanoreceptors sensitive to?

  Physical stimuli that distort their plasma membranes
  biology sensory
• What do mechanoreceptors contain in their membranes?

  Mechanically gated ion channels
  biology sensory
• What triggers the ion channels in mechanoreceptors?

  • Stretching
  • Compression
  • Twisting
  • Other distortions
  biology sensory
• What do tactile receptors provide sensations of?

  • Touch (shape or texture)
  • Pressure (mechanical distortion)
  • Vibration (pulsing pressure)
  biology sensory mechanoreceptors
• What do baroreceptors detect?

  • Pressure changes in blood vessels
  • Pressure changes in digestive tracts
  • Pressure changes in respiratory tracts
  • Pressure changes in urinary tracts
  biology sensory mechanoreceptors
• What do proprioceptors monitor?

  Positions of joints and skeletal muscles
  biology sensory mechanoreceptors
• What are free nerve endings?

  • Branching tips of sensory neurons
  • Respond to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
  • Sensitive receptors situated between epidermal cells
  biology sensory
• What do free nerve endings respond to?

  • Touch
  • Pressure
  • Pain
  • Temperature
  biology sensory
• Where are free nerve endings located?

  • Between epidermal cells
  anatomy skin
• What type of receptors are free nerve endings?

  Tonic receptors with small receptive fields
  biology receptors
• Describe the structure of free nerve endings.

  Branching tips of sensory neurons.
  biology structure
• What are root hair plexus nerve endings responsible for?

  • Monitoring distortions
  • Detecting movements
  • Adapting rapidly
  sensory receptors
• How do root hair plexus receptors adapt?

  They adapt rapidly, best for detecting initial contact and subsequent movements.
  sensory adaptation
• What stimulates the root hair plexus?

  Hair movement stimulates free nerve endings.
  sensory hair
• What are tactile discs?

  Fine-touch and pressure receptors - Sensitive to shape and texture - Extremely sensitive tonic receptors - Very small receptive fields
  biology sensation receptors
• What do tactile discs detect?

  Shape and texture - Fine touch - Pressure
  biology sensation receptors
• What type of receptors are tactile discs?

  Tonic receptors - Extremely sensitive - Small receptive fields
  biology sensation receptors
• What are bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini corpuscles) sensitive to?

  Pressure and distortion of skin.
  anatomy sensation
• Where are bulbous corpuscles located?

  In the reticular (deep) dermis.
  anatomy skin
• What type of receptors are bulbous corpuscles?

  Tonic receptors that show little adaptation.
  physiology receptors
• What does the structure of a bulbous corpuscle include?

  • Collagen fibers
  • Capsule
  • Dendrites
  • Sensory nerve fiber
  anatomy structure
• What are lamellar corpuscles also known as?

  Pacinian corpuscles
  anatomy receptors
• What do lamellar corpuscles respond to?

  Deep pressure and high-frequency vibration
  physiology sensory
• How do lamellar corpuscles adapt to stimuli?

  Fast-adapting receptors
  physiology adaptation
• Describe the structure of a lamellar corpuscle.

  • Single dendrite
  • Concentric layers of collagen fibers
  • Separated by fluid
  anatomy structure
• Where are lamellar corpuscles located?

  In the dermis
  anatomy location
• What stimuli are lamellar corpuscles most sensitive to?

  Pulsing or high-frequency vibrating stimuli
  physiology sensitivity
• What does a cross-section of a lamellar corpuscle illustrate?

  Dermis, dendrite, and concentric layers of collagen fibers
  anatomy cross-section illustration
• What sensations do tactile corpuscles (Meissner corpuscles) perceive?

  • Fine touch
  • Pressure
  • Low-frequency vibration
  anatomy receptors
• How quickly do tactile corpuscles adapt to stimulation?

  Within 1 second after contact.
  physiology adaptation
• Where are tactile corpuscles most abundant?

  • Eyelids
  • Lips
  • Fingertips
  • Nipples
  • External genitalia
  anatomy sensitivity
• What are lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles sensitive to?

  • Deep pressure
  • High-frequency vibration
  anatomy receptors
• What is the structure of a lamellar corpuscle?

  • Dendrite
  • Concentric layers of collagen fibers
  • Separated by fluid
  anatomy structure
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