Flashcards in this deck (30)

• What is GERD?

  GERD is the involuntary movement of gastric contents from the stomach into the esophagus, exceeding normal limits and causing symptoms related to esophageal mucosal injury.
  medical gerd
• What are the symptoms of GERD?

  • Burning sensation in the throat
  • Chest pain
  • Dyspnea
  • Dysphagia
  • Vomiting
  medical symptoms
• What are the complications of GERD?

  • Esophagitis (peptic or mucosal)
  • Strictures
  • Barrett esophagus
  medical complications
• What causes GERD?

  Dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and esophageal peristalsis, leading to increased frequency of transient LES relaxation, decreased esophageal contractions, and mucosal damage.
  medical causes
• What is the role of LES in GERD?

  The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) dysfunction leads to increased reflux of acid from the stomach into the esophagus.
  medical les
• What happens in Hiatus Hernia related to GERD?

  In Hiatus Hernia, there is early retrograde reflux of acid during swallowing, contributing to GERD symptoms.
  medical hiatus_hernia
• What is the pathogenesis of GERD?

  1. Increased transient LES relaxation
  2. Decreased esophageal contractions
  3. Mucosal damage due to refluxed acid
  medical pathogenesis
• What is the anatomy of the gastrointestinal system?

  
  anatomy digestive_system
• What are the therapeutic goals in GERD?

  • Symptom relief
  • Healing of esophagitis
  • Prevention of complications
  health gerd
• What lifestyle modifications can help delay GERD recurrence?

  • Remain upright for 2 hours after meals
  • Elevate head during sleep
  • Decrease meal portion size
  • Reduce body weight
  • Avoid certain drugs and foods
  health lifestyle gerd
• What types of drugs are used in GERD treatment?

  • Acid-suppressive agents
  • Histamine H₂ Receptor Antagonists
  • Proton-Pump inhibitors
  health medication gerd
• Name examples of Histamine H₂ Receptor Antagonists used in GERD.

  • Ranitidine
  • Famotidine
  • Cimetidine
  health medication gerd
• What are the benefits of Proton-Pump inhibitors in GERD?

  • Higher healing rates
  • Requires lifestyle modification
  • Can be combined with Prokinetics
  health medication gerd
• What drugs should be avoided in GERD?

  • NSAIDs
  • Corticosteroids
  • Citric acid
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Fatty foods
  • Alcohol
  • Caffeine
  health lifestyle gerd
• What does the diagram illustrate in relation to GERD?

  It shows the esophagus, lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, and the process of reflux.
  health diagram gerd
• What do alginate-containing antacids do?

  They neutralize HCL and form an anti-reflux layer over gastric material, leading to symptom relief. Effective mainly in combination with other drugs.
  pharmacology gerd
• What is the role of sucralfate in GERD treatment?

  Produces symptom relief and esophageal healing only in mild or moderate cases or in combination therapy.
  pharmacology gerd
• What do prokinetic drugs like Metoclopramide do?

  They increase gastric motility and emptying, improve LES tone and esophageal motility, decreasing reflux and improving luminal clearance.
  pharmacology gerd
• What characterizes Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?

  A functional disorder with abdominal pain, distension, changes in bowel habits, anxiety, and depression without specific organic pathology.
  pathophysiology ibs
• What are the theories behind the pathophysiology of IBS?

  1. Altered GIT motility
  2. Visceral hyperplasia
  3. Psychopathology
  pathophysiology ibs
• What is the unifying pathophysiologic mechanism of IBS?

  Still unproven; theories suggest a complex hypothesis involving altered motility, hyperplasia, and psychopathology.
  pathophysiology ibs
• What is the function of the image related to IBS?

  It illustrates the human digestive system highlighting the colon, showing conditions like diverticulosis and normal wall structure.
  anatomy ibs
• What dietary modifications are advised for IBS treatment?

  • Higher fibre diet (vegetables, cereals, fruits)
  • Small frequent meals
  • Avoid flatulence-causing foods (beans, cabbage, etc.)
  health ibs diet
• What type of drugs are used to relieve abdominal pain in IBS?

  Antispasmodic drugs (e.g. Anticholinergics)
  health ibs medication
• What is the purpose of prokinetic drugs in IBS treatment?

  To avoid accumulation of food and gas formation (e.g. Metoclopamide)
  health ibs medication
• What treatments are recommended for managing constipation or diarrhea in IBS?

  Treatments vary depending on the predominant symptom (constipation or diarrhea).
  health ibs symptoms
• Which type of drugs can be used for depression in IBS patients?

  Antidepressants (e.g. Imipramine, Amitriptyline)
  health ibs medication
• What medication is suggested for anxiety in IBS treatment?

  Anxiolytics (e.g. Diazepam)
  health ibs medication
• What are antiflatulent drugs used for in IBS?

  To relieve gas distension (e.g. Simethicone, Activated Charcoal)
  health ibs medication
• What is a recommended visual aid for understanding IBS treatment?

  
  health ibs visual