The kidneys have three main functions: _______, _______, and _______.
The kidneys have three main functions: excretory, regulatory, and endocrine.
The _______ function of the kidneys involves the removal of _______ and _______ such as _______, _______, and _______.
The excretory function of the kidneys involves the removal of metabolic products and foreign substances such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
The _______ function of kidneys includes maintaining _______ and _______, _______, and _______.
The regulatory function of kidneys includes maintaining body fluid osmolality and volumes, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance.
The _______ function of the kidneys includes the production of hormones like _______, _______, and the active form of _______ (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol).
The endocrine function of the kidneys includes the production of hormones like renin, erythropoietin, and the active form of Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol).
The nephron consists of several parts, including the _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
The nephron consists of several parts, including the Renal Corpuscle, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, and Collecting Duct System.
The _______ (GFR) is an important measure, and its estimation can involve methods like _______.
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an important measure, and its estimation can involve methods like creatinine clearance.
The kidneys help regulate _______ and _______ as part of their _______ functions.
The kidneys help regulate electrolyte balance and acid-base balance as part of their regulatory functions.
The term _______ refers to the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidneys per unit time, often expressed with equations.
The term Renal Clearance refers to the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidneys per unit time, often expressed with equations.
The normal _______ is defined and quantified as part of kidney function studies.
The normal filtration fraction is defined and quantified as part of kidney function studies.
_______, _______, and _______ are important concepts in understanding fluid movement between _______ and _______ compartments.
Osmolarity, osmolality, and tonicity are important concepts in understanding fluid movement between intracellular and extracellular compartments.
Urine formation involves three major processes: _______, _______, and _______.
Urine formation involves three major processes: Glomerular filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion.
The first step in urine formation is _______ of plasma by the glomerulus, resulting in _______.
The first step in urine formation is ultrafiltration of plasma by the glomerulus, resulting in glomerular filtrate.
The _______ consists of the _______ and _______.
The Renal Corpuscle consists of the Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
The _______ is a network of capillaries supplied by the _______ and drained by the _______.
The glomerulus is a network of capillaries supplied by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole.
The _______ includes the _______, _______, and _______ (podocytes).
The filtration membrane includes the endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelium (podocytes).
The _______ restricts molecules based on both _______ and _______.
The glomerular filtration barrier restricts molecules based on both size and electrical charge.
Neutral molecules with a radius < _______ are filtered freely, while molecules > _______ are not filtered.
Neutral molecules with a radius < 20 Å are filtered freely, while molecules > 42 Å are not filtered.
Serum albumin, an anionic protein with a molecular radius of _______, is poorly filtered due to its _______.
Serum albumin, an anionic protein with a molecular radius of 35.5 Å, is poorly filtered due to its negative charges.
The composition of _______ is nearly protein-free and contains _______ like glucose and amino acids.
The composition of glomerular filtrate is nearly protein-free and contains salts & organic molecules like glucose and amino acids.
The _______ drive the process of ultrafiltration in the kidneys.
The Starling forces drive the process of ultrafiltration in the kidneys.
The glomerular filtrate is _______ and contains no _______ such as _______.
The glomerular filtrate is nearly protein-free and contains no cellular elements such as RBC, WBC, and platelets.
Starling forces drive _______ across the glomerular capillaries, and changes in these forces alter the _______.
Starling forces drive ultrafiltration across the glomerular capillaries, and changes in these forces alter the GFR.
The clinical importance of the _______ on the filtration barrier is to restrict the filtration of _______.
The clinical importance of the negative charges on the filtration barrier is to restrict the filtration of plasma proteins.
In glomerular diseases, the _______ on the filtration barrier are reduced, leading to _______.
In glomerular diseases, the negative charges on the filtration barrier are reduced, leading to proteinuria.
The GFR can be calculated using the formula: _______.
The GFR can be calculated using the formula: GFR = Kf [ (PGC - PBS) – (πGC) ].
The layers of the _______ include the _______, _______, and _______.
The layers of the glomerular filtration barrier include the endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes.
The composition of the glomerular filtrate is similar to plasma, containing _______ and _______ such as _______ and _______.
The composition of the glomerular filtrate is similar to plasma, containing salts and organic molecules such as glucose and amino acids.
The _______ include forces favoring filtration and those opposing filtration, affecting fluid movement across the _______.
The Starling forces include forces favoring filtration and those opposing filtration, affecting fluid movement across the glomerular capillary wall.
In the case of a 6 year-old boy with dark urine and swollen feet, the condition is likely related to _______.
In the case of a 6 year-old boy with dark urine and swollen feet, the condition is likely related to post-infectious glomerulonephritis.
The formula for Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is _______.
The formula for Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is GFR = Kf [ (PGC - PBS) – (πGC )].
_______ is a measure of the product of the intrinsic permeability of the glomerular capillary to water and the glomerular surface area available for filtration.
Kf is a measure of the product of the intrinsic permeability of the glomerular capillary to water and the glomerular surface area available for filtration.
The rate of glomerular filtration is higher in glomerular capillaries than in systemic capillaries mainly because _______ is approximately _______ greater in glomerular capillaries.
The rate of glomerular filtration is higher in glomerular capillaries than in systemic capillaries mainly because Kf is approximately 100 times greater in glomerular capillaries.
Diseases can lower _______ by reducing the number of functional glomerular capillaries or by increasing the thickness of the _______.
Diseases can lower Kf by reducing the number of functional glomerular capillaries or by increasing the thickness of the glomerular capillary membrane.
In normal individuals, the GFR is physiologically regulated by alterations in _______, where an increase in _______ leads to an increase in _______.
In normal individuals, the GFR is physiologically regulated by alterations in PGC, where an increase in PGC leads to an increase in GFR.
Constriction of the afferent arteriole leads to a decrease in _______, _______, and _______.
Constriction of the afferent arteriole leads to a decrease in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF), PGC, and GFR.
Constriction of the efferent arteriole causes a slight decrease in _______, but an increase in _______ and _______.
Constriction of the efferent arteriole causes a slight decrease in RPF, but an increase in PGC and GFR.
An increase in _______ concentration leads to an increase in _______ and a decrease in _______.
An increase in plasma protein concentration leads to an increase in πGC and a decrease in GFR.
The normal GFR in an adult male is between _______, while in an adult female it is _______.
The normal GFR in an adult male is between 90 - 140 mL/min, while in an adult female it is 80 - 125 mL/min.
GFR can be estimated using the _______, where the amount of creatinine excreted in urine per minute equals the amount filtered at the glomerulus.
GFR can be estimated using the creatinine clearance test, where the amount of creatinine excreted in urine per minute equals the amount filtered at the glomerulus.
The _______ is the amount of creatinine filtered at the _______ each minute, represented as:
GFR = ( \frac{U_{Cr} \times V}{P_{Cr}} ). Where: - _______ = plasma [creatinine] - _______ = urine [creatinine] - _______ = urine flow.
The excretion rate is the amount of creatinine filtered at the glomerulus each minute, represented as:
GFR = ( \frac{U_{Cr} \times V}{P_{Cr}} ). Where: - PCr = plasma [creatinine] - UCr = urine [creatinine] - V = urine flow.
The _______ of creatinine provides a means for determining the _______ in clinical practice, and is important when kidney disease is suspected because a decline in GFR may be the first clinical sign of kidney disease.
The clearance of creatinine provides a means for determining the GFR in clinical practice, and is important when kidney disease is suspected because a decline in GFR may be the first clinical sign of kidney disease.
To measure GFR, a substance must meet the following criteria: 1. Be freely filtered across the glomerulus into _______ 2. Not be _______ or secreted by the nephron 3. Not be metabolized or produced by the kidney 4. Not alter the GFR if infused. Example: _______ is a fructose polymer that measures GFR.
To measure GFR, a substance must meet the following criteria: 1. Be freely filtered across the glomerulus into Bowman's space 2. Not be reabsorbed or secreted by the nephron 3. Not be metabolized or produced by the kidney 4. Not alter the GFR if infused. Example: Inulin is a fructose polymer that measures GFR.
A _______ of functioning nephrons only reduces the GFR by about _______, because the remaining nephrons compensate. This is crucial for understanding kidney disease progression.
A 50% loss of functioning nephrons only reduces the GFR by about 25%, because the remaining nephrons compensate. This is crucial for understanding kidney disease progression.
Kidney function is assessed by measuring _______, which is inversely related to GFR. A fall from 120 to 100 mL/min in GFR is accompanied by a small increase in _______ from 1.0 to 1.2 mg/dL, indicating a significant decline in GFR.
Kidney function is assessed by measuring PCr, which is inversely related to GFR. A fall from 120 to 100 mL/min in GFR is accompanied by a small increase in PCr from 1.0 to 1.2 mg/dL, indicating a significant decline in GFR.
During _______, the GFR increases by _______, with a normal GFR of 125 mL/min rising to 188 mL/min and creatinine levels dropping from 1 mg/dL to 0.5 mg/dL.
During pregnancy, the GFR increases by 50%, with a normal GFR of 125 mL/min rising to 188 mL/min and creatinine levels dropping from 1 mg/dL to 0.5 mg/dL.
The _______ is the fraction of plasma filtered through the glomerular capillaries, calculated as:
Filtration Fraction = ( \frac{GFR}{RPF} ) Where ~20% of the plasma flowing through the kidneys is filtered.
The filtration fraction is the fraction of plasma filtered through the glomerular capillaries, calculated as:
Filtration Fraction = ( \frac{GFR}{RPF} ) Where ~20% of the plasma flowing through the kidneys is filtered.
Typical renal blood flow (RBF) is _______, with renal plasma flow (RPF) calculated as 0.55 x 1.1 L/min, resulting in _______. Of this, _______ filters into Bowman's space, which is 20% of the total.
Typical renal blood flow (RBF) is 1.1 L/min, with renal plasma flow (RPF) calculated as 0.55 x 1.1 L/min, resulting in 605 mL/min. Of this, 125 mL/min filters into Bowman's space, which is 20% of the total.
Today's topics include: - Overview of _______ - Glomerular Filtration (GFR) - Estimation of _______ via creatinine clearance - Clinical importance of GFR.
Today's topics include: - Overview of kidney functions - Glomerular Filtration (GFR) - Estimation of GFR via creatinine clearance - Clinical importance of GFR.
The volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance (x) by the kidneys per unit time is known as _______.
The volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance (x) by the kidneys per unit time is known as renal clearance.
The formula for renal clearance is _______.
The formula for renal clearance is C x = U x X V / P x.
In the formula for renal clearance, _______ represents the _______ of substance x (mg/ml).
In the formula for renal clearance, U x represents the urine concentration of substance x (mg/ml).
If _______ and _______, then the excretion rate of x is _______.
If U x = 100 mg/ml and V = 1 ml/min, then the excretion rate of x is 100 mg/min.
The clearance of inulin is used to estimate _______ because it is freely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
The clearance of inulin is used to estimate GFR because it is freely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
In a 24-hour period, if 1.44 L of urine is collected and the inulin concentration is _______ in urine and _______ in plasma, the inulin clearance is _______.
In a 24-hour period, if 1.44 L of urine is collected and the inulin concentration is 150 mg/ml in urine and 1 mg/ml in plasma, the inulin clearance is 150 ml/min.
For sodium clearance, if 450 ml of urine is collected in 1 hour with a Na+ concentration of _______ and plasma Na+ concentration of _______, the Na+ clearance is _______.
For sodium clearance, if 450 ml of urine is collected in 1 hour with a Na+ concentration of 15 mmol/L and plasma Na+ concentration of 145 mmol/L, the Na+ clearance is 0.78 ml/min.
A substance not normally filtered across the glomerular capillaries will have a clearance of approximately _______, such as _______.
A substance not normally filtered across the glomerular capillaries will have a clearance of approximately zero, such as large plasma proteins.
Substances that are filtered but partially reabsorbed, like _______, have a clearance higher than _______.
Substances that are filtered but partially reabsorbed, like Na+, have a clearance higher than zero.
Organic acids like _______ are both filtered and secreted, resulting in the highest _______.
Organic acids like para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) are both filtered and secreted, resulting in the highest clearance values.
_______ is both filtered & secreted, therefore has the highest _______.
Acid (PAH) is both filtered & secreted, therefore has the highest clearance values.
_______ is preferred over _______ for estimating GFR because it is secreted to a small extent and slightly overestimates GFR, while inulin is neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
Creatinine is preferred over inulin for estimating GFR because it is secreted to a small extent and slightly overestimates GFR, while inulin is neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
The use of _______ is limited in clinical situations due to requirements such as: - an _______ followed by constant infusion - _______ of the bladder - high _______ to permit analysis.
The use of inulin clearance is limited in clinical situations due to requirements such as: - an intravenous injection followed by constant infusion - complete emptying of the bladder - high urine flow to permit analysis.
Creatinine is an end product of _______ and its concentration remains fairly _______ over a 24-hour period, eliminating the need for an intravenous infusion.
Creatinine is an end product of protein metabolism and its concentration remains fairly constant over a 24-hour period, eliminating the need for an intravenous infusion.
Plasma _______ can be used to follow changes in GFR in a patient with _______.
Plasma creatinine can be used to follow changes in GFR in a patient with chronic renal disease.
The _______ for creatinine can extend for as long as _______, allowing for adequate urine collection.
The clearance period for creatinine can extend for as long as 24 hours, allowing for adequate urine collection.
_______ can inhibit tubular secretion of _______, thereby reducing creatinine clearance but not affecting actual GFR.
Cimetidine can inhibit tubular secretion of creatinine, thereby reducing creatinine clearance but not affecting actual GFR.
The _______ are involved in _______, while the _______ is involved in _______ and _______.
The glomerular capillaries are involved in glomerular filtration, while the peritubular capillary is involved in tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion.
The _______ consists of three layers: _______, _______, and _______.
The filtration membrane consists of three layers: capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and foot processes of podocyte.
The _______ contains a _______ made up of _______ that have _______ called _______.
The glomerular capsule contains a visceral layer made up of podocytes that have cytoplasmic extensions called foot processes.
_______ in the _______ allow for filtration, while _______ between _______ further regulate this process.
Fenestrations in the glomerular capillary endothelium allow for filtration, while filtration slits between podocyte foot processes further regulate this process.
The _______ of substances is influenced by their _______. For example, _______ has different filterability compared to _______.
The relative filterability of substances is influenced by their effective molecular radius. For example, polycationic dextran has different filterability compared to neutral dextran.
At the _______ of the capillary, the _______ is positive, leading to _______ due to higher _______ compared to _______.
At the arterial end of the capillary, the net filtration pressure is positive, leading to fluid exiting the capillary due to higher capillary hydrostatic pressure compared to blood colloidal osmotic pressure.
A constriction of the _______ leads to an increase in _______ and _______.
A constriction of the afferent arteriole leads to an increase in renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
A _______ and _______ can affect the filtration process in the kidneys.
A thickened glomerular basement membrane and reduced endothelial glycocalyx can affect the filtration process in the kidneys.
The _______ of the capillary has a _______ that can be zero or negative, depending on the balance between _______ and _______.
The venous end of the capillary has a net filtration pressure that can be zero or negative, depending on the balance between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure.
The _______ of the _______ leads to a decrease in _______ and an increase in _______.
The constriction of the efferent arteriole leads to a decrease in GFR and an increase in RPF.
The _______ in the kidneys is equal to the _______, expressed as _______.
The amount filtered in the kidneys is equal to the amount excreted, expressed as Po x RPF.
In the context of creatinine, there is _______ or _______, which means _______ is used to calculate _______.
In the context of creatinine, there is no tubular reabsorption or secretion, which means Po x RPF is used to calculate GFR.
The formula for _______ can be represented as _______.
The formula for GFR can be represented as Po x GFR = Ug x V.
Plasma _______ levels are measured in _______ and have a direct relationship with _______ measured in _______.
Plasma creatinine levels are measured in mg/dL and have a direct relationship with GFR measured in mL/min.
The _______ of substances such as _______, _______, and _______ is measured in _______.
The clearance of substances such as urea, penicillin, and glucose is measured in mL/min.
The excretory function of the kidneys involves the removal of metabolic products and foreign substances such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
The regulatory function of kidneys includes maintaining body fluid osmolality and volumes, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance.
The endocrine function of the kidneys includes the production of hormones like renin, erythropoietin, and the active form of Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol).
The nephron consists of several parts, including the Renal Corpuscle, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, and Collecting Duct System.
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an important measure, and its estimation can involve methods like creatinine clearance.
The kidneys help regulate electrolyte balance and acid-base balance as part of their regulatory functions.
The term Renal Clearance refers to the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidneys per unit time, often expressed with equations.
Osmolarity, osmolality, and tonicity are important concepts in understanding fluid movement between intracellular and extracellular compartments.
The first step in urine formation is ultrafiltration of plasma by the glomerulus, resulting in glomerular filtrate.
The glomerulus is a network of capillaries supplied by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole.
Neutral molecules with a radius < 20 Å are filtered freely, while molecules > 42 Å are not filtered.
Serum albumin, an anionic protein with a molecular radius of 35.5 Å, is poorly filtered due to its negative charges.
The composition of glomerular filtrate is nearly protein-free and contains salts & organic molecules like glucose and amino acids.
The glomerular filtrate is nearly protein-free and contains no cellular elements such as RBC, WBC, and platelets.
Starling forces drive ultrafiltration across the glomerular capillaries, and changes in these forces alter the GFR.
The clinical importance of the negative charges on the filtration barrier is to restrict the filtration of plasma proteins.
In glomerular diseases, the negative charges on the filtration barrier are reduced, leading to proteinuria.
The layers of the glomerular filtration barrier include the endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes.
The composition of the glomerular filtrate is similar to plasma, containing salts and organic molecules such as glucose and amino acids.
The Starling forces include forces favoring filtration and those opposing filtration, affecting fluid movement across the glomerular capillary wall.
In the case of a 6 year-old boy with dark urine and swollen feet, the condition is likely related to post-infectious glomerulonephritis.
Kf is a measure of the product of the intrinsic permeability of the glomerular capillary to water and the glomerular surface area available for filtration.
The rate of glomerular filtration is higher in glomerular capillaries than in systemic capillaries mainly because Kf is approximately 100 times greater in glomerular capillaries.
Diseases can lower Kf by reducing the number of functional glomerular capillaries or by increasing the thickness of the glomerular capillary membrane.
In normal individuals, the GFR is physiologically regulated by alterations in PGC, where an increase in PGC leads to an increase in GFR.
Constriction of the afferent arteriole leads to a decrease in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF), PGC, and GFR.
Constriction of the efferent arteriole causes a slight decrease in RPF, but an increase in PGC and GFR.
The normal GFR in an adult male is between 90 - 140 mL/min, while in an adult female it is 80 - 125 mL/min.
GFR can be estimated using the creatinine clearance test, where the amount of creatinine excreted in urine per minute equals the amount filtered at the glomerulus.
The excretion rate is the amount of creatinine filtered at the glomerulus each minute, represented as:
GFR = ( \frac{U_{Cr} \times V}{P_{Cr}} ). Where: - PCr = plasma [creatinine] - UCr = urine [creatinine] - V = urine flow.
The clearance of creatinine provides a means for determining the GFR in clinical practice, and is important when kidney disease is suspected because a decline in GFR may be the first clinical sign of kidney disease.
To measure GFR, a substance must meet the following criteria: 1. Be freely filtered across the glomerulus into Bowman's space 2. Not be reabsorbed or secreted by the nephron 3. Not be metabolized or produced by the kidney 4. Not alter the GFR if infused. Example: Inulin is a fructose polymer that measures GFR.
A 50% loss of functioning nephrons only reduces the GFR by about 25%, because the remaining nephrons compensate. This is crucial for understanding kidney disease progression.
Kidney function is assessed by measuring PCr, which is inversely related to GFR. A fall from 120 to 100 mL/min in GFR is accompanied by a small increase in PCr from 1.0 to 1.2 mg/dL, indicating a significant decline in GFR.
During pregnancy, the GFR increases by 50%, with a normal GFR of 125 mL/min rising to 188 mL/min and creatinine levels dropping from 1 mg/dL to 0.5 mg/dL.
The filtration fraction is the fraction of plasma filtered through the glomerular capillaries, calculated as:
Filtration Fraction = ( \frac{GFR}{RPF} ) Where ~20% of the plasma flowing through the kidneys is filtered.
Typical renal blood flow (RBF) is 1.1 L/min, with renal plasma flow (RPF) calculated as 0.55 x 1.1 L/min, resulting in 605 mL/min. Of this, 125 mL/min filters into Bowman's space, which is 20% of the total.
Today's topics include: - Overview of kidney functions - Glomerular Filtration (GFR) - Estimation of GFR via creatinine clearance - Clinical importance of GFR.
The volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance (x) by the kidneys per unit time is known as renal clearance.
The clearance of inulin is used to estimate GFR because it is freely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
In a 24-hour period, if 1.44 L of urine is collected and the inulin concentration is 150 mg/ml in urine and 1 mg/ml in plasma, the inulin clearance is 150 ml/min.
For sodium clearance, if 450 ml of urine is collected in 1 hour with a Na+ concentration of 15 mmol/L and plasma Na+ concentration of 145 mmol/L, the Na+ clearance is 0.78 ml/min.
A substance not normally filtered across the glomerular capillaries will have a clearance of approximately zero, such as large plasma proteins.
Organic acids like para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) are both filtered and secreted, resulting in the highest clearance values.
Creatinine is preferred over inulin for estimating GFR because it is secreted to a small extent and slightly overestimates GFR, while inulin is neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
The use of inulin clearance is limited in clinical situations due to requirements such as: - an intravenous injection followed by constant infusion - complete emptying of the bladder - high urine flow to permit analysis.
Creatinine is an end product of protein metabolism and its concentration remains fairly constant over a 24-hour period, eliminating the need for an intravenous infusion.
The clearance period for creatinine can extend for as long as 24 hours, allowing for adequate urine collection.
Cimetidine can inhibit tubular secretion of creatinine, thereby reducing creatinine clearance but not affecting actual GFR.
The glomerular capillaries are involved in glomerular filtration, while the peritubular capillary is involved in tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion.
The filtration membrane consists of three layers: capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and foot processes of podocyte.
The glomerular capsule contains a visceral layer made up of podocytes that have cytoplasmic extensions called foot processes.
Fenestrations in the glomerular capillary endothelium allow for filtration, while filtration slits between podocyte foot processes further regulate this process.
The relative filterability of substances is influenced by their effective molecular radius. For example, polycationic dextran has different filterability compared to neutral dextran.
At the arterial end of the capillary, the net filtration pressure is positive, leading to fluid exiting the capillary due to higher capillary hydrostatic pressure compared to blood colloidal osmotic pressure.
A constriction of the afferent arteriole leads to an increase in renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
A thickened glomerular basement membrane and reduced endothelial glycocalyx can affect the filtration process in the kidneys.
The venous end of the capillary has a net filtration pressure that can be zero or negative, depending on the balance between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure.
In the context of creatinine, there is no tubular reabsorption or secretion, which means Po x RPF is used to calculate GFR.
Plasma creatinine levels are measured in mg/dL and have a direct relationship with GFR measured in mL/min.
Are you sure you want to delete 0 flashcard(s)? This cannot be undone.
Select tags to remove from 0 selected flashcard(s):
Loading tags...