Flashcards in this deck (35)

• What percentage of arriving sensations is relayed to the primary sensory cortex?

  ~ 2 percent
  neuroscience sensory
• What does perception refer to?

  Conscious awareness of sensations
  psychology perception
• Are we consciously aware of the majority of sensory inputs?

  No; ~98% are not consciously aware
  neuroscience sensory
• What is needed to motive a voluntary response?

  Requires a threshold
  neuroscience motor
• What does the sensory pathway include?

  
  neuroscience pathways
• What are free nerve endings?

  • Tips of branching dendrites
  • Simplest receptors
  • Respond to multiple stimuli
  biology sensory
• What is an example of a free nerve ending function?

  • Pain receptors
  • Stimulated by chemicals
  • Stimulated by pressure
  • Stimulated by temperature
  • Stimulated by trauma
  biology sensory
• What is a characteristic of free nerve endings regarding specificity?

  They have low receptor specificity.
  biology sensory
• What do free nerve endings respond to?

  • Chemicals
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
  • Trauma
  biology sensory
• What is illustrated in the image related to free nerve endings?

  A microscopic view of skin tissue showing free nerve endings.
  biology sensory
• What are nociceptors?

  Pain receptors that are free nerve endings with broad sensitivity.
  biology nervous_system
• Do nociceptors adapt quickly?

  No, they do not adapt quickly.
  biology neurology
• What are the two axon types that carry pain information?

  • Myelinated type A fibers
  • Unmyelinated type C fibers
  biology nervous_system
• What type of pain do Type A fibers typically carry?

  Most somatic pain (external).
  biology pain_types
• What type of pain do Type C fibers typically carry?

  Most visceral pain (internal organs).
  biology pain_types
• What is the main feature of nociceptors regarding sensitivity?

  They have large receptive fields and broad sensitivity.
  biology nervous_system
• What diagram shows the type of fibers carrying pain signals?

  
  biology anatomy
• What fibers carry fast pain signals?

  • Type A fibers
  • Myelinated
  • Cause quick sensations
  • Localized pain
  biology pain nociceptors
• What sensations do Type A fibers typically convey?

  • Acute Somatic Pain
  • E.g., injection pain
  • Sensations reach somatosensory cortex quickly
  biology pain nociceptors
• What are Type C fibers responsible for?

  • Slow pain
  • Unmyelinated
  • Causes burning or aching sensations
  biology pain nociceptors
• What type of pain is generally associated with Type C fibers?

  • Chronic Pain
  • Less localized pain
  • Affects internal areas
  biology pain nociceptors
• What type of pain do Type A fibers primarily involve?

  • Acute Somatic Pain
  • Skin burns can result in chronic pain
  • More localized sensation
  biology pain nociceptors
• What is a characteristic of Type C fibers pain awareness?

  • Aware of pain in a general area
  • Less precise localization
  • Activates both reticular formation and thalamus
  biology pain nociceptors
• What prompt somatic reflexes in response to pain?

  • Type A fibers
  • Trigger somatic reflexes
  • Leads to withdrawal reflex
  biology pain nociceptors
• What pain sensations are conveyed by Type C fibers?

  • Burning
  • Aching
  • Generalised pain perception
  biology pain nociceptors
• What visual aid can help explain nociceptors?

  
  biology pain nociceptors visual
• What are thermoreceptors?

  Temperature receptors
  receptors thermoreceptors
• Where are thermoreceptors located?

  • Dermis
  • Skeletal muscles
  • Liver
  • Hypothalamus
  anatomy thermoreceptors
• Which type of thermoreceptors is more numerous?

  Cold receptors (3-4 times more than warm receptors)
  receptors thermoreceptors
• Are there structural differences between warm and cold thermoreceptors?

  No structural differences
  receptors thermoreceptors
• What visual aids illustrate thermoreceptors?

  
  diagram thermoreceptors
• What do chemoreceptors respond to?

  • Water-soluble substances
  • Lipid-soluble substances
  • Levels of CO2 in blood
  • Levels of H+ ion associated with pH change
  biology receptors
• What sensations are associated with chemoreceptors?

  • Taste
  • Smell
  biology senses
• What reflex can chemoreceptors trigger?

  Visceral reflex in the cardiovascular center of the brainstem
  biology reflexes
• What do chemoreceptors monitor in body fluids?

  • Interstitial fluid
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  biology body_fluids