Flashcards in this deck (197)

• What is the significance of printed matter in our lives?

  Printed matter is found everywhere, including books, newspapers, and advertisements, shaping our contemporary world.
  print culture importance
• What historical aspect does the chapter on print culture address?

  It explores the history of print from East Asia to its expansion in Europe and India, and its impact on society.
  history print expansion
• What form of printing was developed in East Asia?

  Hand printing was the earliest form of print technology developed in China, Japan, and Korea.
  print technology east_asia
• How were books printed in China from AD 594 onwards?

  Books were printed by rubbing paper against inked woodblocks, creating accordion-style books.
  china printing books
• Who was the major producer of printed material in China?

  The imperial state was the major producer of printed material, especially textbooks for civil service examinations.
  china imperial textbooks
• What change occurred in print usage by the seventeenth century in China?

  Print began to diversify beyond scholar-officials, with merchants and leisure reading becoming common.
  china diversification reading
• What types of literature became popular in the new reading culture of China?

  Fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, and romantic plays gained popularity among readers.
  literature china reading
• What role did women play in the new reading culture in China?

  Rich women began reading and publishing their poetry and plays, contributing to the literary scene.
  women literature china
• When were Western printing techniques introduced to China?

  Western printing techniques were imported in the late nineteenth century as Western powers established outposts.
  western printing china
• What was the oldest Japanese printed book?

  The oldest Japanese printed book is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, printed in AD 868.
  japan diamond_sutra history
• Who introduced hand-printing technology to Japan?

  Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around AD 768-770.
  japan printing buddhism
• What is calligraphy?

  The art of beautiful and stylised writing.
  art writing
• Who was Kitagawa Utamaro?

  An artist known for ukiyo prints, born in Edo in 1753.
  art history japan
• What is ukiyo?

  Pictures of the floating world, depicting ordinary human experiences.
  art culture japan
• What did the Tripitaka Koreana consist of?

  A Korean collection of Buddhist scriptures engraved on about 80,000 woodblocks.
  history religion korea
• When was the Tripitaka Koreana inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register?

  In 2007.
  unesco history korea
• What significant event occurred in 1295 related to printing?

  Marco Polo returned to Italy and brought knowledge of woodblock printing from China.
  exploration history printing
• What was the initial perception of printed books by wealthy circles?

  They scoffed at printed books as cheap vulgarities compared to luxury handwritten editions.
  history printing books
• What was the impact of increased demand for books in Europe?

  Booksellers began exporting books, and production of handwritten manuscripts was organized in new ways.
  economics history books
• Why did woodblock printing become more popular in Europe?

  Handwritten manuscripts were expensive and laborious to produce, limiting their circulation.
  printing history books
• What types of items were printed using woodblocks in Europe by the early fifteenth century?

  Textiles, playing cards, and religious pictures.
  printing history europe
• What technology became popular in Europe by the early fifteenth century?

  Woodblock printing
  history printing
• Where did Johann Gutenberg develop the first-known printing press?

  Strasbourg, Germany
  history gutenberg
• In what year did Gutenberg develop the printing press?

  1430s
  history printing
• What is vellum?

  A parchment made from the skin of animals
  terminology vellum
• What is the Jikji of Korea known for?

  It is among the world’s oldest existing books printed with movable metal type.
  history books
• What significant feature does the Jikji contain?

  Essential features of Zen Buddhism
  history zen
• How many monks are mentioned in the Jikji?

  About 150 monks from India, China, and Korea
  history monks
• When was the Jikji printed?

  Late 14th century
  history printing
• Where is the second volume of the Jikji available?

  National Library of France
  history books
• Why was the Jikji inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register?

  It marked an important technical change in print culture.
  history unesco
• What is a platen in letterpress printing?

  A board pressed onto the back of the paper to get the impression from the type.
  terminology platen
• What profession did Gutenberg learn before inventing the printing press?

  He was a master goldsmith.
  history gutenberg
• What model did Gutenberg use for his printing press?

  The olive press
  history gutenberg
• What was the first book printed by Gutenberg?

  The Bible
  history books
• How many copies of the Bible did Gutenberg print?

  About 180 copies
  history printing
• How long did it take Gutenberg to produce the first Bible?

  Three years
  history printing
• What was the print revolution?

  The shift from hand printing to mechanical printing.
  history printing
• How many copies of printed books were produced in Europe from 1450 to 1550?

  20 million copies
  history books
• What was the estimated number of printed books in the sixteenth century?

  About 200 million copies
  history books
• What did Gutenberg develop for the Roman alphabet?

  Metal types for each of the 26 characters
  history gutenberg
• What is the moveable type printing machine?

  A machine that allows moving metal types to compose different words.
  history printing
• What is the moveable type printing machine known for?

  It remained the basic print technology for 300 years.
  printing history
• How many sheets could the Gutenberg press print per hour?

  250 sheets on one side per hour.
  printing gutenberg
• How many copies of Gutenberg's Bible were printed?

  About 180 copies were printed.
  gutenberg bible
• How many copies of Gutenberg's Bible have survived?

  No more than 50 copies have survived.
  gutenberg bible
• What was unique about the pages of Gutenberg's Bible?

  Each page was different, with hand-painted and illuminated borders.
  gutenberg bible
• What was the role of a compositor?

  The person who composes the text for printing.
  printing compositor
• What is a galley in printing?

  A metal frame in which types are laid and text composed.
  printing galley
• What was the impact of the print revolution?

  It transformed people's relationship with information and knowledge.
  printing impact
• What did the print revolution create in terms of readership?

  A new reading public emerged, reducing book costs.
  reading public
• What was the previous culture of reading before the print revolution?

  Reading was restricted to elites and was primarily oral culture.
  culture reading
• What challenge did publishers face with the printed book?

  They had to persuade the common people to welcome the printed book.
  publishing challenge
• What was literacy like in most European countries until the twentieth century?

  Very low
  literacy history
• How did publishers persuade common people to welcome printed books?

  By publishing popular ballads and folk tales, often illustrated
  publishing books
• Where were ballads and folk tales recited or sung?

  At gatherings in villages and in taverns
  culture tradition
• What blurring occurred between oral and reading cultures?

  The line separating them became blurred
  oral_culture reading_culture
• What is a ballad?

  A historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited
  literature definitions
• What is a tavern?

  A place where people gathered to drink, eat, and exchange news
  social definitions
• What was the Protestant Reformation?

  A sixteenth-century movement to reform the Catholic Church
  religion history
• Who was one of the main reformers of the Protestant Reformation?

  Martin Luther
  religion figures
• What did print create the possibility of?

  Wide circulation of ideas and new debates
  print ideas
• What were some fears associated with the printed book?

  Rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread
  fear literature
• What significant action did Martin Luther take in 1517?

  He wrote the Ninety Five Theses criticizing the Catholic Church
  luther protestant_reformation
• Where was Luther's Ninety Five Theses posted?

  On a church door in Wittenberg
  history events
• What was the impact of Luther's writings?

  They led to a division within the Church and the Protestant Reformation
  impact religion
• How many copies of Luther's translation of the New Testament sold quickly?

  5,000 copies within a few weeks
  sales books
• What did Luther say about printing?

  ‘Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one’
  luther quotes
• What did scholars believe print helped spread?

  New ideas that led to the Reformation
  scholars history
• What does the image 'L’Imprimerie' depict?

  The printing press descending from heaven, blessed by goddesses
  art print
• Who are the two goddesses depicted blessing the printing press?

  Minerva and Mercury
  mythology art
• Who is encircled in the portrait in the middle ground of the image?

  Gutenberg
  history figures
• Who is depicted in the middle ground of the print?

  Gutenberg
  art history
• What did print and popular religious literature stimulate among working people?

  Distinctive interpretations of faith
  literature religion
• Who was Menocchio?

  A miller in Italy who reinterpreted the Bible
  history individuals
• What happened to Menocchio due to his beliefs?

  He was executed by the Roman Catholic Church
  history religion
• What did the Roman Church maintain from 1558?

  An Index of Prohibited Books
  history religion
• What was the Inquisition?

  A former Roman Catholic court for punishing heretics
  history religion
• What does 'heretical' mean?

  Beliefs that do not follow accepted Church teachings
  vocabulary religion
• What is satiety?

  The state of being fulfilled beyond satisfaction
  vocabulary
• What does seditious mean?

  Opposing the government through action, speech or writing
  vocabulary politics
• What was Erasmus's view on printing?

  He expressed anxiety about the multitude of new books
  literature history
• What did Erasmus believe about the effect of too many books?

  It creates a glut that harms scholarship
  literature education
• What is depicted in the sixteenth-century print regarding fear of printing?

  A dance of death in a printer's workshop
  art history
• What was the literacy trend in Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

  Literacy rates increased significantly
  history education
• What did churches do to promote literacy?

  Set up schools in villages
  education history
• What was the literacy rate in some parts of Europe by the end of the eighteenth century?

  As high as 60 to 80 percent
  education history
• What types of literature emerged during the reading mania?

  Almanacs, ballads, folktales, penny chapbooks
  literature history
• Who were chapmen?

  Petty pedlars who sold penny chapbooks
  history literature
• What were 'Bibliotheque Bleue' in France?

  Affordable books targeting ordinary readers
  literature history
• What were penny chapbooks in England?

  Pocket-sized books sold for a penny by pedlars known as chapmen.
  literature england
• What were 'Biliotheque Bleue' in France?

  Low-priced small books printed on poor quality paper with cheap blue covers.
  literature france
• What types of stories were printed in chapbooks?

  Romances printed on four to six pages and substantial histories about the past.
  literature stories
• When did the periodical press develop?

  In the early eighteenth century.
  history press
• What did newspapers and journals provide?

  Information about current affairs, wars, trade, and developments.
  news media
• Who were some influential thinkers published in this period?

  Isaac Newton, Thomas Paine, Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau.
  philosophy science
• What is an almanac?

  An annual publication with astronomical data and important information for everyday life.
  publications astronomy
• What is a chapbook?

  Pocket-sized books sold by travelling pedlars called chapmen.
  literature books
• What did James Lackington observe about book sales in 1791?

  The sale of books increased significantly among poorer farmers and country people.
  history publishing
• What conviction existed about books by the mid-eighteenth century?

  Books were seen as a means to spread progress and enlightenment.
  literature enlightenment
• Who declared 'The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress'?

  Louise-Sebastien Mercier, an eighteenth-century French novelist.
  literature quotes
• What impact did Mercier believe reading had on heroes in his novels?

  They were transformed and became enlightened through reading.
  literature transformation
• What role did print culture play in the French Revolution?

  It created conditions that popularized Enlightenment ideas against despotism.
  history french_revolution
• What did Enlightenment thinkers argue for?

  The rule of reason rather than custom, and rational judgment of all things.
  philosophy reason
• What did writers argue for instead of tradition?

  The rule of reason.
  philosophy reason
• What did writers demand regarding judgment?

  Everything should be judged through reason and rationality.
  philosophy judgment
• Which two writers had a significant influence during this period?

  Voltaire and Rousseau.
  literature influence
• What cultural change did print create?

  A new culture of dialogue and debate.
  culture print
• What did the public begin to do with values and norms?

  Re-evaluate and discuss them.
  society discussion
• What literary trend emerged by the 1780s?

  Literature that mocked royalty and criticized their morality.
  literature royalty
• How did Mercier describe his reading experience?

  Like a man dying of thirst gulping down fresh water.
  literature reading
• What did cartoons suggest about the monarchy?

  The monarchy was absorbed in sensual pleasures while common people suffered.
  politics monarchy
• How did print culture affect people's thinking?

  It opened up the possibility of thinking differently.
  print thinking
• What was a significant trend in the nineteenth century regarding literacy?

  Mass literacy increased among children, women, and workers.
  literacy education
• When did primary education become compulsory in Europe?

  From the late nineteenth century.
  education history
• When did primary education become compulsory?

  Late nineteenth century
  education history
• What became critical for the publishing industry as education became compulsory?

  Production of school textbooks
  publishing education
• When was a children’s press set up in France?

  1857
  publishing children
• Who compiled traditional folk tales in Germany?

  The Grimm Brothers
  literature folklore
• What year was the collection of Grimm Brothers' folk tales published?

  1812
  literature history
• What type of stories were excluded from published versions?

  Unsuitable or vulgar stories
  literature publishing
• What type of magazines were especially meant for women?

  Penny magazines
  publishing women
• Name a few well-known female novelists of the nineteenth century.

  Jane Austen, Bronte sisters, George Eliot
  literature women
• What role did lending libraries play in the nineteenth century?

  Educated white-collar workers and lower-middle-class people
  education libraries
• What did self-educated working class people write?

  Political tracts and autobiographies
  literature working_class
• Who was Thomas Wood?

  A Yorkshire mechanic who read old newspapers by firelight
  history autobiography
• What did Maxim Gorky's autobiographies provide glimpses of?

  Struggles to read against obstacles
  literature struggles
• When was Penny Magazine published?

  1832 to 1835
  publishing history
• What was the primary audience of Penny Magazine?

  The working class
  publishing audience
• What innovation in printing technology occurred by the late eighteenth century?

  Press made out of metal
  technology printing
• Who perfected the power-driven cylindrical press?

  Richard M. Hoe
  technology printing
• How many sheets could the power-driven cylindrical press print per hour?

  8,000 sheets
  technology printing
• What was developed in the late nineteenth century for printing?

  Offset press
  technology printing
• What was a significant feature of the offset press?

  Could print up to six colours at a time
  technology printing
• What accelerated printing operations in the twentieth century?

  Electrically operated presses
  technology printing
• What did nineteenth-century periodicals do with important novels?

  Serialized them
  literature publishing
• What was the Shilling Series?

  Cheap series of popular works sold in the 1920s
  publishing history
• What innovation appeared in the twentieth century regarding books?

  Dust cover or book jacket
  publishing innovation
• What is a dust cover or book jacket?

  A twentieth-century innovation used to protect books and attract buyers.
  publishing history
• What was the impact of the Great Depression on book publishing?

  Publishers introduced cheap paperback editions to sustain book purchases.
  history economics
• What type of advertisements were common in the 19th century?

  Printed advertisements and notices were plastered on public spaces.
  advertising history
• What tradition existed in India before the age of print?

  A rich tradition of handwritten manuscripts in various languages.
  india history
• What materials were used for manuscripts in India?

  Palm leaves or handmade paper.
  india manuscripts
• What was a characteristic of manuscripts produced in India?

  They were often beautifully illustrated and carefully preserved.
  india art
• How were manuscripts handled?

  They were expensive, fragile, and required careful handling.
  india manuscripts
• What was the first printing press in India?

  Brought to Goa by Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century.
  india printing
• What was printed by Jesuit priests in Goa?

  Several tracts in Konkani and Kanara languages.
  india printing
• When was the first Tamil book printed in India?

  In 1579 at Cochin by Catholic priests.
  india tamil printing
• Who started the Bengal Gazette?

  James Augustus Hickey in 1780.
  history india
• What type of content did the Bengal Gazette include?

  Advertisements and gossip about Company officials.
  india media
• What was the response of Governor-General Warren Hastings to the Bengal Gazette?

  He persecuted Hickey and promoted officially sanctioned newspapers.
  india history
• Who persecuted Hickey and encouraged sanctioned newspapers?

  Warren Hastings
  history colonialism
• What was the first Indian newspaper?

  Bengal Gazette
  history newspapers
• Who published the Bengal Gazette?

  Gangadhar Bhattacharya
  history journalism
• What did William Bolts promise in 1768?

  To encourage printing in Calcutta
  history printing
• What was the purpose of printed tracts and newspapers in the early nineteenth century?

  To spread new ideas and shape public debate
  history printing
• What social issues were debated in the early nineteenth century?

  Widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood, idolatry
  history social_issues
• Which newspaper did Rammohun Roy publish?

  Sambad Kaumudi
  history journalism
• What were the names of the two Persian newspapers published in 1822?

  Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar
  history newspapers
• What was the Bombay Samachar?

  A Gujarati newspaper published in 1822
  history newspapers
• What did the ulama fear about colonial rule?

  Collapse of Muslim dynasties and conversion encouragement
  history religion
• What did the Deoband Seminary publish?

  Thousands of fatwas for Muslim guidance
  history religion
• What was the first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas?

  Published in Calcutta in 1810
  history literature
• What did cheap lithographic editions flood in the mid-nineteenth century?

  North Indian markets
  history printing
• When did cheap lithographic editions flood north Indian markets?

  By the mid-nineteenth century
  history publishing
• Which presses published numerous religious texts in vernaculars from the 1880s?

  Naval Kishore Press and Shri Venkateshwar Press
  history publishing
• What form did religious texts take that allowed easy reading?

  Printed and portable form
  religion publishing
• What did printed religious texts encourage among different religions?

  Discussions, debates, and controversies
  religion debate
• How did print connect communities across India?

  By conveying news through newspapers
  communication community
• What did Krishnaji Trimbuck Ranade intend to publish?

  A Newspaper in the Marathi Language
  history newspapers
• What was the purpose of the newspaper published by Ranade?

  To afford useful information on local interest topics
  information newspapers
• What role did native newspapers play similar to in England?

  The role of the Opposition in the House of Commons
  politics newspapers
• What literary form developed in Europe catered to people's desire for reflection?

  The novel
  literature novel
• What new literary forms emerged alongside the novel?

  Lyrics, short stories, essays
  literature forms
• What visual culture began to take shape by the end of the nineteenth century?

  A culture of easily reproduced visual images
  visual_culture printing
• Who produced images for mass circulation during this period?

  Painters like Raja Ravi Varma
  art mass_media
• What types of prints became available for the poor to decorate their homes?

  Cheap prints and calendars
  art affordability
• What did caricatures and cartoons published in journals comment on?

  Social and political issues
  politics art
• What did some caricatures ridicule about educated Indians?

  Their fascination with Western tastes and clothes
  society culture
• What was a common theme in nationalist cartoons?

  Criticism of imperial rule
  politics nationalism
• What did Raja Ravi Varma produce?

  Mythological paintings printed at the Ravi Varma Press.
  art history
• How did women's reading change in middle-class homes?

  Increased enormously due to liberal husbands and fathers educating them.
  women education
• What did conservative Hindus believe about literate girls?

  They believed a literate girl would be widowed.
  society beliefs
• What did a girl from a conservative Muslim family in north India do?

  She secretly learnt to read and write in Urdu.
  women education
• Who was Rashsundari Debi?

  A young married girl who learnt to read in secrecy and wrote 'Amar Jiban'.
  literature history
• What was significant about 'Amar Jiban'?

  It was the first full-length autobiography published in Bengali.
  literature autobiography
• What did Kailashbashini Debi write about?

  Experiences of women imprisoned at home and treated unjustly.
  women literature
• What did Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai write about?

  The miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women, especially widows.
  women social_issues
• What did a Tamil novel express about reading?

  Reading provided happiness in a confined world.
  literature women
• When did Hindi printing for women's education begin?

  In the 1870s.
  language education
• What was 'The Indian Charivari'?

  A journal of caricature and satire published in the late nineteenth century.
  media history
• What did Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein condemn at the Bengal Women’s Education Conference?

  Men withholding education from women in the name of religion.
  women education
• What was the stance of Begum Rokeya on women's education?

  She argued for women's equal right to education based on Islam.
  women religion
• What do women become if they are not given equal rights to education according to the text?

  Unruly
  education women islam
• What basic tenet of Islam is mentioned in the text?

  Women have an equal right to education.
  islam rights education
• What is questioned about women's education in the text?

  If men are not led astray once educated, why should women?
  education gender islam
• What became extremely popular in the early twentieth century?

  Journals written for and sometimes edited by women.
  history women journals
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