Flashcards in this deck (101)

• What hormone does the epithalamus secrete?

  Melatonin, which regulates sleep cycles.
  brain epithalamus
• How does melatonin affect the brain?

  It makes us sleepy by slowing down brain activity.
  brain melatonin
• What triggers the epithalamus?

  It responds to UV radiation; active at night, inhibited during the day.
  brain light
• What fluid is linked to the epithalamus?

  Cerebrospinal fluid produced by ependymal cells.
  brain cerebrospinal_fluid
• List the three parts of the brain stem.

  • Pons
  • Midbrain
  • Medulla oblongata
  brain brain_stem
• What type of matter composes the brain stem?

  Deep grey matter, surrounded by white matter.
  brain matter
• What automatic behaviors does the brain stem provide?

  Behaviors needed for survival.
  brain functions
• Which functions does the brain stem control?

  • Breathing
  • Heart rate
  • Blood pressure
  brain control
• How does the epithalamus affect mood?

  Sleep deprivation leads to unhappiness.
  brain mood
• What image depicts parts of the brain and spine?

  A diagram showing cross-sections of the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord.
  brain anatomy
• What connects the higher and lower brain centers?

  The midbrain connects higher and lower brain centers.
  anatomy brain
• What is the role of the midbrain in pain?

  The midbrain suppresses or amplifies pain sensations.
  anatomy pain
• What connects the midbrain to the cerebellum?

  Motor tracts in the midbrain connect to the cerebellum.
  anatomy motor
• What functions are associated with the midbrain?

  • Pain suppression
  • Visual reflex center
  • Auditory relay
  anatomy functions
• What is the role of the Pons?

  It relays information between higher brain centers and the spinal cord.
  anatomy pons
• What does the medulla oblongata control?

  • Heart rate
  • Blood vessel diameter
  • Breathing rate and depth
  anatomy medulla
• What is the major function of the medulla oblongata?

  It serves as a major autonomic reflex center.
  anatomy functions
• What is the function of the Corpora Quadrigemina?

  It acts as a visual and spatial relay center within the midbrain.
  anatomy corpora_quadrigemina
• How does the nervous system affect heart rate?

  It usually slows down heart rate but increases it during excitement or fear.
  anatomy heart_rate
• What sensory information does the midbrain process?

  It processes sound and coordinates eye movement with head movement.
  anatomy senses
• Which brain structure regulates vomiting, hiccups, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing?

  The medulla oblongata regulates these functions.
  brain medulla
• What are the main functions of the cerebellum?

  • Refines skeletal muscle contractions
  • Involved in cognition, language, and problem-solving
  • Coordinates input from other brain regions
  brain cerebellum functions
• Describe the composition of the cerebellum.

  • Contains white/grey cortex
  • Internal white/grey matter masses
  • Grey matter arrangement is called arbor vitae.
  brain cerebellum anatomy
• What is the first step in cerebellar processing?

  The motor association area of the cerebral cortex sends signals to the cerebellum.
  brain cerebellum processing
• What types of input does the cerebellum receive?

  • Information from visual receptors
  • Equilibrium receptors
  • Proprioceptors
  brain cerebellum input
• What does the cerebellar cortex do during processing?

  It calculates the best way to coordinate the force of contraction.
  brain cerebellum processing
• How does the cerebellum communicate its findings?

  It dispatches the message to the cerebral cortex.
  brain cerebellum communication
• What is represented in the diagram of the brain provided?

  A diagram showing the major parts of the brain.
  brain diagram
• What sends signals to muscles for contraction?

  The cerebral cortex sends signals for muscle contraction.
  brain muscles
• What are functional brain systems?

  They are a network of neurons working together across large distances.
  brain systems
• Can functional brain systems be localized?

  They cannot be localized to specific regions.
  brain localization
• What is another name for the limbic system?

  It is also known as the 'emotional brain'.
  brain limbic
• Which areas contribute input to the limbic system?

  Input comes from the cerebrum and diencephalon.
  brain input
• What strong link is associated with the limbic system?

  It links memory with strong smells.
  brain memory
• Where does output from the limbic system relay?

  Output is relayed through the hypothalamus.
  brain output
• How can emotions affect physical responses?

  Emotions can influence hormones being released.
  brain emotions
• What role does the limbic system play in mental conflict?

  It helps resolve mental conflict and interpret gestures.
  brain conflict
• What is the role of the reticular formation?

  It governs arousal of the whole brain.
  brain arousal
• What does the Reticular Activation System (RAS) filter?

  It filters sensory input, determining wakefulness.
  brain ras
• What does the RAS do when we are awake?

  The RAS sends continual signals to the cerebrum to keep the cerebral cortex active.
  brain ras
• What does an EEG measure?

  It measures the pattern of neuronal electrical activity.
  eeg neuroscience
• How does the brain perceive signals from an EEG?

  As action potentials.
  brain eeg
• What is the frequency range for Beta waves?

  More than 13 waves per second.
  brain_waves beta
• What mental state is associated with Alpha waves?

  Conscious and alert with no particular task.
  brain_waves alpha
• What occurs right before sleep in relation to Theta waves?

  They are common in children and uncommon in adults.
  brain_waves theta
• What does Delta wave activity indicate?

  The brain is mostly shut off, indicating deep sleep.
  brain_waves delta
• What can indicate minor brain damage when awake?

  Showing theta waves while conscious.
  brain neuroscience
• What can indicate significant brain damage in a conscious state?

  Showing delta waves.
  brain neuroscience
• What is depicted in the provided diagram?

  Diagrams showing Alpha, Beta, Theta, and Delta brain waves over time.
  brain_waves visual
• What is the summary of the study notes core concepts?

  • Epithalamus and melatonin secretion
  • Brain stem components and functions
  • Cerebellum’s role in coordination
  • Limbic system’s emotional connections
  • EEGs and levels of consciousness
  • Sleep phases and memory processing
  • Brain protection mechanisms
  summary study_notes
• Define consciousness.

  Awareness of sensations and the ability to control body movement.
  psychology consciousness
• List the levels of consciousness from most to least active.

  • Alert
  • Drowsy
  • Lethargic
  • Stupor
  • Coma
  psychology consciousness
• What happens in stupor?

  You can be aroused, unlike in a coma.
  psychology stupor
• Describe the state of sleep.

  A state of partial or complete unconsciousness; unaware of surroundings.
  psychology sleep
• What are the two types of sleep?

  • Non-REM (restorative)
  • REM (dreaming)
  psychology sleep
• What occurs during Non-REM sleep?

  Body recovers, replenishes glucose and oxygen stores.
  psychology non-rem
• What type of brain waves are present during Non-REM sleep?

  Delta waves.
  psychology sleep
• How long does a Non-REM cycle last?

  About 90 minutes before transitioning to REM.
  psychology sleep
• What characterizes REM sleep?

  Rapid eye movement and twitching; occurs after Non-REM.
  psychology rem
• How often does REM sleep switch during the night?

  About 4-5 times per night.
  psychology sleep
• What is a primary function of REM sleep?

  To analyze the day's experiences.
  psychology sleep
• What is memory?

  The storage and retrieval of information through linked neural connections.
  memory neuroscience
• Describe the pathway of information in memory.

  • Stimulus occurs
  • Stimulus enters buffer
  • If used → Short-term memory
  • If not used → Forgotten
  memory process
• What is the gateway to long-term memory?

  Short-term memory acts as the gateway into long-term memory.
  memory long-term
• What factors affect entrance into long-term memory?

  • Rehearsal
  • Association
  • Mood
  memory learning
• How does mood affect memory?

  A happier mood can lead to faster entry into long-term memory.
  memory mood
• What distinguishes short-term memory from long-term memory?

  Short-term memory is temporary, while long-term memory can be more permanent.
  memory comparison
• What protects the brain?

  • The skull surrounds the brain
  • Acts as a helmet
  • Flat compact bone with a spongy center.
  brain protection
• Define working memory.

  How we pull information out of long-term memory for use.
  memory working
• What is automatic memory?

  Circumstances leading to information immediately moving into long-term memory.
  memory automatic
• What are the protective membranes covering the CNS called?

  They are called meninges.
  anatomy cns
• What fluid is contained within the meninges?

  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is contained within the meninges.
  anatomy csf
• What are the three layers of the meninges?

  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
  anatomy meninges
• What is the function of the dura mater?

  It covers and protects the CNS and is composed of fibrous connective tissue.
  anatomy meninges
• How does the CSF protect the brain?

  Cushions brain structures and protects blood vessels supplying nervous tissue.
  anatomy csf
• What are the two layers of the dura mater in the brain?

  • Periosteal layer (superficial)
  • Meningeal layer (deeper)
  anatomy dura_mater
• Which layer of the meninges is closest to the brain?

  The pia mater is the closest layer to the brain.
  anatomy meninges
• What is the role of the blood-brain barrier?

  It helps to protect the brain from potentially harmful substances in the blood.
  anatomy blood-brain_barrier
• What is the relationship between the meninges, CSF, and the blood-brain barrier?

  They work together to protect the brain and maintain its environment.
  anatomy protection
• What is the purpose of hair and skin in relation to the brain?

  They provide protection and cushion for brain structures.
  anatomy protection
• How thick and fibrous are the meninges?

  Meninges are thick and fibrous membranes.
  anatomy meninges
• Show a diagram of the cranial meninges.

  
  anatomy diagrams
• What is the strongest and most superficial covering of the CNS?

  The Dura Mater.
  anatomy cns
• What layer is the middle meninx of the CNS?

  The Arachnoid Mater.
  anatomy cns
• What space does the Arachnoid Mater create?

  The subarachnoid space, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
  anatomy cns
• What is the deepest layer of the meninges?

  The Pia Mater.
  anatomy cns
• What does cerebrospinal fluid provide for the brain and spinal cord?

  A liquid cushion.
  anatomy cns
• What is the total volume of cerebrospinal fluid?

  Approximately 150 mL.
  anatomy cns
• How often is cerebrospinal fluid replaced?

  Approximately every 8 hours.
  anatomy cns
• By what percentage does cerebrospinal fluid reduce the weight of the brain?

  By 97%.
  anatomy cns
• What mechanism protects the brain from physical trauma?

  Cerebrospinal fluid absorbs impact/shock.
  anatomy cns
• What forms the cerebrospinal fluid?

  The choroid plexuses in the ventricles.
  anatomy cns
• What is the function of the Blood-Brain Barrier?

  To protect nervous tissue from bloodborne substances.
  anatomy cns
• What kind of junctions are present in the Blood-Brain Barrier?

  Tight, impermeable junctions between endothelial cells.
  anatomy cns
• What does the capillary endothelium in the blood-brain barrier consist of?

  A thick and relatively non-porous layer.
  anatomy cns
• What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid besides cushioning?

  It helps nourish and carry chemical signals to the brain.
  anatomy cns
• What role do astrocytes play in the brain?

  They attach neurons to blood vessels and act as a selective filter between neurons and capillaries.
  biology neuroscience
• Name three substances that can pass through the blood-brain barrier relatively easily.

  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Electrolytes
  biology neuroscience blood-brain_barrier
• Where is the blood-brain barrier absent to monitor blood composition?

  • Vomiting Center
  • Hypothalamus
  biology neuroscience brain_structures
• What triggers the vomiting center in the brain?

  Toxins and poisons, such as alcohol, circulating in the blood.
  biology neuroscience vomiting_center
• What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

  • Monitors body temperature
  • Detects water balance issues
  • Feedback on hormone levels
  biology neuroscience hypothalamus