Flashcards in this deck (71)

• What do STDs refer to?

  Recognizable disease states from sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
  health stds
• What do STIs refer to?

  Presence of the pathogen, regardless of symptoms.
  health stis
• Can a person have an STI without symptoms?

  Yes, and they can still be infectious.
  health stis
• What are some common STIs?

  • HIV
  • HPV
  • Hepatitis B and C
  • Gonorrhea
  • Chlamydia
  • Syphilis
  health stis
• What is Treponema pallidum?

  The spirochete bacterium responsible for syphilis.
  health syphilis
• What historical treatment was used for syphilis before penicillin?

  Injections of mercury.
  health syphilis
• What was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

  A study involving 600 Black men who were denied treatment for syphilis.
  history ethics
• What is a key trait of pathogens like Treponema pallidum?

  They are obligate human pathogens requiring human contact for transmission.
  health pathogens
• How does Treponema pallidum move?

  In a snake-like motion.
  biology bacteria
• What is a major risk of congenital syphilis?

  Transmission from mother to child during pregnancy.
  health syphilis
• What is the standard treatment for syphilis today?

  Penicillin.
  health syphilis
• What was the first diagnostic test for Treponema pallidum?

  The immobilization test.
  health diagnostics
• What does the term obligate human pathogens mean?

  Pathogens that require the human body to survive and replicate.
  health pathogens
• What is the causative agent of syphilis?

  Treponema pallidum
  bacteria syphilis
• What is the first stage of syphilis called?

  Primary syphilis
  syphilis stages
• What develops during primary syphilis?

  • Single sore (chancre)
  • Typically painless
  syphilis symptoms
• When does secondary syphilis appear?

  4 to 10 weeks after primary sore heals
  syphilis stages
• What are symptoms of secondary syphilis?

  • Widespread rash
  • Sores throughout body
  • Swollen lymph nodes
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • Patchy hair loss
  syphilis symptoms
• What is the third stage of syphilis called?

  Tertiary syphilis
  syphilis stages
• What can occur due to tertiary syphilis?

  • Cardiovascular damage
  • Neurological impairment
  • Dementia
  • Paralysis
  • Death
  syphilis complications
• How many bacterial cells are needed for Treponema pallidum infection?

  As few as 10 cells
  bacteria infection
• What is a key feature of T. pallidum's immune evasion?

  Antigenic variation of TprK protein
  bacteria immune_evasion
• What is the gold standard treatment for syphilis?

  Penicillin
  treatment syphilis
• What is the causative agent of gonorrhea?

  Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  bacteria gonorrhea
• What is the current incidence of gonorrhea in Canada?

  Approximately 81 cases per 100,000 people
  gonorrhea statistics
• What bacterium causes gonorrhea?

  Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  biology microbiology
• What is the incidence of gonorrhea in Canada?

  Approximately 81 cases per 100,000 people
  public_health statistics
• What shape does N. gonorrhoeae have?

  Coffee-bean shape, typically found in pairs
  microbiology bacteria
• Is N. gonorrhoeae motile?

  No, it is non-motile
  microbiology bacteria
• How is gonorrhea primarily transmitted?

  Through direct human-to-human contact, mainly sexual activity
  public_health transmission
• What are common symptoms of gonorrhea in women?

  • Abdominal pain
  • Increased vaginal discharge
  • Painful urination
  • Pain during intercourse
  • Vaginal bleeding between periods
  health symptoms
• What are common symptoms of gonorrhea in men?

  • Discharge from the penis
  • Swollen or tender testicles
  • Painful urination
  • Inflammation of the penile urethra
  health symptoms
• What serious condition can gonorrhea lead to in women?

  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can result in infertility
  health complications
• What serious eye infection can be caused by N. gonorrhoeae?

  Gonococcal conjunctivitis
  health infections
• What are Type IV pili used for by N. gonorrhoeae?

  Aid in adherence to epithelial cells and immune evasion
  microbiology virulence
• What role do Opa proteins play in N. gonorrhoeae?

  Mediates tight attachment to host cells
  microbiology virulence
• What is lipooligosaccharide (LOS)?

  A cell wall antigen that helps in immune evasion
  microbiology virulence
• How does N. gonorrhoeae affect the immune system?

  Inhibits complement activation and modulates immune responses
  microbiology immune_system
• What is a key strategy of N. gonorrhoeae for immune evasion?

  Antigenic variation of surface structures
  microbiology virulence
• What pathogen is known for altering surface antigens to evade the immune system?

  Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  microbiology pathogens
• What does Neisseria gonorrhoeae form on mucosal surfaces?

  • Microcolonies
  • Biofilms
  microbiology biofilms
• What process allows N. gonorrhoeae to penetrate host epithelial cells?

  Transcytosis
  microbiology infection
• What immune cells does N. gonorrhoeae survive within?

  Neutrophils
  immunology pathogens
• What is the most common method for diagnosing gonorrhea?

  PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
  diagnosis stis
• What major mechanism contributes to N. gonorrhoeae's antibiotic resistance?

  Mtr efflux pump
  antibiotic_resistance microbiology
• What are the last-resort treatments for gonorrhea?

  • Ceftriaxone (injectable)
  • Cefixime (oral)
  treatment stis
• What is the incidence rate of Chlamydia trachomatis in Canada?

  Approximately 279 cases per 100,000 people
  epidemiology stis
• What percentage of Chlamydia trachomatis cases can be asymptomatic in women?

  Up to 90%
  epidemiology stis
• What is a common complication of chlamydia in men?

  Urethritis
  symptoms stis
• How is Chlamydia trachomatis transmitted?

  • Sexual contact
  • Mother to child during childbirth
  transmission stis
• What are the symptoms of chlamydia in men?

  • Painful inflammation of the testicles
  • Dysuria (painful urination)
  • Penile discharge
  health chlamydia symptoms
• What percentage of women with chlamydia are asymptomatic?

  80–90%
  health chlamydia statistics
• What can untreated chlamydia lead to in women?

  • Fallopian tube occlusion
  • Infertility
  • Ectopic pregnancy
  health chlamydia complications
• What are the two forms of Chlamydia trachomatis?

  • Elementary body (EB)
  • Reticulate body (RB)
  health chlamydia life_cycle
• What is the function of the elementary body (EB)?

  It is the infectious, non-replicative form responsible for transmission.
  health chlamydia life_cycle
• What is the reticulate body (RB)?

  It is the metabolically active, replicative form of Chlamydia trachomatis.
  health chlamydia life_cycle
• What is a key component of C. trachomatis's virulence?

  LPS (lipopolysaccharide) helps bacteria adhere to host cells.
  health chlamydia virulence
• What is the primary method for diagnosing chlamydia?

  PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for detecting bacterial DNA.
  health chlamydia diagnosis
• What are the common treatments for chlamydia?

  • Azithromycin (single dose)
  • Doxycycline (longer course)
  health chlamydia treatment
• What is a major challenge in treating gonorrhea?

  Rising antibiotic resistance, especially to cephalosporins.
  health gonorrhea treatment
• What is the causative agent of syphilis?

  Treponema pallidum
  health syphilis causative_agent
• What is the most common bacterial STI in Canada?

  Chlamydia trachomatis
  health sti chlamydia
• What is the causative agent of Chlamydia?

  Chlamydia trachomatis
  sti bacteria
• What is the most common bacterial STI in Canada?

  Chlamydia
  sti canada
• What is a significant risk of untreated Chlamydia?

  Long-term reproductive complications
  sti health
• What percentage of chlamydia cases occur in individuals co-infected with HIV?

  5%
  sti hiv
• What increases susceptibility to HIV in STI patients?

  Inflammation caused by STIs
  sti hiv
• What is a key strategy for preventing STIs?

  Avoid risky sexual behaviors
  prevention sti
• Why is routine testing essential for sexually active individuals?

  Many STIs are asymptomatic
  testing sti
• What is a critical step in practicing safe sex?

  Consistent condom use
  safe_sex health
• What should individuals maintain with their partners to protect health?

  Open communication
  communication health