What are the temporal fossae also known as?
Temporal fenestrae
Where are the temporal fossae located?
Posterolateral region of the dermatocranium
What do the temporal fossae allow for?
Expansion of jaw musculature
What is the primary function of the temporal fossae?
Attachment surface for jaw muscles
Which skull types show variation in muscle size and mass?
Different skull types
What is the function of the cavity developed in the skull?
Sophisticated food processing
What palates are present in the mammalian skull?
Primary and secondary palates
What is the primary palate part of?
Endocranium
Which group has only a partial secondary palate?
Some reptiles
What do gular bones correspond to in tetrapods?
Parts of the opercular region
What is an anapsid skull characterized by?
Unperforated, no cavity
Which animals have a diapsid skull?
Modern reptiles and birds
What is a synapsid skull characterized by?
One pair of temporal fenestrae
What is an euryapsid skull?
One pair of temporal fossae, possibly evolved from diapsid
What is the splanchocranium also known as?
Visceral cranium
What does the splanchocranium associate with?
Parts and functions of the pharynx
How many pairs of pharyngeal arches do vertebrates have?
Mostly 6 to 7 pairs
What is the primitive function of pharyngeal arches?
Feeding structure and branchial respiration
What does the mandibular arch consist of in sharks?
Palatoquadrate and Meckel's cartilage
What does the hyoid arch correspond to in sharks?
Second branchial arch
What is unique about the pharyngeal arches in sharks?
Do not undergo ossification
What bones ensheathe the mandibular arch in teleosts?
Premaxilla and maxilla
What does the hyoid arch in teleosts have?
More segments and ossification centers
What is the branchial basket composed of in agnathans?
Cartilaginous structure
What does the sea lamprey lack compared to jawed fishes?
Branchial arches
What is a modification of function in tetrapod visceral skeleton?
Attachment of tongue muscles
What do modified bones of the hyomandibula transmit?
Airborne sounds
What do the modified structures in the tetrapod visceral skeleton support?
Vocal cords
What is the quadrate bone's function?
Articulates with lower jaw; becomes incus in mammals.
What does Meckel's cartilage become in mammals?
Gives rise to the malleus.
What is derived from the hyoid body in amniotes?
Basihyal cartilages.
What does the tympanohyals give rise to?
The stapes in mammals.
What is the function of the branchial arches?
Give rise to the laryngeal skeleton.
What do the first and second pharyngeal arches correspond to?
I & II branchial arches.
What is paleostyly?
No attachment of arches to skull; example: agnathans.
What characterizes eautostyly?
Mandibular arch is suspended from skull; seen in placoderms.
What is amphistyly?
In early sharks and some bony fishes with 2 articulations.
What is hyostyly?
Attachment of mandibular arch by the hyomandibular; in modern teleosts.
What does metautostyly involve?
Attachment via the quadrate; in most amphibians and reptiles.
What is craniostyly?
Most advanced; upper jaw is part of the braincase.
What are the components of a vertebra?
Consists of centrum, 1 or 2 arches, various processes.
What is aspondyly?
No centrum, as in the atlas.
What defines monospondyly?
Single centrum.
What characterizes diplospondyly?
Two centra per segment.
What is polyspondyly?
Five or six centra per segment.
What is aspidospondyly?
Centra and spines are separate.
What does holospondyly refer to?
Centra and spines are fused.
What is rachitimonous?
Having numerous parts constituting each segment.
What is lepospondyly?
Husk-shaped centrum pierced by notochordal canal.
What is amphicoelous vertebra?
Concave at both ends; found in most fish.
What defines opisthocoelous vertebra?
Convex in front & concave in back; found in most salamanders.
What is procoelous vertebra?
Concave in front & convex in back; found in anurans.
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