What is tuberculosis?
A contagious bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs.
Who is the author of the study on tuberculosis?
Dr. Odeyemi A.O
Which department is associated with Dr. Odeyemi A.O?
Department of Paediatrics
Which university is Dr. Odeyemi A.O affiliated with?
Bowen University
What is the primary organ affected by tuberculosis?
The lungs
Is tuberculosis contagious?
Yes, it is contagious.
What type of organism causes tuberculosis?
Bacteria
What are common symptoms of tuberculosis?
What is the treatment for tuberculosis?
Antibiotics over a lengthy period.
What is the abbreviation for tuberculosis?
TB
Can tuberculosis be prevented?
Yes, through vaccination and public health measures.
What is depicted in the image?
A scenic landscape with mountains and a lake.
What colors are prominent in the image?
Blue, green, and white.
What time of day does the image suggest?
It suggests daytime with clear skies.
What type of scenery is shown?
Natural scenery with water and mountains.
What mood does the image convey?
A peaceful and serene mood.
What elements can be seen in the landscape?
Mountains, a lake, and trees.
Is there any wildlife visible in the image?
No visible wildlife is present in the image.
What is the primary subject of the image?
The mountains and the lake are the primary subjects.
What could be the season in the image?
It appears to be summer due to the greenery.
What type of photography technique might have been used?
Possibly landscape photography with a wide angle.
What season does the image suggest?
Spring or summer
What elements of nature are visible in the image?
Mountains, lake, trees
What are the clinical symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis?
What are the CXR findings in pulmonary tuberculosis?
What are the general signs of pulmonary tuberculosis?
What are the respiratory signs in pulmonary tuberculosis?
What is shown in the image?
An image of a landscape with mountains and trees.
What is the primary disease associated with the cerebral cortex?
Meningitis
What is the 3rd stage of meningitis characterized by?
What are the clinical signs of meningitis?
What is the prognosis for patients with hydrocephalus and raised ICP?
Poor
What are common permanent disabilities following meningitis?
What is the CSF color in TB meningitis?
Clear/Xanthochromic
What is the typical CSF pressure in TB meningitis?
Elevated (10-500 mmH20)
What is the normal WBC count in CSF?
<5 cells/uL
What is scrofula?
The most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis
When do most cases of scrofula occur after primary infection?
Within 6-9 months
What type of lymph nodes are commonly affected in scrofula?
Superficial lymph nodes
What is the typical presentation of lymph nodes in scrofula?
Discrete, non-tender, firm
What symptoms are usually absent in scrofula?
Systemic symptoms, except for low-grade fever
What can happen to lymph nodes in scrofula over time?
They may adhere to the skin and rupture
What colors are primarily used in the image?
What type of art does the image represent?
Abstract art.
What shapes are visible in the image?
What is the mood conveyed by the colors in the image?
Vibrant and energetic.
Is the image geometric or organic in shape?
Geometric.
What techniques might have been used to create the image?
What could be the purpose of this abstract image?
To evoke emotions and provoke thought.
What is the significance of abstract art?
It allows for personal interpretation and expression.
What might the artist want to convey through this image?
Freedom of expression and creativity.
What is a false positive?
A false positive occurs when a test indicates a condition is present when it is not. Causes can include faulty technique or cross-reactivity of tests.
What does IGRA stand for?
Interferon-Gamma Release Assays
What is the recommended test for patients with TB exposure?
IGRAs (Interferon-Gamma Release Assays)
What is a pro of using IGRAs?
Only 1 visit is required for testing.
What is a con of using IGRAs?
Cannot differentiate between latent TB infection and active TB disease.
What does culture confirm in TB diagnosis?
Confirms the diagnosis of TB by isolating M. tuberculosis from clinical samples.
What specimens can be used for TB culture?
Sputum, gastric washings, fluids (CSF, pleural, pericardial), biopsy.
What media are used for TB culture?
Lowenstein-Jensen medium, Middlebrook 7H10 medium, BACTEC.
What is the typical culture yield for many forms of tuberculosis?
Only 25-50%, with better results from sputum and tissue specimens than fluids.
What does AFB staining provide?
Preliminary confirmation of TB diagnosis, but cannot differentiate M. tuberculosis from other acid-fast organisms.
What is the main form of NAAT for TB in children?
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
Does a negative PCR result exclude TB?
No, a negative PCR result does not exclude TB.
What is the Gene Xpert MIB/RIE?
A real-time PCR assay for M. tuberculosis that detects rifampin resistance and provides results within 2 hours.
What are some ancillary tests for TB?
FBC, ESR, RVS, E/U/cr, LFT.
What is an important infectious disease globally?
Tuberculosis (TB)
How many people develop TB annually?
8 to 10 million
What percentage of TB cases occur in children under 15 years?
10%
How many people die from TB annually?
About 3 million
How many children die from TB annually?
250,000
What is the risk of progression of extra pulmonary disease in children?
Increased risk in the first 2 years of life.
What percentage of cases in children under 12 years are smear negative?
95% of cases.
What problem arises from reporting only smear positive TB cases?
Leads to underestimation of TB burden in children.
What is a significant issue with TB reporting in children?
Only smear positive cases are reported, causing an underestimation.
What is the aetiological agent for tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Which mycobacterium is associated with bovine tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium bovis
What is the aetiological agent for infections in African populations?
Mycobacterium africanus
What is the mycobacterium associated with voles?
Mycobacterium microti
What type of organisms are responsible for opportunistic infections?
Environmental organisms
What complex is responsible for opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed individuals?
Mycobacterium Avian Complex (MAC)
What is a common characteristic of opportunistic infections?
They occur especially in people with immunosuppression
What shape is M.tb?
Rod-shaped
Is M.tb spore-forming?
No, it is non-spore-forming
What type of aerobic bacterium is M.tb?
Thin aerobic bacterium
What is the gram reaction of M.tb?
Gram-resistant
Are M.tb bacteria motile?
No, they are non-motile
What unique structure do M.tb bacteria have in their cell wall?
Peptidoglycan and complex lipids
What classification do M.tb bacteria fall under due to their cell wall properties?
Acid-fast bacilli
What do the cell walls of M.tb resist?
Destruction by antimicrobial drugs, acids, and alkali
How do M.tb bacteria multiply?
They multiply slowly
How do M.tb bacteria survive in macrophages?
By resisting macrophage-killing
What is the resurgence in the incidence of TB attributed to?
What is a key factor in the resurgence of TB?
Worsening economic situations
What does multidrug resistance refer to in TB?
The inability of TB to respond to standard treatments due to drug resistance.
How does the HIV pandemic affect TB incidence?
It increases vulnerability to TB infections and complications.
What is the impact of displaced persons on TB rates?
They often live in poor conditions, leading to higher TB incidence.
What role do conflicts and wars play in TB resurgence?
They create conditions for displacement and poor living situations, facilitating TB spread.
What is the primary mode of transmission of tuberculosis?
Respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, laughing, or breathing
What is the most important source of tuberculosis transmission?
Sputum of persons with open tuberculosis
What are the modes of spread for tuberculosis?
How does inhalation contribute to tuberculosis transmission?
It allows respiratory droplets to enter the lungs.
What role does ingestion play in tuberculosis transmission?
It can occur when contaminated substances are swallowed.
What is the significance of skin and mucous membrane penetration in tuberculosis?
It can introduce the bacteria directly into the bloodstream.
Who are the household contacts at risk for TB infection?
What living conditions increase the risk of TB infection?
What condition is associated with immunosuppression?
What age groups are at higher risk for TB?
What nutritional status increases TB infection risk?
Which recent infections heighten TB risk in children?
What infection significantly increases TB risk?
What type of disease is tuberculosis?
Chronic inflammatory disease
What is characterized by active inflammation, tissue destruction, and repair?
Chronic inflammation
What is the specific type of chronic inflammation seen in tuberculosis?
Granulomatous inflammation
What is a focal area of granulomatous inflammation called?
Granuloma
What is a granuloma in tuberculosis referred to as?
Tubercle
What is a key characteristic of a tubercle?
Central area of caseous necrosis
What is the term for the primary focus plus regional lymph nodes?
Primary Complex or Ghon Complex
What is the size range of a primary focus?
A few millimeters to 2 centimeters in diameter
Where is the primary focus usually located?
In the sub-pleural region
What are possible symptoms of primary infection?
What are examples of muco-cutaneous manifestations?
What can happen to the primary complex in the host immune system?
It can be contained or progress to active disease
What is the risk of progressing to active disease in the first 10 years after infection?
About 15%
What are the potential outcomes of the disease?
What is the most common manifestation of the disease?
Primary parenchymal disease
What is Phlyctenular conjunctivitis?
A type of eye inflammation characterized by a small, raised, red lesion on the conjunctiva, often related to tuberculosis or other infections.
What are the causes of Phlyctenular conjunctivitis?
What is Erythema nodosum?
A skin condition characterized by painful, red nodules usually located on the shins, often associated with infections or systemic diseases.
What are the common causes of Erythema nodosum?
What are the symptoms of Phlyctenular conjunctivitis?
What are the symptoms of Erythema nodosum?
How is Phlyctenular conjunctivitis treated?
How is Erythema nodosum treated?
What is the appearance of Phlyctenular conjunctivitis?
A small, raised, pink or red lesion on the conjunctiva, often with associated redness.
What is the appearance of Erythema nodosum?
Tender, red, raised nodules on the skin, typically on the lower legs.
What is the relationship between Phlyctenular conjunctivitis and tuberculosis?
Phlyctenular conjunctivitis can be a manifestation of tuberculosis, often indicating an immune response to the infection.
What is the relationship between Erythema nodosum and systemic diseases?
Erythema nodosum can be associated with various systemic diseases, indicating an underlying inflammatory process.
What is the pathophysiology of Phlyctenular conjunctivitis?
It involves hypersensitivity to antigens, leading to inflammation and formation of phlyctenules.
What is the pathophysiology of Erythema nodosum?
It involves inflammation of the subcutaneous fat, often as a response to infections or medications.
How long after primary infection does pulmonary tuberculosis appear?
A few months
What is the time frame for the appearance of miliary and meningeal tuberculosis?
2-6 months
When does TB adenitis typically appear after primary infection?
3-9 months
How long can it take for bones and joints tuberculosis to appear?
Several years
What is the time frame for renal and genital tuberculosis to appear?
May take over a decade
What is the commonest form of tuberculosis?
Pulmonary tuberculosis
What percentage of tuberculosis cases involve pulmonary tuberculosis?
70%
What does pulmonary tuberculosis in children mainly consist of?
What is a chronic cough duration indicative of certain clinical features?
More than 21 days (productive)
What fever temperature is considered significant in clinical features?
More than 38°C for more than 14 days
What is a common symptom that occurs during the night?
Night sweat
What is the term for loss of appetite?
Anorexia
What is a significant weight-related symptom?
Weight loss or failure to thrive
What is the term for coughing up blood?
Haemoptysis
What is a common sign of respiratory distress?
What is another term for rapid breathing?
What type of breath sound may indicate localized obstruction?
What indicates a reduction in airflow during auscultation?
What are crepitations associated with?
What breath sound is characterized by a high-pitched sound?
What might the chest examination reveal in some cases?
What is the first step in diagnosis?
History
What should be included in the detailed history?
What are the components of investigations?
What does Z-N staining test for?
AFB (Acid-Fast Bacilli)
What specimens are used for Z-N staining?
How long does culture usually take?
About 4-6 weeks
What does ESR stand for?
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
What is Gene Xpert used for?
Rapid tuberculosis diagnosis and antibiotic sensitivity testing.
What does Gene Xpert detect?
Antigens via PCR.
What are Antigen capture ELISA assays used to detect?
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in sputum and urine samples.
What do Interferon Gamma Release assays (IGRA) include?
Quantiferon, T-Spot.
What advantage does BACTEC offer?
Superior sensitivity and reduced turnaround time compared to conventional LJ.
What does MODS stand for?
Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility assay.
What does BACTEC improve in tuberculosis diagnosis?
Sensitivity and turnaround time.
What is the method of Gene Xpert?
PCR for antigen detection.
What is detected by Antigen capture ELISA assays?
LAM in bodily fluids.
What is the purpose of Interferon Gamma Release assays?
To test for tuberculosis infection.
What is the main benefit of using MODS?
It helps in drug susceptibility testing.
What does a positive Mantoux Test indicate?
Infection with M. tb, but not necessarily disease
What is the interpretation for 0 – 4mm in the Mantoux Test?
Negative
What does 5 – 9mm indicate in the Mantoux Test?
Borderline
What does ≥ 5mm signify for HIV infected children in the Mantoux Test?
Positive
What does ≥ 10mm indicate in the Mantoux Test for children?
Positive in all other children, regardless of BCG vaccination
What conditions are associated with ≥ 5mm positive results in children?
HIV infection and severe malnutrition (marasmus, kwashiorkor)
What are the radiological signs of TB?
There are no pathognomonic signs of TB.
What lesions may suggest TB?
Can a chest X-ray be normal in TB?
Yes, rarely a chest X-ray may be normal.
What is a TB cavity?
A TB cavity is a hollow space that forms in the lungs due to tuberculosis infection.
What causes a TB cavity?
A TB cavity is caused by the destruction of lung tissue due to tuberculosis bacteria.
What does a TB cavity indicate?
A TB cavity indicates advanced tuberculosis and significant lung damage.
What are the symptoms of a TB cavity?
How is a TB cavity diagnosed?
A TB cavity is diagnosed through: - Chest X-ray - CT scan - Sputum test
What is the treatment for TB cavities?
Treatment includes: - Antibiotics for tuberculosis - Possible surgery for severe cases
Can a TB cavity heal?
Yes, a TB cavity can heal with proper treatment and management of tuberculosis.
What is the prognosis for patients with TB cavities?
The prognosis varies; early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes significantly.
What is the role of imaging in TB cavity detection?
Imaging helps visualize the extent of lung damage and the presence of cavities.
What is a common risk factor for developing TB cavities?
Immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk for developing TB cavities.
What is the gold standard for diagnosing TB in children?
Isolation of TB bacilli from clinical specimens
Why is isolation of TB bacilli more difficult in children?
Yield of the organism is low
What remains the gold standard for TB diagnosis?
Isolation from clinical specimens
What is a challenge in bacteriological diagnosis in children?
Difficulty in isolating TB bacilli
What is the yield of the organism in children during TB diagnosis?
Low
What is a potential cause of pneumonia?
What is a lung abscess?
A localized collection of pus within the lung tissue.
What condition is characterized by bronchial dilation?
Bronchiectasis
What are pulmonary fungal infections?
Infections in the lungs caused by fungi.
What is a pulmonary neoplasm?
An abnormal growth in lung tissue, which can be benign or malignant.
What is the goal of the intensive phase in tuberculosis treatment?
What is the purpose of the continuation phase in tuberculosis treatment?
What is the first line treatment for TB?
What is the intensive phase duration for pulmonary TB treatment?
2 months
What is the continuation phase duration for pulmonary TB treatment?
4 months
What does RIPE stand for in TB treatment?
What are the first line anti-TB drugs?
What is the abbreviation for the first line anti-TB drugs?
RIPE
What are the adverse effects of Isoniazid?
What are the adverse effects of Rifampicin?
What are the adverse effects of Pyrazinamide?
What are the adverse effects of Ethambutol?
What is an indication for corticosteroid in the case of large pleural effusion?
Corticosteroids can help reduce inflammation and fluid accumulation.
What is an indication for corticosteroid in endobronchial tuberculosis?
Corticosteroids may reduce airway inflammation and improve respiratory function.
What is an indication for corticosteroid in pericardial effusion?
Corticosteroids can help manage inflammation around the heart.
What is an indication for corticosteroid in tuberculous meningitis?
Corticosteroids may reduce inflammation and prevent complications.
What is an indication for corticosteroid in adrenal TB?
Corticosteroids are used to manage adrenal insufficiency due to TB.
What is tuberculous pleural effusion?
A collection of fluid in the pleural space due to tuberculosis infection.
What is tuberculous pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium caused by tuberculosis.
What is TB lymphadenopathy?
Swelling of lymph nodes due to tuberculosis infection.
What is TB meningitis?
A severe form of meningitis caused by tuberculosis.
What is skeletal TB?
Tuberculosis infection affecting the bones.
What is abdominal TB?
Tuberculosis infection affecting the abdominal organs.
What is an important aspect of supportive treatment for TB?
What vaccination is protective against severe forms of TB?
BCG vaccination
What are key components of TB prevention?
What is primary resistance in drug-resistant TB?
No previous anti-TB Rx or less than 1 month
What is acquired resistance in drug-resistant TB?
Previous anti-TB Rx >1 month
What is mono-drug resistance?
Resistance to a single drug
What is poly-drug resistance?
Resistance to 2 or more drugs, but not to both INH and RMP
What defines multi drug resistant (MDR TB)?
Resistance to INH & RMP +/- other drugs
What is extensively drug resistant (XDR-TB)?
TB resistant to INH, Rif, and at least 3 of 6 main classes of Second Line anti-TB drugs
What are the main classes of Second Line anti-TB drugs?
What is PAN-RESISTANT TB?
TB resistant to all anti-TB drugs
What is the first step in the management of MDR TB in children?
Confirm MDR TB
What should be done if MDR TB is confirmed in children?
Perform DST for 2nd-line drugs
Where should MDR TB in children be managed?
At a specialized MDR TB clinic
What drugs should be used in the management of MDR TB?
Use 1st-line drugs to which isolate is susceptible plus 2nd-line drugs
How do 2nd-line drugs compare to 1st-line drugs in terms of toxicity?
2nd-line drugs are generally more toxic than 1st-line drugs
Why is assessing adverse events more difficult in young children?
Adverse events are more difficult to assess in young children
What is the first 2nd-line anti-TB drug listed?
Ethionamide/prothionamide
What are the fluoroquinolone 2nd-line anti-TB drugs?
What is the 2nd-line anti-TB drug that is a cyclic peptide?
Cycloserine/terizidone
What are the aminoglycoside 2nd-line anti-TB drugs?
What is the injectable 2nd-line anti-TB drug?
Capreomycin
What is the sulfonamide 2nd-line anti-TB drug?
Para-amino salicylic acid
What type of photography technique might have been used?
Possibly landscape photography with a wide angle.
What are the clinical symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis?
What are the CXR findings in pulmonary tuberculosis?
What are the general signs of pulmonary tuberculosis?
What are the respiratory signs in pulmonary tuberculosis?
What is the 3rd stage of meningitis characterized by?
What are the clinical signs of meningitis?
What are common permanent disabilities following meningitis?
What techniques might have been used to create the image?
What is a false positive?
A false positive occurs when a test indicates a condition is present when it is not. Causes can include faulty technique or cross-reactivity of tests.
What is a con of using IGRAs?
Cannot differentiate between latent TB infection and active TB disease.
What does culture confirm in TB diagnosis?
Confirms the diagnosis of TB by isolating M. tuberculosis from clinical samples.
What specimens can be used for TB culture?
Sputum, gastric washings, fluids (CSF, pleural, pericardial), biopsy.
What is the typical culture yield for many forms of tuberculosis?
Only 25-50%, with better results from sputum and tissue specimens than fluids.
What does AFB staining provide?
Preliminary confirmation of TB diagnosis, but cannot differentiate M. tuberculosis from other acid-fast organisms.
What is the Gene Xpert MIB/RIE?
A real-time PCR assay for M. tuberculosis that detects rifampin resistance and provides results within 2 hours.
What is the risk of progression of extra pulmonary disease in children?
Increased risk in the first 2 years of life.
What problem arises from reporting only smear positive TB cases?
Leads to underestimation of TB burden in children.
What is a significant issue with TB reporting in children?
Only smear positive cases are reported, causing an underestimation.
What complex is responsible for opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed individuals?
Mycobacterium Avian Complex (MAC)
What is a common characteristic of opportunistic infections?
They occur especially in people with immunosuppression
What classification do M.tb bacteria fall under due to their cell wall properties?
Acid-fast bacilli
What is the resurgence in the incidence of TB attributed to?
What does multidrug resistance refer to in TB?
The inability of TB to respond to standard treatments due to drug resistance.
How does the HIV pandemic affect TB incidence?
It increases vulnerability to TB infections and complications.
What is the impact of displaced persons on TB rates?
They often live in poor conditions, leading to higher TB incidence.
What role do conflicts and wars play in TB resurgence?
They create conditions for displacement and poor living situations, facilitating TB spread.
What is the primary mode of transmission of tuberculosis?
Respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, laughing, or breathing
What is the most important source of tuberculosis transmission?
Sputum of persons with open tuberculosis
What are the modes of spread for tuberculosis?
How does inhalation contribute to tuberculosis transmission?
It allows respiratory droplets to enter the lungs.
What role does ingestion play in tuberculosis transmission?
It can occur when contaminated substances are swallowed.
What is the significance of skin and mucous membrane penetration in tuberculosis?
It can introduce the bacteria directly into the bloodstream.
What are possible symptoms of primary infection?
What are examples of muco-cutaneous manifestations?
What can happen to the primary complex in the host immune system?
It can be contained or progress to active disease
What are the potential outcomes of the disease?
What is Phlyctenular conjunctivitis?
A type of eye inflammation characterized by a small, raised, red lesion on the conjunctiva, often related to tuberculosis or other infections.
What are the causes of Phlyctenular conjunctivitis?
What is Erythema nodosum?
A skin condition characterized by painful, red nodules usually located on the shins, often associated with infections or systemic diseases.
What are the common causes of Erythema nodosum?
What are the symptoms of Phlyctenular conjunctivitis?
How is Phlyctenular conjunctivitis treated?
How is Erythema nodosum treated?
What is the appearance of Phlyctenular conjunctivitis?
A small, raised, pink or red lesion on the conjunctiva, often with associated redness.
What is the appearance of Erythema nodosum?
Tender, red, raised nodules on the skin, typically on the lower legs.
What is the relationship between Phlyctenular conjunctivitis and tuberculosis?
Phlyctenular conjunctivitis can be a manifestation of tuberculosis, often indicating an immune response to the infection.
What is the relationship between Erythema nodosum and systemic diseases?
Erythema nodosum can be associated with various systemic diseases, indicating an underlying inflammatory process.
What is the pathophysiology of Phlyctenular conjunctivitis?
It involves hypersensitivity to antigens, leading to inflammation and formation of phlyctenules.
What is the pathophysiology of Erythema nodosum?
It involves inflammation of the subcutaneous fat, often as a response to infections or medications.
What does pulmonary tuberculosis in children mainly consist of?
What is a chronic cough duration indicative of certain clinical features?
More than 21 days (productive)
What fever temperature is considered significant in clinical features?
More than 38°C for more than 14 days
What should be included in the detailed history?
What are the components of investigations?
What are Antigen capture ELISA assays used to detect?
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in sputum and urine samples.
What advantage does BACTEC offer?
Superior sensitivity and reduced turnaround time compared to conventional LJ.
What does ≥ 10mm indicate in the Mantoux Test for children?
Positive in all other children, regardless of BCG vaccination
What conditions are associated with ≥ 5mm positive results in children?
HIV infection and severe malnutrition (marasmus, kwashiorkor)
What lesions may suggest TB?
What is a TB cavity?
A TB cavity is a hollow space that forms in the lungs due to tuberculosis infection.
What causes a TB cavity?
A TB cavity is caused by the destruction of lung tissue due to tuberculosis bacteria.
What does a TB cavity indicate?
A TB cavity indicates advanced tuberculosis and significant lung damage.
What are the symptoms of a TB cavity?
How is a TB cavity diagnosed?
A TB cavity is diagnosed through: - Chest X-ray - CT scan - Sputum test
What is the treatment for TB cavities?
Treatment includes: - Antibiotics for tuberculosis - Possible surgery for severe cases
Can a TB cavity heal?
Yes, a TB cavity can heal with proper treatment and management of tuberculosis.
What is the prognosis for patients with TB cavities?
The prognosis varies; early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes significantly.
What is the role of imaging in TB cavity detection?
Imaging helps visualize the extent of lung damage and the presence of cavities.
What is a common risk factor for developing TB cavities?
Immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk for developing TB cavities.
What is the gold standard for diagnosing TB in children?
Isolation of TB bacilli from clinical specimens
What is the goal of the intensive phase in tuberculosis treatment?
What is the purpose of the continuation phase in tuberculosis treatment?
What are the adverse effects of Rifampicin?
What is an indication for corticosteroid in the case of large pleural effusion?
Corticosteroids can help reduce inflammation and fluid accumulation.
What is an indication for corticosteroid in endobronchial tuberculosis?
Corticosteroids may reduce airway inflammation and improve respiratory function.
What is an indication for corticosteroid in pericardial effusion?
Corticosteroids can help manage inflammation around the heart.
What is an indication for corticosteroid in tuberculous meningitis?
Corticosteroids may reduce inflammation and prevent complications.
What is an indication for corticosteroid in adrenal TB?
Corticosteroids are used to manage adrenal insufficiency due to TB.
What is tuberculous pleural effusion?
A collection of fluid in the pleural space due to tuberculosis infection.
What is an important aspect of supportive treatment for TB?
What are key components of TB prevention?
What is extensively drug resistant (XDR-TB)?
TB resistant to INH, Rif, and at least 3 of 6 main classes of Second Line anti-TB drugs
What are the main classes of Second Line anti-TB drugs?
What drugs should be used in the management of MDR TB?
Use 1st-line drugs to which isolate is susceptible plus 2nd-line drugs
How do 2nd-line drugs compare to 1st-line drugs in terms of toxicity?
2nd-line drugs are generally more toxic than 1st-line drugs
Why is assessing adverse events more difficult in young children?
Adverse events are more difficult to assess in young children
Are you sure you want to delete 0 flashcard(s)? This cannot be undone.
Select tags to remove from 0 selected flashcard(s):
Loading tags...