Flashcards in this deck (118)

• The basic units of structure and function in the human body are cells.
  anatomy physiology biology
• The study of the functions of body parts is called physiology.
  physiology studies
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body through processes like feedback mechanisms.
  anatomy physiology homeostasis
• The hierarchy of organization in the body includes atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
  anatomy organization
• Anatomy is the study of structure.
  anatomy definition
• The subdivisions of anatomy include: - Gross or macroscopic - Microscopic - Developmental.
  anatomy subdivisions
• Gross or macroscopic anatomy includes regional, surface, and systemic anatomy.
  anatomy gross
• Microscopic anatomy includes cytology and histology.
  anatomy microscopic
• Developmental anatomy includes the study of embryology.
  anatomy developmental
• Physiology is the study of the structures of the body.
  physiology biology
• The study of the larger structures of the body is known as Gross Anatomy.
  anatomy biology
• Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices.
  anatomy microscopy
• A microscopic view of glandular tissue shows circular structures with nuclei.
  anatomy histology
• The image shows a person looking into a microscope.
  anatomy microscopy
• Physiology is defined as the study of the functions of those structures.
  biology physiology
• The standard anatomical position includes the body being erect, feet slightly apart, and palms facing forward.
  anatomy position reference
• In the anatomical position, the body is erect with feet slightly apart.
  anatomy position
• In the standard anatomical position, palms are facing forward.
  anatomy position
• The term ventral (anterior) refers to the direction that is toward or at the front of the body; it is in front of something else.
  anatomy terminology
• The term dorsal (posterior) indicates a direction that is toward or at the back of the body; it is behind something else.
  anatomy terminology
• The term superficial refers to the direction that is toward or at the body surface, while deep refers to being away from the body surface and more internal
  anatomy directional_terms
• The definition of superficial is 'Toward or at the body surface', while the definition of deep is 'Away from the body surface; more internal'.
  anatomy terminology
• The term contralateral refers to being on opposite sides of the body.
  anatomy terminology
• The term ipsilateral refers to being on the same side of the body.
  anatomy terminology
• The two main regions of the human body are Axial and Appendicular.
  anatomy terminology
• The Axial region consists of the head and torso.
  anatomy regions
• The Appendicular region includes the arms and legs.
  anatomy regions
• In anatomical terminology, the human body can be divided into the axial and appendicular regions.
  anatomy terminology
• The term Cephalic refers to the region of the head.
  anatomy terminology
• The Cervical region is related to the neck.
  anatomy terminology
• The Thoracic region is located in the chest.
  anatomy terminology
• The term Abdominal refers to the region of the abdomen.
  anatomy terminology
• The Pelvic region is associated with the lower body.
  anatomy terminology
• In anatomical terminology, the Upper limb includes the arm.
  anatomy terminology
• The Lower limb refers to the region that includes the leg.
  anatomy terminology
• The Axillary region is known as the armpit area.
  anatomy terminology
• The Nasal region refers to the nose area.
  anatomy terminology
• The term Hallux refers to the big toe.
  anatomy terminology
• The sagittal plane divides the body vertically into right and left parts.
  anatomy planes
• The frontal (coronal) plane divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior parts.
  anatomy planes
• The transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior parts.
  anatomy planes
• The midsagittal (median) plane lies on the midline of the body.
  anatomy planes
• The two subdivisions of the dorsal cavity are the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity.
  anatomy body_cavities
• The ventral cavity houses internal organs and includes the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.
  anatomy body_cavities
• The cranial cavity encases the brain, while the vertebral cavity encases the spinal cord.
  anatomy body_cavities
• The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
  anatomy body_cavities
• The thoracic cavity subdivisions include: - Two pleural cavities - Mediastinum
  anatomy thoracic_cavity
• The mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity and surrounds thoracic organs.
  anatomy mediastinum
• The pericardial cavity encloses the heart.
  anatomy heart
• The abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions are: - Abdominal cavity - Pelvic cavity
  anatomy abdominopelvic_cavity
• The abdominal cavity contains: - stomach - intestines - spleen - liver
  anatomy abdominal_cavity
• The pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.
  anatomy pelvic_cavity
• The body cavities include the oral and digestive cavities.
  anatomy body_cavities
• Other body cavities include: - nasal cavity - orbital cavity - middle ear cavities - synovial cavities.
  anatomy body_cavities
• The two types of serous membranes are parietal and visceral.
  anatomy serous_membranes
• The pericardial serosa surrounds the heart.
  anatomy serous_membranes pericardial
• The pleural serosa surrounds the lungs.
  anatomy serous_membranes pleural
• The peritoneal serosa pertains to the abdominal cavity.
  anatomy serous_membranes peritoneal
• The parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity, while the visceral serosa covers the visceral organ.
  anatomy serous_membranes
• The nine abdominal regions are divided by four planes, including the Right hypochondriac and Epigastric regions.
  anatomy abdominal_regions medical
• In the nine abdominal regions, the region located below the umbilical region is the Hypogastric or pubic region.
  anatomy regions
• The abdominal organs located in the right hypochondriac region include the liver and gallbladder.
  anatomy abdominal_organs
• The Cecum and Appendix are located in the right iliac (inguinal) region.
  anatomy abdominal_organs
• The Transverse colon and Descending colon are found in the abdominal regions.
  anatomy colon
• The principle of complementarity states that anatomy and physiology are inseparable.
  biology principles anatomy
• Function always reflects structure.
  biology anatomy function
• What a structure can do depends on its specific form.
  biology anatomy form
• The levels of structural organization in the human body from smallest to largest are: atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.
  biology human_body organization
• At the cellular level, smooth muscle cells form smooth muscle tissue.
  biology cells tissue
• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels.
  biology systems cardiovascular
• Tissues are groups of similar types of cells that work together.
  biology tissue cells
• The organ level is made up of different types of tissues.
  biology organs tissue
• Organ systems consist of different organs that work closely together.
  biology organ_systems organization
• The chemical level of biological organization includes inorganic molecules like H2O and organic molecules like DNA.
  biology chemistry human_body
• The chemical level of the human body consists of both inorganic and organic molecules.
  biology chemistry human_body
• The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism is a cell.
  biology cells
• The four types of epithelial tissue include: - stratified squamous epithelium - glandular epithelial tissue - simple cuboidal epithelium - pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia.
  biology tissues epithelial
• A tissue is a group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
  biology tissue function
• An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types.
  biology anatomy
• The organizational levels of the human body begin with the cell level, progressing to tissues, and then to organs.
  biology anatomy
• An organ is composed of two or more tissue types.
  biology anatomy
• The illustration shows the human torso with major organs including the heart and lungs:
  anatomy illustration
• An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.
  biology human_anatomy
• The human body contains the following organ systems: - integumentary - skeletal - muscular - nervous - endocrine - cardiovascular - lymphatic - respiratory - digestive - urinary - reproductive.
  biology human_body_systems
• The organizational levels of the human body include: - chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - system - organismal.
  biology human_body organization
• An organism is a living being that has a cellular structure and can independently perform all physiological functions necessary for life.
  biology definition organism
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes.
  biology homeostasis
• Homeostasis is described as a dynamic state of equilibrium.
  biology homeostasis
• Homeostatic control involves continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors. It is accomplished through the nervous and endocrine systems via nerve impulses and hormones.
  homeostasis control
• The three components of homeostatic control mechanisms are: - Receptor (sensor) - Control center - Effector.
  biology homeostasis
• The role of the receptor (sensor) is to monitor the environment and respond to stimuli.
  biology homeostasis
• The control center receives input from the receptor and determines the set point at which the variable is maintained.
  biology homeostasis
• The effector receives output from the control center and provides the means to respond, acting to reduce or enhance the stimulus.
  biology homeostasis
• In the process of negative feedback, the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus. An example is the regulation of body temperature.
  biology homeostasis
• The negative feedback mechanism for body temperature regulation involves which components? Stimulus, Receptors, Control Center, Effectors, and Response.
  biology homeostasis feedback
• A diagram illustrating the negative feedback mechanisms for maintaining body temperature shows processes of cooling and warming.
  biology homeostasis
• In positive feedback, the response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus.
  biology homeostasis
• Positive feedback usually controls infrequent events, such as enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin.
  biology homeostasis hormones
• Platelet plug formation is an example of positive feedback in blood clotting.
  biology homeostasis blood
• The process of blood clotting involves a cascade effect where platelets adhere to the injury site and release chemicals.
  biology homeostasis blood
• A disturbance of homeostasis can increase the risk of disease.
  biology homeostasis disease
• Homeostatic imbalance contributes to changes associated with aging.
  biology homeostasis aging
• Homeostatic imbalance may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over, such as in heart failure.
  biology homeostasis feedback
• The process of breaking larger, more complex substances into smaller, simpler molecules is called catabolism.
  metabolism catabolism
• When smaller, simpler molecules combine into larger, more complex substances, this process is known as anabolism.
  metabolism anabolism
• One necessary life function involves maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments, accomplished by the plasma membranes and skin.
  biology life_functions anatomy
• Movement in the body, known as contractility, includes movement of body parts through skeletal muscle and movement of substances through cardiac and smooth muscle.
  biology movement muscle_types
• The ability to sense and respond to stimuli is called responsiveness. An example includes the withdrawal reflex and the control of breathing rate.
  biology life_functions responsiveness
• In digestion, there are two main processes: breakdown of ingested foodstuffs and absorption of simple molecules into the blood.
  biology digestion life_functions
• Metabolism involves all chemical reactions that occur in body cells, including catabolism and anabolism.
  biology metabolism
• Excretion is the removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion, such as urea, carbon dioxide, and feces.
  biology excretion
• Necessary life functions include reproduction for cellular division and production of offspring.
  biology life_functions
• Growth refers to an increase in size of a body part or of an organism.
  biology growth
• Survival needs include essential nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins.
  biology nutrition
• Oxygen is crucial for energy release during the production of ATP.
  biology energy
• The most abundant chemical in the body is water.
  biology survival water
• Normal body temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions.
  biology temperature chemical_reactions
• Appropriate atmospheric pressure is necessary for adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.
  biology atmospheric_pressure lungs