What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
Involuntary control of organs including smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
The autonomic nervous system has two main divisions: what are they?
What controls many organs under dual innervation?
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions innervate the organs.
Describe the autonomic pathway structure.
CNS → preganglionic neuron → autonomic ganglion → postganglionic neuron → effector organs.
Which neurotransmitter do sympathetic postganglionic neurons primarily release?
Norepinephrine (NE).
What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release?
Acetylcholine (ACh).
Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?
From the thoracic and lumbar regions of the CNS.
Which cranial nerve contains the majority of parasympathetic axons?
The vagus nerve (CN10).
Where are sympathetic ganglia located?
Near the spinal cord, forming sympathetic chains.
What is significant about adrenal glands in the sympathetic system?
contains chromaffin (postganglionic) cells that secrete Epinephrine (E) into bloodstream.
What characterizes parasympathetic pathways?
Long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons.
What role do splanchnic nerves play?
They carry preganglionic sympathetic axons that bypass the sympathetic chain.
Name the major prevertebral ganglia.
What are the functions of CN3, CN7, CN9, and CN10?
How many nerve fibers are involved in autonomic pathways?
Two nerve fibers from CNS to effector, synapsing at a ganglion.
What do visceral sensory neurons monitor?
The status of internal organs.
What is the pathway of visceral reflex arcs?
Sensory receptor in viscera → visceral sensory neuron → spinal cord or brainstem integration
Where does integration occur in visceral reflex arcs?
What is referred pain?
Pain from a visceral organ perceived as coming from the skin
How do visceral reflexes differ from other reflexes?
They primarily involve internal organs and may not be consciously perceived.
Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?
Brain stem and sacral region
Where are parasympathetic ganglia located?
far from the spinal cord, but close to the target organs.
What characterizes the sympathetic pathway?
Short preganglionic axons, but long postganglionic axons
What is the pathway of the sympathetic nerve?
Lateral horn→ventral root→spinal nerve→ventral ramus→white ramus communicans→synapse at sympathetic trunk→gray ramus communicans→ventral ramus→effector organs
How do somatic and autonomic efferent pathways differ?
How does the location of the preganglionic cell body in the spinal cord differ in the somatic and autonomic efferent pathways?
What is the location of the synapse on the sympathetic nerve?
Where is the sympathetic nervous system located?
Sweat glands, arrector pili, smooth muscle walls of blood vessels
What are the side effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
Involuntary control of organs including smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
What controls many organs under dual innervation?
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions innervate the organs.
Describe the autonomic pathway structure.
CNS → preganglionic neuron → autonomic ganglion → postganglionic neuron → effector organs.
Which neurotransmitter do sympathetic postganglionic neurons primarily release?
Norepinephrine (NE).
Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?
From the thoracic and lumbar regions of the CNS.
What is significant about adrenal glands in the sympathetic system?
contains chromaffin (postganglionic) cells that secrete Epinephrine (E) into bloodstream.
What characterizes parasympathetic pathways?
Long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons.
What role do splanchnic nerves play?
They carry preganglionic sympathetic axons that bypass the sympathetic chain.
Name the major prevertebral ganglia.
What are the functions of CN3, CN7, CN9, and CN10?
How many nerve fibers are involved in autonomic pathways?
Two nerve fibers from CNS to effector, synapsing at a ganglion.
What is the pathway of visceral reflex arcs?
Sensory receptor in viscera → visceral sensory neuron → spinal cord or brainstem integration
How do visceral reflexes differ from other reflexes?
They primarily involve internal organs and may not be consciously perceived.
Where are parasympathetic ganglia located?
far from the spinal cord, but close to the target organs.
What characterizes the sympathetic pathway?
Short preganglionic axons, but long postganglionic axons
What is the pathway of the sympathetic nerve?
Lateral horn→ventral root→spinal nerve→ventral ramus→white ramus communicans→synapse at sympathetic trunk→gray ramus communicans→ventral ramus→effector organs
How do somatic and autonomic efferent pathways differ?
How does the location of the preganglionic cell body in the spinal cord differ in the somatic and autonomic efferent pathways?
What is the location of the synapse on the sympathetic nerve?
Where is the sympathetic nervous system located?
Sweat glands, arrector pili, smooth muscle walls of blood vessels
What are the side effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
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