These flashcards aren't stored yet — they'll disappear when you leave. Create a free account to keep them, and unlock everything below.
What are the key features of prokaryotic cells?
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the key features of eukaryotic cells?
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is DNA?
A molecule that carries genetic instructions for cell structure and function
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Where is DNA found in prokaryotic cells?
In the cytoplasm (nucleoid region)
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a nucleotide made of?
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the complementary base pairing rule in DNA?
A–T and C–G
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (23 pairs)
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are autosomes?
Non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs)
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are sex chromosomes?
X and Y chromosomes
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a genome?
All DNA in an organism
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a proteome?
All proteins produced by an organism
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a gene locus?
Location of a gene on a chromosome
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is an allele?
Different versions of a gene
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the cell cycle?
Process of cell growth and division
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens in S phase of the cell cycle?
DNA replication
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the purpose of cell cycle checkpoints?
Ensure cell is ready to divide (DNA correct)
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is mitosis?
Division producing identical cells
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the stages of mitosis?
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens in anaphase?
Chromatids separate
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is meiosis?
Division producing gametes (genetically different)
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the result of meiosis?
Four haploid gametes
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Define haploid
One set of chromosomes (n)
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Define diploid
Two sets of chromosomes (2n)
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is crossing over?
Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is independent assortment?
Random distribution of chromosomes
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is nondisjunction?
Chromosomes fail to separate
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is aneuploidy?
Abnormal number of chromosomes
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is Down syndrome?
Trisomy 21 (extra chromosome 21)
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is Turner syndrome?
Missing one X chromosome (XO)
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is duplication mutation?
Extra copy of a chromosome segment
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is deletion mutation?
Loss of a chromosome segment
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is inversion mutation?
A chromosome segment flips direction
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is insertion mutation?
Extra DNA inserted into a chromosome
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is translocation?
DNA moves between chromosomes
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do homologous chromosomes share?
Same genes, same loci, same size and shape
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a chromatid?
One strand of a duplicated chromosome
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a centromere?
Region that holds chromatids together
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are spindle fibres?
Structures that pull chromosomes apart
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the relationship between DNA, genes and proteins?
DNA → genes → code for proteins
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a phenotype?
The observable traits of an organism.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a dominant allele?
An allele that is expressed if present.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a recessive allele?
An allele only expressed if two copies are present.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does homozygous mean?
Having the same alleles (e.g., AA or aa).
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does heterozygous mean?
Having different alleles (e.g., Aa).
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a carrier in genetics?
An individual who has a recessive allele but shows no trait.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is autosomal inheritance?
Inheritance of a gene located on a non-sex chromosome.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is sex-linked inheritance?
Inheritance of a gene located on the X or Y chromosome.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is incomplete dominance?
A pattern where hybrids show a blended phenotype.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is codominance?
A pattern where both traits are expressed together.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a monohybrid cross?
A genetic cross that follows one trait.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a dihybrid cross?
A genetic cross that follows two traits.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does P generation refer to?
The parent generation in a genetic cross.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does F1 generation refer to?
The first offspring generation from the P generation.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does F2 generation refer to?
The second offspring generation, typically from F1 crosses.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is consequence-based ethics in bioethics?
An ethical approach that focuses on outcomes.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is duty/rules-based ethics in bioethics?
An ethical approach that follows rules or laws.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is virtue-based ethics in bioethics?
An ethical approach that focuses on moral character.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does integrity mean in bioethical concepts?
Honesty and strong morals.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does justice mean in bioethical concepts?
Fairness.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does beneficence mean in bioethical concepts?
To do good.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does non-maleficence mean in bioethical concepts?
To do no harm.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does respect mean in bioethical concepts?
To value others' rights.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are social implications in the context of genetics?
The effects on society.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are biological implications in the context of genetics?
The effects on living systems.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are ethical implications in the context of genetics?
The moral concerns raised by practices or findings.
Revisa tus tarjetas aquí, o sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the key features of prokaryotic cells?
What are the key features of eukaryotic cells?
What is DNA?
A molecule that carries genetic instructions for cell structure and function
Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
Where is DNA found in prokaryotic cells?
In the cytoplasm (nucleoid region)
What is a nucleotide made of?
What is the complementary base pairing rule in DNA?
A–T and C–G
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (23 pairs)
What are autosomes?
Non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs)
What are sex chromosomes?
X and Y chromosomes
What is a genome?
All DNA in an organism
What is a proteome?
All proteins produced by an organism
What is a gene locus?
Location of a gene on a chromosome
What is an allele?
Different versions of a gene
What is the cell cycle?
Process of cell growth and division
What happens in S phase of the cell cycle?
DNA replication
What is cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm
What is the purpose of cell cycle checkpoints?
Ensure cell is ready to divide (DNA correct)
What is mitosis?
Division producing identical cells
What are the stages of mitosis?
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle
What happens in anaphase?
Chromatids separate
What is meiosis?
Division producing gametes (genetically different)
What is the result of meiosis?
Four haploid gametes
Define haploid
One set of chromosomes (n)
Define diploid
Two sets of chromosomes (2n)
What is crossing over?
Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes
What is independent assortment?
Random distribution of chromosomes
What is nondisjunction?
Chromosomes fail to separate
What is aneuploidy?
Abnormal number of chromosomes
What is Down syndrome?
Trisomy 21 (extra chromosome 21)
What is Turner syndrome?
Missing one X chromosome (XO)
What is duplication mutation?
Extra copy of a chromosome segment
What is deletion mutation?
Loss of a chromosome segment
What is inversion mutation?
A chromosome segment flips direction
What is insertion mutation?
Extra DNA inserted into a chromosome
What is translocation?
DNA moves between chromosomes
What do homologous chromosomes share?
Same genes, same loci, same size and shape
What is a chromatid?
One strand of a duplicated chromosome
What is a centromere?
Region that holds chromatids together
What are spindle fibres?
Structures that pull chromosomes apart
What is the relationship between DNA, genes and proteins?
DNA → genes → code for proteins
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism.
What is a phenotype?
The observable traits of an organism.
What is a dominant allele?
An allele that is expressed if present.
What is a recessive allele?
An allele only expressed if two copies are present.
What does homozygous mean?
Having the same alleles (e.g., AA or aa).
What does heterozygous mean?
Having different alleles (e.g., Aa).
What is a carrier in genetics?
An individual who has a recessive allele but shows no trait.
What is autosomal inheritance?
Inheritance of a gene located on a non-sex chromosome.
What is sex-linked inheritance?
Inheritance of a gene located on the X or Y chromosome.
What is incomplete dominance?
A pattern where hybrids show a blended phenotype.
What is codominance?
A pattern where both traits are expressed together.
What is a monohybrid cross?
A genetic cross that follows one trait.
What is a dihybrid cross?
A genetic cross that follows two traits.
What does P generation refer to?
The parent generation in a genetic cross.
What does F1 generation refer to?
The first offspring generation from the P generation.
What does F2 generation refer to?
The second offspring generation, typically from F1 crosses.
What is consequence-based ethics in bioethics?
An ethical approach that focuses on outcomes.
What is duty/rules-based ethics in bioethics?
An ethical approach that follows rules or laws.
What is virtue-based ethics in bioethics?
An ethical approach that focuses on moral character.
What does integrity mean in bioethical concepts?
Honesty and strong morals.
What does justice mean in bioethical concepts?
Fairness.
What does beneficence mean in bioethical concepts?
To do good.
What does non-maleficence mean in bioethical concepts?
To do no harm.
What does respect mean in bioethical concepts?
To value others' rights.
What are social implications in the context of genetics?
The effects on society.
What are biological implications in the context of genetics?
The effects on living systems.
What are ethical implications in the context of genetics?
The moral concerns raised by practices or findings.
Are you sure you want to delete 0 tarjeta(s)? Esto no se puede deshacer.
Selecciona las etiquetas que quieres quitar de 0 selected flashcard(s):
Cargando etiquetas...