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What are the key features of prokaryotic cells?
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What are the key features of eukaryotic cells?
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What is DNA?
A molecule that carries genetic instructions for cell structure and function
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Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
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Where is DNA found in prokaryotic cells?
In the cytoplasm (nucleoid region)
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What is a nucleotide made of?
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What is the complementary base pairing rule in DNA?
A–T and C–G
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How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (23 pairs)
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What are autosomes?
Non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs)
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What are sex chromosomes?
X and Y chromosomes
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What is a genome?
All DNA in an organism
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What is a proteome?
All proteins produced by an organism
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What is a gene locus?
Location of a gene on a chromosome
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What is an allele?
Different versions of a gene
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What is the cell cycle?
Process of cell growth and division
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What happens in S phase of the cell cycle?
DNA replication
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What is cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm
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What is the purpose of cell cycle checkpoints?
Ensure cell is ready to divide (DNA correct)
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What is mitosis?
Division producing identical cells
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What are the stages of mitosis?
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What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle
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What happens in anaphase?
Chromatids separate
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What is meiosis?
Division producing gametes (genetically different)
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What is the result of meiosis?
Four haploid gametes
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Define haploid
One set of chromosomes (n)
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Define diploid
Two sets of chromosomes (2n)
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What is crossing over?
Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes
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What is independent assortment?
Random distribution of chromosomes
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What is nondisjunction?
Chromosomes fail to separate
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What is aneuploidy?
Abnormal number of chromosomes
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What is Down syndrome?
Trisomy 21 (extra chromosome 21)
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What is Turner syndrome?
Missing one X chromosome (XO)
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What is duplication mutation?
Extra copy of a chromosome segment
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What is deletion mutation?
Loss of a chromosome segment
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What is inversion mutation?
A chromosome segment flips direction
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What is insertion mutation?
Extra DNA inserted into a chromosome
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What is translocation?
DNA moves between chromosomes
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What do homologous chromosomes share?
Same genes, same loci, same size and shape
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What is a chromatid?
One strand of a duplicated chromosome
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What is a centromere?
Region that holds chromatids together
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What are spindle fibres?
Structures that pull chromosomes apart
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What is the relationship between DNA, genes and proteins?
DNA → genes → code for proteins
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What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism.
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What is a phenotype?
The observable traits of an organism.
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What is a dominant allele?
An allele that is expressed if present.
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What is a recessive allele?
An allele only expressed if two copies are present.
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What does homozygous mean?
Having the same alleles (e.g., AA or aa).
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What does heterozygous mean?
Having different alleles (e.g., Aa).
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What is a carrier in genetics?
An individual who has a recessive allele but shows no trait.
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What is autosomal inheritance?
Inheritance of a gene located on a non-sex chromosome.
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What is sex-linked inheritance?
Inheritance of a gene located on the X or Y chromosome.
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What is incomplete dominance?
A pattern where hybrids show a blended phenotype.
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What is codominance?
A pattern where both traits are expressed together.
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What is a monohybrid cross?
A genetic cross that follows one trait.
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What is a dihybrid cross?
A genetic cross that follows two traits.
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What does P generation refer to?
The parent generation in a genetic cross.
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What does F1 generation refer to?
The first offspring generation from the P generation.
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What does F2 generation refer to?
The second offspring generation, typically from F1 crosses.
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What is consequence-based ethics in bioethics?
An ethical approach that focuses on outcomes.
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What is duty/rules-based ethics in bioethics?
An ethical approach that follows rules or laws.
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What is virtue-based ethics in bioethics?
An ethical approach that focuses on moral character.
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What does integrity mean in bioethical concepts?
Honesty and strong morals.
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What does justice mean in bioethical concepts?
Fairness.
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What does beneficence mean in bioethical concepts?
To do good.
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What does non-maleficence mean in bioethical concepts?
To do no harm.
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What does respect mean in bioethical concepts?
To value others' rights.
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What are social implications in the context of genetics?
The effects on society.
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What are biological implications in the context of genetics?
The effects on living systems.
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What are ethical implications in the context of genetics?
The moral concerns raised by practices or findings.
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What are the key features of prokaryotic cells?
What are the key features of eukaryotic cells?
What is DNA?
A molecule that carries genetic instructions for cell structure and function
Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
Where is DNA found in prokaryotic cells?
In the cytoplasm (nucleoid region)
What is a nucleotide made of?
What is the complementary base pairing rule in DNA?
A–T and C–G
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (23 pairs)
What are autosomes?
Non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs)
What are sex chromosomes?
X and Y chromosomes
What is a genome?
All DNA in an organism
What is a proteome?
All proteins produced by an organism
What is a gene locus?
Location of a gene on a chromosome
What is an allele?
Different versions of a gene
What is the cell cycle?
Process of cell growth and division
What happens in S phase of the cell cycle?
DNA replication
What is cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm
What is the purpose of cell cycle checkpoints?
Ensure cell is ready to divide (DNA correct)
What is mitosis?
Division producing identical cells
What are the stages of mitosis?
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle
What happens in anaphase?
Chromatids separate
What is meiosis?
Division producing gametes (genetically different)
What is the result of meiosis?
Four haploid gametes
Define haploid
One set of chromosomes (n)
Define diploid
Two sets of chromosomes (2n)
What is crossing over?
Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes
What is independent assortment?
Random distribution of chromosomes
What is nondisjunction?
Chromosomes fail to separate
What is aneuploidy?
Abnormal number of chromosomes
What is Down syndrome?
Trisomy 21 (extra chromosome 21)
What is Turner syndrome?
Missing one X chromosome (XO)
What is duplication mutation?
Extra copy of a chromosome segment
What is deletion mutation?
Loss of a chromosome segment
What is inversion mutation?
A chromosome segment flips direction
What is insertion mutation?
Extra DNA inserted into a chromosome
What is translocation?
DNA moves between chromosomes
What do homologous chromosomes share?
Same genes, same loci, same size and shape
What is a chromatid?
One strand of a duplicated chromosome
What is a centromere?
Region that holds chromatids together
What are spindle fibres?
Structures that pull chromosomes apart
What is the relationship between DNA, genes and proteins?
DNA → genes → code for proteins
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism.
What is a phenotype?
The observable traits of an organism.
What is a dominant allele?
An allele that is expressed if present.
What is a recessive allele?
An allele only expressed if two copies are present.
What does homozygous mean?
Having the same alleles (e.g., AA or aa).
What does heterozygous mean?
Having different alleles (e.g., Aa).
What is a carrier in genetics?
An individual who has a recessive allele but shows no trait.
What is autosomal inheritance?
Inheritance of a gene located on a non-sex chromosome.
What is sex-linked inheritance?
Inheritance of a gene located on the X or Y chromosome.
What is incomplete dominance?
A pattern where hybrids show a blended phenotype.
What is codominance?
A pattern where both traits are expressed together.
What is a monohybrid cross?
A genetic cross that follows one trait.
What is a dihybrid cross?
A genetic cross that follows two traits.
What does P generation refer to?
The parent generation in a genetic cross.
What does F1 generation refer to?
The first offspring generation from the P generation.
What does F2 generation refer to?
The second offspring generation, typically from F1 crosses.
What is consequence-based ethics in bioethics?
An ethical approach that focuses on outcomes.
What is duty/rules-based ethics in bioethics?
An ethical approach that follows rules or laws.
What is virtue-based ethics in bioethics?
An ethical approach that focuses on moral character.
What does integrity mean in bioethical concepts?
Honesty and strong morals.
What does justice mean in bioethical concepts?
Fairness.
What does beneficence mean in bioethical concepts?
To do good.
What does non-maleficence mean in bioethical concepts?
To do no harm.
What does respect mean in bioethical concepts?
To value others' rights.
What are social implications in the context of genetics?
The effects on society.
What are biological implications in the context of genetics?
The effects on living systems.
What are ethical implications in the context of genetics?
The moral concerns raised by practices or findings.
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