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What are hormones?
Chemical messengers produced by glands that control: - Heart rate - Blood pressure - Metabolism - Mineral concentration - Stress reactions
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What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
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What substances are secreted by the adrenal cortex?
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What is the principal mineralocorticoid?
Aldosterone
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What is the principal glucocorticoid?
Cortisol
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What regulates aldosterone secretion?
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What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?
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What is the source of adrenocortical hormones?
Cholesterol
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What is the regulatory system for aldosterone?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
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What are the renal effects of aldosterone?
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What happens with excessive aldosterone?
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What happens with deficient aldosterone?
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What causes hypersecretion of aldosterone?
Adrenal tumors in the zona glomerulosa cells
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What are the clinical findings of aldosterone hypersecretion?
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What does aldosterone promote in the body?
Sodium reabsorption in: - Sweat glands - Salivary glands - Intestines (colon)
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What happens in the absence of aldosterone?
Diarrhea due to inability to absorb NaCl and therefore water
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What stimulates the release of ACTH?
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When does cortisol peak during the day?
↑ in the morning, ↓ in the evening
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What are the effects of Glucocorticoids (GCC)?
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What is the effect of cortisol on protein metabolism?
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What is the effect of cortisol on lipid metabolism?
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What is the effect of cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism?
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What triggers cortisol secretion?
Stress, including: - Trauma - Infection - Heat/cold - Surgery - Restraints - Disease
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What is the role of cortisol during stress?
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What can excessive cortisol lead to in muscles?
Muscle weakness, making it difficult to rise from squatting
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What results from plasma leakage during inflammation?
Nonpitting edema.
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What does cortisol do in the inflammatory process?
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How does cortisol affect capillary permeability?
It decreases capillary permeability, leading to less edema.
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What happens to lymphoid tissues with cortisol?
They undergo atrophy, leading to decreased immunity.
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What are the three cycles of sleep?
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What regulates sleep?
The HPA axis (Hypothalamic - pituitary- adrenal axis).
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What is gluconeogenesis?
It is the synthesis of glucose from proteins and fats (happens in the liver)
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What are adrenal androgens?
They are male sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, such as DHEA and androstenedione.
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What are the three types of hormonal abnormalities?
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What is Cushing’s syndrome?
It is caused by hypersecretion of corticosteroids, leading to excess cortisol.
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What causes Addison’s disease?
It is caused by hyposecretion of corticosteroids.
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What is Cushing syndrome?
A constellation of clinical abnormalities caused by chronic high blood levels of cortisol or related corticosteroids.
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What causes Cushing disease?
Excess pituitary production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), generally due to a pituitary adenoma.
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are common symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?
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What is the ACTH level in Iatrogenic and Adrenal tumor cases?
Both show ↓ ACTH levels.
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is Addison’s disease?
Adrenal insufficiency characterized by hypofunction of all three layers of the adrenal cortex.
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the effects of insufficient glucocorticoids in Addison’s disease?
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What happens due to insufficient mineralocorticoids in Addison’s disease?
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What is the ACTH level in Primary Addison’s disease?
↑ ACTH because the problem is with the gland.
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What is the ACTH level in Secondary Addison’s disease?
↓ ACTH because the problem is with the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the effects of cortisol in inflammation?
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How are sleep and cortisol related?
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What is Cushing’s Syndrome?
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the signs & symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?
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What laboratory values are associated with Addison’s disease?
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What is the difference between primary and secondary Addison’s disease?
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What is the role of ACTH in Cushing’s Syndrome?
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What are adrenal androgens?
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What triggers adrenal steroid synthesis?
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Aldosterone affects sodium reabsorption within which structures? (Excluding the kidneys)
Sweat glands, salivary glands, intestine/ colon.
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens to skeletal muscles as a result of gluconeogenesis?
They're broken down; the amino acids are taken to be used as substrates and act as antagonists to insulin.
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How can cortisol be beneficial during times of starvation and other stress?
It assists the body to use fatty acids for energy and to conserve glucose.
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How does cortisol affect allergies?
Blocks inflammatory cascade from an allergic response.
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How does cortisol affect bone health?
It activates osteoclasts, and causes apoptosis of osteoblasts, in relation to osteoporosis
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How does cortisol affect immunity?
It decreases immunity due to atrophy of lymphoid tissues.
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is autoimmune adrenalitis?
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What does angiotensin I form from?
Angiotensinogen
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Where is ACE released from?
Lungs
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What does angiotensin II stimulate in the adrenal gland?
Release of Aldosterone
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does aldosterone stimulate in the kidneys?
Reabsorption of salt (NaCl) and water (H2O)
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does ACTH stand for?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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What is the role of GRH?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Sfoglia le tue carte qui, oppure sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers produced by glands that control: - Heart rate - Blood pressure - Metabolism - Mineral concentration - Stress reactions
What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
What substances are secreted by the adrenal cortex?
What is the principal mineralocorticoid?
Aldosterone
What is the principal glucocorticoid?
Cortisol
What regulates aldosterone secretion?
What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?
What is the source of adrenocortical hormones?
Cholesterol
What is the regulatory system for aldosterone?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
What are the renal effects of aldosterone?
What happens with excessive aldosterone?
What happens with deficient aldosterone?
What causes hypersecretion of aldosterone?
Adrenal tumors in the zona glomerulosa cells
What are the clinical findings of aldosterone hypersecretion?
What does aldosterone promote in the body?
Sodium reabsorption in: - Sweat glands - Salivary glands - Intestines (colon)
What happens in the absence of aldosterone?
Diarrhea due to inability to absorb NaCl and therefore water
What stimulates the release of ACTH?
When does cortisol peak during the day?
↑ in the morning, ↓ in the evening
What are the effects of Glucocorticoids (GCC)?
What is the effect of cortisol on protein metabolism?
What is the effect of cortisol on lipid metabolism?
What is the effect of cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism?
What triggers cortisol secretion?
Stress, including: - Trauma - Infection - Heat/cold - Surgery - Restraints - Disease
What is the role of cortisol during stress?
What can excessive cortisol lead to in muscles?
Muscle weakness, making it difficult to rise from squatting
What results from plasma leakage during inflammation?
Nonpitting edema.
What does cortisol do in the inflammatory process?
How does cortisol affect capillary permeability?
It decreases capillary permeability, leading to less edema.
What happens to lymphoid tissues with cortisol?
They undergo atrophy, leading to decreased immunity.
What are the three cycles of sleep?
What regulates sleep?
The HPA axis (Hypothalamic - pituitary- adrenal axis).
What is gluconeogenesis?
It is the synthesis of glucose from proteins and fats (happens in the liver)
What are adrenal androgens?
They are male sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, such as DHEA and androstenedione.
What are the three types of hormonal abnormalities?
What is Cushing’s syndrome?
It is caused by hypersecretion of corticosteroids, leading to excess cortisol.
What causes Addison’s disease?
It is caused by hyposecretion of corticosteroids.
What is Cushing syndrome?
A constellation of clinical abnormalities caused by chronic high blood levels of cortisol or related corticosteroids.
What causes Cushing disease?
Excess pituitary production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), generally due to a pituitary adenoma.
What are common symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?
What is the ACTH level in Iatrogenic and Adrenal tumor cases?
Both show ↓ ACTH levels.
What is Addison’s disease?
Adrenal insufficiency characterized by hypofunction of all three layers of the adrenal cortex.
What are the effects of insufficient glucocorticoids in Addison’s disease?
What happens due to insufficient mineralocorticoids in Addison’s disease?
What is the ACTH level in Primary Addison’s disease?
↑ ACTH because the problem is with the gland.
What is the ACTH level in Secondary Addison’s disease?
↓ ACTH because the problem is with the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.
What are the effects of cortisol in inflammation?
How are sleep and cortisol related?
What is Cushing’s Syndrome?
What are the signs & symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?
What laboratory values are associated with Addison’s disease?
What is the difference between primary and secondary Addison’s disease?
What is the role of ACTH in Cushing’s Syndrome?
What are adrenal androgens?
What triggers adrenal steroid synthesis?
Aldosterone affects sodium reabsorption within which structures? (Excluding the kidneys)
Sweat glands, salivary glands, intestine/ colon.
What happens to skeletal muscles as a result of gluconeogenesis?
They're broken down; the amino acids are taken to be used as substrates and act as antagonists to insulin.
How can cortisol be beneficial during times of starvation and other stress?
It assists the body to use fatty acids for energy and to conserve glucose.
How does cortisol affect allergies?
Blocks inflammatory cascade from an allergic response.
How does cortisol affect bone health?
It activates osteoclasts, and causes apoptosis of osteoblasts, in relation to osteoporosis
How does cortisol affect immunity?
It decreases immunity due to atrophy of lymphoid tissues.
What is autoimmune adrenalitis?
What does angiotensin I form from?
Angiotensinogen
Where is ACE released from?
Lungs
What does angiotensin II stimulate in the adrenal gland?
Release of Aldosterone
What does aldosterone stimulate in the kidneys?
Reabsorption of salt (NaCl) and water (H2O)
What does ACTH stand for?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
What is the role of GRH?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
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