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Chapter 12 The Nervous System Nervous Tissue
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  • What are the functions of the nervous system?

    • Monitor changes in body
    • Interpret sensory information
    • Respond to changes
    nervous_system functions

  • What structures make up the CNS?

    • Brain
    • Spinal cord
    nervous_system cns

  • What structures are part of the PNS?

    • Cranial nerves
    • Spinal nerves
    • Ganglia
    nervous_system pns

  • What are the components of the functional division of the nervous system?

    • Sensory division
    • Motor division
    nervous_system functional_division

  • What does the sensory division do?

    Signals from sensory receptors to CNS (afferent)

    nervous_system sensory_division

  • What does the motor division do?

    Signals from CNS to muscles & glands (efferent)

    nervous_system motor_division

  • What are viscera?

    Structures inside the ventral body cavity (e.g., lungs, heart)

    nervous_system viscera

  • What does somatic refer to?

    Structures outside the ventral body cavity (e.g., skin, muscles)

    nervous_system somatic

  • What does somatic sensory detect?

    • Touch
    • Pain
    • Vision
    • Hearing
    nervous_system somatic_sensory

  • What does visceral sensory detect?

    • Stretching
    • Pain in viscera
    • Hunger
    nervous_system visceral_sensory

  • What does somatic motor do?

    Stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles (voluntary control)

    nervous_system somatic_motor

  • What does visceral motor control?

    Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle, secretion of glands (involuntary control)

    nervous_system visceral_motor

  • What are the main components of nervous tissue?

    • Neurons
    • Glial cells
    nervous_system nervous_tissue

  • What are the key characteristics of neurons?

    • Live a long time
    • Don’t divide
    • Respond to stimuli
    nervous_system neurons

  • What is the function of dendrites?

    Receive signals from other neurons and conduct signals toward cell body

    nervous_system dendrites

  • What is the function of an axon?

    Transmits nerve signals from cell body to other cells

    nervous_system axon

  • What are the types of neuron structural classification?

    • Unipolar
    • Bipolar
    • Multipolar
    nervous_system neuron_classification

  • What is the role of sensory neurons?

    Transmits signals from body to CNS (most are unipolar)

    nervous_system sensory_neurons

  • What is the role of motor neurons?

    Carries signals away from the CNS (most are multipolar)

    nervous_system motor_neurons

  • What is the role of interneurons?

    Connects motor and sensory neurons

    nervous_system interneurons

  • What are glial cells?

    Support and protect neurons

    nervous_system glial_cells

  • What is the function of astrocytes?

    Most abundant CNS glial cell; helps form blood-brain barrier

    nervous_system astrocytes

  • What do microglial cells do?

    Act as phagocytic cells in the CNS

    nervous_system microglial_cells

  • What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

    Wrap around axons in CNS and make myelin sheaths

    nervous_system oligodendrocytes

  • What do Schwann cells do?

    Wrap around axons in PNS and form myelin sheath

    nervous_system schwann_cells

  • What is a nerve?

    Bundle of axons, part of PNS, with connective tissue layers

    nervous_system nerve

  • What is a synapse?

    Site where neurons communicate via axon terminal and dendrites

    nervous_system synapse

  • What is a presynaptic neuron?

    A specialized cell that sends signals to other cells

    nervous_system presynaptic_neuron

  • What is the function of the presynaptic neuron?

    Releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

    biology neurons

  • What is the synaptic cleft?

    A narrow space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

    biology neurons

  • How does the postsynaptic neuron receive signals?

    Through dendrites

    biology neurons

  • What does the postsynaptic neuron do with the signal?

    Carries signal away from synapse

    biology neurons

  • What are the main parts of a neuron?

    • Cell body (soma)
    • Axon
    • Dendrite
    • Myelin sheath
    • Terminal buttons
    biology neurons

  • What is a unipolar neuron?

    A single elongated process with the cell body located off to the side

    biology neurons

  • What is a bipolar neuron?

    Two processes separated by the cell body

    biology neurons

  • What is a multipolar neuron?

    More than two processes, a single axon and multiple dendrites

    biology neurons