このフラッシュカードはまだ保存されてないよ — 離れると消えちゃう。無料アカウントを作ると保存できて、下の機能も全部使えるようになるよ。
What is blood primarily composed of?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the formed elements in blood?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens when blood leaves the circulatory system?
Plasma proteins react to form a clot including formed elements and serum.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is serum?
A pale yellow liquid containing growth factors and proteins released during clot formation.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the hematocrit?
The volume of erythrocytes in blood, normally about 44% in healthy adults.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the composition of plasma?
An aqueous solution with a pH of 7.4, containing proteins, nutrients, gases, waste products, hormones, and electrolytes.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the main plasma proteins?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of albumin in blood?
Maintains the osmotic pressure of the blood.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of globulins?
Includes transport factors like transferrin and plays a role in coagulation.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
Act as the body's chief defense against infection.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do leukocytes respond to infection?
They become motile, cross venule walls, and migrate into tissues.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What substances does blood transport?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the significance of blood in body temperature regulation?
Blood participates in heat distribution and maintaining body temperature.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of blood in acid-base balance?
Helps maintain the acid-base and osmotic balance in the body.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the composition of plasma?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the normal hematocrit in healthy adults?
About 44% of total blood volume is erythrocytes.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the function of blood?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the major plasma proteins?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of leukocytes?
Leukocytes are the body's defense against infection, migrating to sites of infection when activated.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens to blood when it leaves the circulatory system?
Plasma proteins react to form a clot, including formed elements and serum.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the pH of plasma?
The pH of plasma is approximately 7.4.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How is blood separated by centrifugation?
Blood can be separated into layers: erythrocytes, plasma, and a buffy coat of leukocytes and platelets.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the composition of whole blood?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the main components of plasma?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the normal range of erythrocytes in blood?
4.2-6.2 million per cubic mm
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the normal range of leukocytes in blood?
4.5-11 thousand per cubic mm
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the normal range of platelets in blood?
150-400 thousand per cubic mm
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the buffy coat?
A thin layer of leukocytes and platelets between erythrocytes and plasma.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens to blood after centrifugation?
Erythrocytes settle at the bottom, forming hematocrit; plasma remains on top.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the O2 pressure in blood?
Highest in arteries and lung capillaries; decreases in tissue capillaries.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is fibrinogen?
A plasma protein that polymerizes during clotting to form fibrin, blocking blood loss.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the types of leukocytes?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the function of fibrin in blood?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What role do complement proteins play in the body?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How are blood cells observed histologically?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are azurophilic granules?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the characteristics of erythrocytes?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is anemia?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is sickle cell anemia caused by?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is erythrocytosis?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the primary component of plasma?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the function of albumin in plasma?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do globulins do in the bloodstream?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of fibrinogen?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the other solutes found in blood plasma?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the importance of electrolytes in blood plasma?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the function of nutrients in blood plasma?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
2% dissolved in plasma
</blockquote>ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are wastes in blood plasma?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are waste products in blood plasma?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the composition of blood plasma?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the functions of blood plasma?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the types of globulins?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of fibrinogen in blood?
Precursor of fibrin, essential for blood clotting.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the significance of oxygen in blood?
Needed for aerobic cellular respiration; 98% is bound to hemoglobin.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How are blood cells studied histologically?
By preparing smears from blood drops on microscope slides.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What stains are used for blood smears?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are erythrocytes?
Terminally differentiated red blood cells filled with hemoglobin, lacking nuclei.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the symptoms of anemia?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What causes sickle cell anemia?
Homozygous mutation causing an amino acid substitution in hemoglobin.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What can cause erythrocytosis?
Physiologic adaptation in high altitudes where O2 tension is low.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the normal concentration of erythrocytes in women?
Approximately 3.9-5.5 million per microliter (μL).
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the normal concentration of erythrocytes in men?
Approximately 4.1-6.0 million per microliter (μL).
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the shape of human erythrocytes?
Flexible biconcave discs.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the diameter of a human erythrocyte?
Approximately 7.5 μm.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Why is the biconcave shape of erythrocytes important?
Provides a large surface-to-volume ratio and facilitates gas exchange.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the composition of the erythrocyte plasmalemma?
About 40% lipid, 10% carbohydrate, and 50% protein.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is rouleaux?
Stacks of erythrocytes that may adhere loosely in larger blood vessels.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the composition of the erythrocyte plasmalemma?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What types of proteins are predominant in the erythrocyte membrane?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the function of spectrin in erythrocytes?
Stabilizes the membrane and maintains cell shape.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
Carries O2 and CO2 in the blood.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens to erythrocytes after 120 days in circulation?
They are recognized and removed by macrophages due to membrane defects.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the two major groups of leukocytes?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What characterizes granulocytes?
Possess abundant cytoplasmic granules and polymorphic nuclei.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the three types of granulocytes?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a key feature of agranulocytes?
Lack specific granules but contain some azurophilic granules.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the two types of agranulocytes?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of leukocytes in the body?
Defense against invading microorganisms.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What triggers the loosening of intercellular junctions in endothelial cells?
Cytokines released from various sources
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What protein appears on endothelial cells after exocytosis?
P-selectin
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do leukocytes interact with P-selectin?
They display glycosylated ligands, causing them to slow down and roll
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is diapedesis?
Process where leukocytes migrate out of venules into surrounding tissue
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is chemotaxis in relation to neutrophils?
Chemical mediators attract neutrophils to bacteria, causing rapid accumulation
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the normal range of leukocytes in healthy adults?
4500-11,000 leukocytes per microliter of blood
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What percentage of circulating leukocytes do mature neutrophils constitute?
50%-70%
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the composition of the erythrocyte plasmalemma?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What proteins are included in the erythrocyte membrane?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Through hemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the typical lifespan of human erythrocytes?
About 120 days
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do erythrocytes generate energy?
Through anaerobic glycolysis
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens to erythrocytes before being released into circulation?
They undergo terminal differentiation, losing nucleus and organelles
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the average lifespan of human erythrocytes in circulation?
120 days
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens to senescent RBCs?
They are removed by macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the life span of granulocytes?
Only a few days.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the primary energy source for granulocytes?
They depend largely on glycolysis.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What distinguishes agranulocytes from granulocytes?
Agranulocytes lack specific granules but contain some azurophilic granules.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the two main types of agranulocytes?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What triggers the migration of leukocytes to tissues?
Factors called cytokines are released.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the process called when leukocytes exit blood vessels?
Diapedesis.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is chemotaxis?
It is the attraction of leukocytes to bacteria via chemical mediators.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the normal range of leukocytes in healthy adults?
4500-11,000 per microliter of blood.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the normal range of leukocytes in healthy adults?
4500-11,000 leukocytes per microliter of blood
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What percentage of circulating leukocytes are neutrophils?
50-70%
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the major functions of neutrophils?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the life span of mature neutrophils?
1-4 days
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do eosinophils function in the immune response?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of basophils in the immune system?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the primary function of lymphocytes?
E
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the life span of monocytes?
Hours to years
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are granulocytes?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are agranulocytes?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the characteristics of neutrophil nuclei?
3-5 lobes
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the color of neutrophil granules?
Faint/light pink
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens to neutrophils in an anaerobic environment?
They can kill bacteria and help clean up debris
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the half-life of neutrophils in blood?
6-8 hours
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do neutrophils engulf bacteria?
By pseudopodia and internalizing them in phagosomes
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a key role of activated neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
Release chemokines to attract other leukocytes
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of specific secondary granules in neutrophils?
Secretion of ECM-degrading enzymes and bactericidal proteins
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the lifespan of neutrophils in connective tissues?
1-4 days before undergoing apoptosis
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do neutrophils do to bacteria?
Engulf bacteria using pseudopodia and internalize them in phagosomes
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens to phagosomes after bacteria are engulfed?
Specific granules fuse and discharge contents into phagosomes, which are then acidified
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is produced during the burst of O2 consumption in neutrophils?
Superoxide anions (O2–) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in neutrophils?
Generates hypochlorite and other toxic agents to bacteria
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the function of lysozyme in neutrophils?
Degrades components of bacterial cell walls
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are defensins?
Small cysteine-rich proteins that disrupt cell membranes of bacteria
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the diameter of neutrophils in blood smears?
12-15 μm
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a characteristic of neutrophil nuclei?
Two to five lobes linked by thin nuclear extensions
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens to neutrophils during diapedesis?
Become amoeboid and highly active
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are azurophilic granules?
Large dense vesicles in neutrophils that kill and degrade microorganisms
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What can a single nucleotide substitution in the hemoglobin gene cause?
Sickle cell disease due to polymerization of hemoglobin
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are features of sickle cell disease?
Greater blood viscosity and poor microvascular circulation
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of neutrophils during diapedesis?
Neutrophils become amoeboid and highly active, adhering to ECM substrates like collagen.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is chemotaxis in neutrophils?
It is the process by which neutrophils actively pursue bacterial cells at infection sites.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the two main types of granules in neutrophils?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the function of azurophilic granules?
They kill and degrade engulfed microorganisms using proteases and antibacterial proteins.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does myeloperoxidase (MPO) do?
Generates hypochlorite and other toxic agents to bacteria.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the function of lysozyme?
Degrades components of bacterial cell walls.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are defensins?
Small cysteine-rich proteins that disrupt cell membranes of bacteria and other microorganisms.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What can result from neutrophil defects?
Increased frequency and persistence of bacterial infections.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do specific secondary granules secrete?
ECM-degrading enzymes like collagenases and bactericidal proteins.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do activated neutrophils contribute to inflammation?
They release chemokines and cytokines, attracting other leukocytes and directing tissue activities.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the significance of glycogen in neutrophils?
It is broken down into glucose for energy via the glycolytic pathway.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the half-life of neutrophils in blood?
6-8 hours.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens to neutrophils after they die?
They undergo apoptosis after 1-4 days in connective tissues.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the process of phagocytosis in neutrophils?
Neutrophils engulf bacteria using pseudopodia and internalize them in phagosomes.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens during the burst of O2 consumption in neutrophils?
Forms superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide for microbial killing.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What role does lactoferrin play in neutrophils?
Binds iron, limiting its availability to bacteria and causing their death.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What forms a viscous fluid during the immune response?
Apoptotic neutrophils, bacteria, semidigested material, and tissue fluid.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What forms a viscous yellow fluid known as pus?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a neutrophil dysfunction associated with actin?
Reduced neutrophil motility due to abnormal actin polymerization.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens with NADPH oxidase deficiency in neutrophils?
Failure to produce H2O2 and hypochlorite, reducing microbial killing power.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the major events of neutrophil migration during inflammation?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do eosinophils primarily combat?
Eosinophils primarily target parasitic worms or helminths.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the percentage of eosinophils in leukocytes?
Eosinophils constitute 1%-4% of leukocytes.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the characteristics of eosinophils?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What proteins do eosinophilic granules contain?
Major basic proteins (MBP) and eosinophilic peroxidase.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What role do eosinophils play in inflammation?
They modulate inflammatory responses by releasing chemokines, cytokines, and lipid mediators.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Where are eosinophils particularly abundant?
In connective tissue of the intestinal lining and sites of chronic inflammation.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do eosinophils remove from interstitial fluid?
Antigen-antibody complexes
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Where are eosinophils particularly abundant?
Connective tissue of the intestinal lining and sites of chronic inflammation
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What triggers the rapid immigration of leukocytes?
Cytokines and cell binding proteins
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do local macrophages release during inflammation?
Proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and TNF-a
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of selectins in neutrophil migration?
They cause neutrophils to adhere loosely to the endothelium
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is pus primarily composed of?
Semidigested material and tissue fluid
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a common dysfunction of neutrophils?
Failure of actin polymerization, reducing motility
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What percentage of leukocytes do eosinophils constitute?
1%-4%
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a key characteristic of eosinophils?
Bilobed nucleus and large acidophilic granules
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do major basic proteins (MBP) in eosinophils do?
They help kill parasitic worms or helminths
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do eosinophils release to modulate inflammatory responses?
Chemokines, cytokines, and lipid mediators
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What facilitates the migration of neutrophils through the endothelium?
Integrins and their ligands provide firm adhesion
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the process called when neutrophils migrate between endothelial cells?
Diapedesis
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What role do eosinophils play in the body?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Where are eosinophils typically abundant?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is eosinophilia?
An increase in eosinophils in blood associated with allergic reactions and helminthic infections.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What substances do eosinophils produce?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What effect do corticosteroids have on eosinophils?
They rapidly decrease the number of blood eosinophils by interfering with their release from bone marrow.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the characteristics of basophils?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do basophils contain in their granules?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do basophils contribute to inflammation?
They supplement mast cells and secrete granules in response to antigens and allergens.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is anaphylaxis?
A severe systemic response to allergens, leading to vasodilation and a drop in blood pressure due to rapid degranulation of basophils and mast cells.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the effects of immediate hypersensitivity?
Can result in bronchial asthma, hives, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, or allergic gastroenteritis.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are lymphocytes?
The most numerous agranulocytes with spherical nuclei, constituting about one-third of leukocytes.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How can mature lymphocytes be subdivided?
By distinctive surface molecules called CD markers
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the major classes of lymphocytes?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are neutrophils characterized by?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do eosinophils indicate when increased in blood?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Where are eosinophils typically found in patients with eosinophilia?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What hormone decreases the number of blood eosinophils?
Corticosteroids
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are basophils?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do basophilic granules contain?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What role do basophils play in inflammation?
They supplement the functions of mast cells
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do basophils catalyze in the immune response?
Production of lipid-derived proinflammatory factors called leukotrienes.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do basophils and mast cells have in common?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What triggers the release of inflammatory mediators in basophils and mast cells?
Allergen binds to receptor-bound IgE molecules, causing cross-linking and rapid exocytosis of cytoplasmic granules.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the major classes of lymphocytes?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Where do T lymphocytes differentiate?
In the thymus, unlike B cells and other circulating leukocytes which mature in the bone marrow.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the size range of lymphocytes?
Small lymphocytes: similar to RBCs; Medium/Large lymphocytes: 9-18 μm in diameter.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are lymphomas?
Disorders involving neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes or failure to undergo apoptosis, considered malignant.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What characterizes small lymphocytes?
Spherical nuclei with highly condensed chromatin and a thin rim of scant cytoplasm.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How long do lymphocytes typically survive?
Varies by function; some live a few days, others for many years in circulation or tissues.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are lymphomas considered?
Malignant
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the function of specific granules in neutrophils?
Undergo exocytosis to release enzymes and bactericidal factors
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do azurophilic granules contain?
Components to kill engulfed bacteria
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the nucleus structure of a neutrophil?
Lobulated
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are monocytes precursors to?
Macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the diameter of circulating monocytes?
12-15 μm
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the cytoplasm color of monocytes in stained smears?
Bluish-gray
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What occurs during extravasation?
Accumulation of immigrating monocytes in inflammation
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are platelets also known as?
Thrombocytes
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the size of blood platelets?
2-4 μm in diameter
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do platelets originate?
From cytoplasmic processes of giant polyploid bone marrow cells
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of macrophages in inflammation?
Immune defense and tissue repair
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What characterizes chronic inflammation?
Continuous recruitment of monocytes and macrophages
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are eosinophils characterized by?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the size range of monocytes?
12-15 um in diameter
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do monocytes develop into?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the significance of monocytes in the immune system?
They are antigen-presenting cells involved in immune defense and tissue repair.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the lifespan of circulating platelets?
About 10 days
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the normal range of platelet counts in blood?
150,000 to 400,000/μL
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the two zones of a platelet?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What occurs during extravasation of monocytes?
Accumulation of immigrating monocytes during early inflammation.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens to macrophages during acute inflammation?
They usually undergo apoptosis or leave the site.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of platelets in the body?
They promote blood clotting and help repair minor tears in blood vessels.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the function of platelets in blood loss control?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the two systems of membrane channels in platelets?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do delta granules in platelets contain?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do alpha granules in platelets contain?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the normal platelet count range in blood?
150,000 to 400,000/uL
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the lifespan of circulating platelets?
About 10 days
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the two types of platelet aggregation?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the appearance of platelets in stained blood smears?
Often appear in clumps, discoid shape with a hyalomere and granulomere
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of the glycocalyx in platelets?
Involved in adhesion and activation during blood coagulation
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the structure of a platelet?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the function of the open canalicular system in platelets?
Facilitates uptake of factors from plasma.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do dense tubular system vesicles in platelets store?
Ca ext{**} ions.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the process of degranulation in platelets?
Rapid exocytosis of proteins upon activation.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What do basophils contain that modulates immune response?
Specific basophilic granules.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the diameter range of delta granules in platelets?
250-300 nm.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of platelets in primary aggregation?
Adhere to collagen in the vascular wall to form a platelet plug.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What induces secondary aggregation in platelets?
Release of adhesive glycoprotein and ADP.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What proteins promote blood coagulation during platelet aggregation?
Fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and platelet factor 4.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of platelet factor 4?
Acts as a chemokine for monocytes, neutrophils, and fibroblasts.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What causes clot retraction?
Activity of platelet-derived actin and myosin.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What enzyme dissolves the clot during clot removal?
Plasmin.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do aspirin and NSAIDs affect platelet function?
They inhibit prostaglandin synthesis needed for aggregation.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a common bleeding disorder related to platelets?
Autosomal recessive glycoprotein Ib deficiency.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are lymphocytes classified as?
Agranulocytes without specific granules.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the size range of lymphocytes in blood?
6 to 15 μm in diameter.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the characteristics of lymphocytes?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do small lymphocytes compare to erythrocytes?
Slightly larger than erythrocytes with a thin rim of cytoplasm around a spherical nucleus.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What distinguishes medium lymphocytes from erythrocytes?
Medium lymphocytes are distinctly larger than erythrocytes.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the features of large lymphocytes?
Much larger than erythrocytes; may represent activated cells returning to circulation.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does a medium-sized lymphocyte contain?
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the process of blood coagulation?
Involves platelet aggregation and cascade of plasma proteins forming a fibrin polymer, creating a thrombus.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What role does platelet factor 4 play?
Acts as a chemokine for monocytes, neutrophils, and fibroblasts; stimulates fibroblast proliferation by PDGF.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is clot retraction?
The clot bulges into the vessel lumen and then contracts due to platelet-derived actin and myosin.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How is a clot removed from the body?
The clot is dissolved by proteolytic enzymes after new tissue restores the endothelium.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What effect do Aspirin and NSAIDs have on blood coagulation?
They inhibit platelet function and blood coagulation by blocking prostaglandin synthesis needed for aggregation.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a bleeding disorder related to platelets?
A rare autosomal recessive glycoprotein Ib deficiency affecting platelet binding to collagen.
ここでカードを閲覧するか、 sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is blood primarily composed of?
What are the formed elements in blood?
What happens when blood leaves the circulatory system?
Plasma proteins react to form a clot including formed elements and serum.
What is serum?
A pale yellow liquid containing growth factors and proteins released during clot formation.
What is the hematocrit?
The volume of erythrocytes in blood, normally about 44% in healthy adults.
What is the composition of plasma?
An aqueous solution with a pH of 7.4, containing proteins, nutrients, gases, waste products, hormones, and electrolytes.
What are the main plasma proteins?
What is the role of albumin in blood?
Maintains the osmotic pressure of the blood.
What is the role of globulins?
Includes transport factors like transferrin and plays a role in coagulation.
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
Act as the body's chief defense against infection.
How do leukocytes respond to infection?
They become motile, cross venule walls, and migrate into tissues.
What substances does blood transport?
What is the significance of blood in body temperature regulation?
Blood participates in heat distribution and maintaining body temperature.
What is the role of blood in acid-base balance?
Helps maintain the acid-base and osmotic balance in the body.
What is the composition of plasma?
What is the normal hematocrit in healthy adults?
About 44% of total blood volume is erythrocytes.
What is the function of blood?
What are the major plasma proteins?
What is the role of leukocytes?
Leukocytes are the body's defense against infection, migrating to sites of infection when activated.
What happens to blood when it leaves the circulatory system?
Plasma proteins react to form a clot, including formed elements and serum.
What is the pH of plasma?
The pH of plasma is approximately 7.4.
How is blood separated by centrifugation?
Blood can be separated into layers: erythrocytes, plasma, and a buffy coat of leukocytes and platelets.
What is the composition of whole blood?
What are the main components of plasma?
What is the normal range of erythrocytes in blood?
4.2-6.2 million per cubic mm
What is the normal range of leukocytes in blood?
4.5-11 thousand per cubic mm
What is the normal range of platelets in blood?
150-400 thousand per cubic mm
What is the buffy coat?
A thin layer of leukocytes and platelets between erythrocytes and plasma.
What happens to blood after centrifugation?
Erythrocytes settle at the bottom, forming hematocrit; plasma remains on top.
What is the O2 pressure in blood?
Highest in arteries and lung capillaries; decreases in tissue capillaries.
What is fibrinogen?
A plasma protein that polymerizes during clotting to form fibrin, blocking blood loss.
What are the types of leukocytes?
What is the function of fibrin in blood?
What role do complement proteins play in the body?
How are blood cells observed histologically?
What are azurophilic granules?
What are the characteristics of erythrocytes?
What is anemia?
What is sickle cell anemia caused by?
What is erythrocytosis?
What is the primary component of plasma?
What is the function of albumin in plasma?
What do globulins do in the bloodstream?
What is the role of fibrinogen?
What are the other solutes found in blood plasma?
What is the importance of electrolytes in blood plasma?
What is the function of nutrients in blood plasma?
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
2% dissolved in plasma
</blockquote>How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
What are wastes in blood plasma?
What are waste products in blood plasma?
What is the composition of blood plasma?
What are the functions of blood plasma?
What are the types of globulins?
What is the role of fibrinogen in blood?
Precursor of fibrin, essential for blood clotting.
What is the significance of oxygen in blood?
Needed for aerobic cellular respiration; 98% is bound to hemoglobin.
How are blood cells studied histologically?
By preparing smears from blood drops on microscope slides.
What stains are used for blood smears?
What are erythrocytes?
Terminally differentiated red blood cells filled with hemoglobin, lacking nuclei.
What are the symptoms of anemia?
What causes sickle cell anemia?
Homozygous mutation causing an amino acid substitution in hemoglobin.
What can cause erythrocytosis?
Physiologic adaptation in high altitudes where O2 tension is low.
What is the normal concentration of erythrocytes in women?
Approximately 3.9-5.5 million per microliter (μL).
What is the normal concentration of erythrocytes in men?
Approximately 4.1-6.0 million per microliter (μL).
What is the shape of human erythrocytes?
Flexible biconcave discs.
What is the diameter of a human erythrocyte?
Approximately 7.5 μm.
Why is the biconcave shape of erythrocytes important?
Provides a large surface-to-volume ratio and facilitates gas exchange.
What is the composition of the erythrocyte plasmalemma?
About 40% lipid, 10% carbohydrate, and 50% protein.
What is rouleaux?
Stacks of erythrocytes that may adhere loosely in larger blood vessels.
What is the composition of the erythrocyte plasmalemma?
What types of proteins are predominant in the erythrocyte membrane?
What is the function of spectrin in erythrocytes?
Stabilizes the membrane and maintains cell shape.
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
Carries O2 and CO2 in the blood.
What happens to erythrocytes after 120 days in circulation?
They are recognized and removed by macrophages due to membrane defects.
What are the two major groups of leukocytes?
What characterizes granulocytes?
Possess abundant cytoplasmic granules and polymorphic nuclei.
What are the three types of granulocytes?
What is a key feature of agranulocytes?
Lack specific granules but contain some azurophilic granules.
What are the two types of agranulocytes?
What is the role of leukocytes in the body?
Defense against invading microorganisms.
What triggers the loosening of intercellular junctions in endothelial cells?
Cytokines released from various sources
What protein appears on endothelial cells after exocytosis?
P-selectin
How do leukocytes interact with P-selectin?
They display glycosylated ligands, causing them to slow down and roll
What is diapedesis?
Process where leukocytes migrate out of venules into surrounding tissue
What is chemotaxis in relation to neutrophils?
Chemical mediators attract neutrophils to bacteria, causing rapid accumulation
What is the normal range of leukocytes in healthy adults?
4500-11,000 leukocytes per microliter of blood
What percentage of circulating leukocytes do mature neutrophils constitute?
50%-70%
What is the composition of the erythrocyte plasmalemma?
What proteins are included in the erythrocyte membrane?
How do erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Through hemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin
What is the typical lifespan of human erythrocytes?
About 120 days
How do erythrocytes generate energy?
Through anaerobic glycolysis
What happens to erythrocytes before being released into circulation?
They undergo terminal differentiation, losing nucleus and organelles
What is the average lifespan of human erythrocytes in circulation?
120 days
What happens to senescent RBCs?
They are removed by macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
What is the life span of granulocytes?
Only a few days.
What is the primary energy source for granulocytes?
They depend largely on glycolysis.
What distinguishes agranulocytes from granulocytes?
Agranulocytes lack specific granules but contain some azurophilic granules.
What are the two main types of agranulocytes?
What triggers the migration of leukocytes to tissues?
Factors called cytokines are released.
What is the process called when leukocytes exit blood vessels?
Diapedesis.
What is chemotaxis?
It is the attraction of leukocytes to bacteria via chemical mediators.
What is the normal range of leukocytes in healthy adults?
4500-11,000 per microliter of blood.
What is the normal range of leukocytes in healthy adults?
4500-11,000 leukocytes per microliter of blood
What percentage of circulating leukocytes are neutrophils?
50-70%
What are the major functions of neutrophils?
What is the life span of mature neutrophils?
1-4 days
How do eosinophils function in the immune response?
What is the role of basophils in the immune system?
What is the primary function of lymphocytes?
E
What is the life span of monocytes?
Hours to years
What are granulocytes?
What are agranulocytes?
What are the characteristics of neutrophil nuclei?
3-5 lobes
What is the color of neutrophil granules?
Faint/light pink
What happens to neutrophils in an anaerobic environment?
They can kill bacteria and help clean up debris
What is the half-life of neutrophils in blood?
6-8 hours
How do neutrophils engulf bacteria?
By pseudopodia and internalizing them in phagosomes
What is a key role of activated neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
Release chemokines to attract other leukocytes
What is the role of specific secondary granules in neutrophils?
Secretion of ECM-degrading enzymes and bactericidal proteins
What is the lifespan of neutrophils in connective tissues?
1-4 days before undergoing apoptosis
What do neutrophils do to bacteria?
Engulf bacteria using pseudopodia and internalize them in phagosomes
What happens to phagosomes after bacteria are engulfed?
Specific granules fuse and discharge contents into phagosomes, which are then acidified
What is produced during the burst of O2 consumption in neutrophils?
Superoxide anions (O2–) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
What is the role of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in neutrophils?
Generates hypochlorite and other toxic agents to bacteria
What is the function of lysozyme in neutrophils?
Degrades components of bacterial cell walls
What are defensins?
Small cysteine-rich proteins that disrupt cell membranes of bacteria
What is the diameter of neutrophils in blood smears?
12-15 μm
What is a characteristic of neutrophil nuclei?
Two to five lobes linked by thin nuclear extensions
What happens to neutrophils during diapedesis?
Become amoeboid and highly active
What are azurophilic granules?
Large dense vesicles in neutrophils that kill and degrade microorganisms
What can a single nucleotide substitution in the hemoglobin gene cause?
Sickle cell disease due to polymerization of hemoglobin
What are features of sickle cell disease?
Greater blood viscosity and poor microvascular circulation
What is the role of neutrophils during diapedesis?
Neutrophils become amoeboid and highly active, adhering to ECM substrates like collagen.
What is chemotaxis in neutrophils?
It is the process by which neutrophils actively pursue bacterial cells at infection sites.
What are the two main types of granules in neutrophils?
What is the function of azurophilic granules?
They kill and degrade engulfed microorganisms using proteases and antibacterial proteins.
What does myeloperoxidase (MPO) do?
Generates hypochlorite and other toxic agents to bacteria.
What is the function of lysozyme?
Degrades components of bacterial cell walls.
What are defensins?
Small cysteine-rich proteins that disrupt cell membranes of bacteria and other microorganisms.
What can result from neutrophil defects?
Increased frequency and persistence of bacterial infections.
What do specific secondary granules secrete?
ECM-degrading enzymes like collagenases and bactericidal proteins.
How do activated neutrophils contribute to inflammation?
They release chemokines and cytokines, attracting other leukocytes and directing tissue activities.
What is the significance of glycogen in neutrophils?
It is broken down into glucose for energy via the glycolytic pathway.
What is the half-life of neutrophils in blood?
6-8 hours.
What happens to neutrophils after they die?
They undergo apoptosis after 1-4 days in connective tissues.
What is the process of phagocytosis in neutrophils?
Neutrophils engulf bacteria using pseudopodia and internalize them in phagosomes.
What happens during the burst of O2 consumption in neutrophils?
Forms superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide for microbial killing.
What role does lactoferrin play in neutrophils?
Binds iron, limiting its availability to bacteria and causing their death.
What forms a viscous fluid during the immune response?
Apoptotic neutrophils, bacteria, semidigested material, and tissue fluid.
What forms a viscous yellow fluid known as pus?
What is a neutrophil dysfunction associated with actin?
Reduced neutrophil motility due to abnormal actin polymerization.
What happens with NADPH oxidase deficiency in neutrophils?
Failure to produce H2O2 and hypochlorite, reducing microbial killing power.
What are the major events of neutrophil migration during inflammation?
What do eosinophils primarily combat?
Eosinophils primarily target parasitic worms or helminths.
What is the percentage of eosinophils in leukocytes?
Eosinophils constitute 1%-4% of leukocytes.
What are the characteristics of eosinophils?
What proteins do eosinophilic granules contain?
Major basic proteins (MBP) and eosinophilic peroxidase.
What role do eosinophils play in inflammation?
They modulate inflammatory responses by releasing chemokines, cytokines, and lipid mediators.
Where are eosinophils particularly abundant?
In connective tissue of the intestinal lining and sites of chronic inflammation.
What do eosinophils remove from interstitial fluid?
Antigen-antibody complexes
Where are eosinophils particularly abundant?
Connective tissue of the intestinal lining and sites of chronic inflammation
What triggers the rapid immigration of leukocytes?
Cytokines and cell binding proteins
What do local macrophages release during inflammation?
Proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and TNF-a
What is the role of selectins in neutrophil migration?
They cause neutrophils to adhere loosely to the endothelium
What is pus primarily composed of?
Semidigested material and tissue fluid
What is a common dysfunction of neutrophils?
Failure of actin polymerization, reducing motility
What percentage of leukocytes do eosinophils constitute?
1%-4%
What is a key characteristic of eosinophils?
Bilobed nucleus and large acidophilic granules
What do major basic proteins (MBP) in eosinophils do?
They help kill parasitic worms or helminths
What do eosinophils release to modulate inflammatory responses?
Chemokines, cytokines, and lipid mediators
What facilitates the migration of neutrophils through the endothelium?
Integrins and their ligands provide firm adhesion
What is the process called when neutrophils migrate between endothelial cells?
Diapedesis
What role do eosinophils play in the body?
Where are eosinophils typically abundant?
What is eosinophilia?
An increase in eosinophils in blood associated with allergic reactions and helminthic infections.
What substances do eosinophils produce?
What effect do corticosteroids have on eosinophils?
They rapidly decrease the number of blood eosinophils by interfering with their release from bone marrow.
What are the characteristics of basophils?
What do basophils contain in their granules?
How do basophils contribute to inflammation?
They supplement mast cells and secrete granules in response to antigens and allergens.
What is anaphylaxis?
A severe systemic response to allergens, leading to vasodilation and a drop in blood pressure due to rapid degranulation of basophils and mast cells.
What are the effects of immediate hypersensitivity?
Can result in bronchial asthma, hives, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, or allergic gastroenteritis.
What are lymphocytes?
The most numerous agranulocytes with spherical nuclei, constituting about one-third of leukocytes.
How can mature lymphocytes be subdivided?
By distinctive surface molecules called CD markers
What are the major classes of lymphocytes?
What are neutrophils characterized by?
What do eosinophils indicate when increased in blood?
Where are eosinophils typically found in patients with eosinophilia?
What hormone decreases the number of blood eosinophils?
Corticosteroids
What are basophils?
What do basophilic granules contain?
What role do basophils play in inflammation?
They supplement the functions of mast cells
What do basophils catalyze in the immune response?
Production of lipid-derived proinflammatory factors called leukotrienes.
What do basophils and mast cells have in common?
What triggers the release of inflammatory mediators in basophils and mast cells?
Allergen binds to receptor-bound IgE molecules, causing cross-linking and rapid exocytosis of cytoplasmic granules.
What are the major classes of lymphocytes?
Where do T lymphocytes differentiate?
In the thymus, unlike B cells and other circulating leukocytes which mature in the bone marrow.
What is the size range of lymphocytes?
Small lymphocytes: similar to RBCs; Medium/Large lymphocytes: 9-18 μm in diameter.
What are lymphomas?
Disorders involving neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes or failure to undergo apoptosis, considered malignant.
What characterizes small lymphocytes?
Spherical nuclei with highly condensed chromatin and a thin rim of scant cytoplasm.
How long do lymphocytes typically survive?
Varies by function; some live a few days, others for many years in circulation or tissues.
What are lymphomas considered?
Malignant
What is the function of specific granules in neutrophils?
Undergo exocytosis to release enzymes and bactericidal factors
What do azurophilic granules contain?
Components to kill engulfed bacteria
What is the nucleus structure of a neutrophil?
Lobulated
What are monocytes precursors to?
Macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia
What is the diameter of circulating monocytes?
12-15 μm
What is the cytoplasm color of monocytes in stained smears?
Bluish-gray
What occurs during extravasation?
Accumulation of immigrating monocytes in inflammation
What are platelets also known as?
Thrombocytes
What is the size of blood platelets?
2-4 μm in diameter
How do platelets originate?
From cytoplasmic processes of giant polyploid bone marrow cells
What is the role of macrophages in inflammation?
Immune defense and tissue repair
What characterizes chronic inflammation?
Continuous recruitment of monocytes and macrophages
What are eosinophils characterized by?
What is the size range of monocytes?
12-15 um in diameter
What do monocytes develop into?
What is the significance of monocytes in the immune system?
They are antigen-presenting cells involved in immune defense and tissue repair.
What is the lifespan of circulating platelets?
About 10 days
What is the normal range of platelet counts in blood?
150,000 to 400,000/μL
What are the two zones of a platelet?
What occurs during extravasation of monocytes?
Accumulation of immigrating monocytes during early inflammation.
What happens to macrophages during acute inflammation?
They usually undergo apoptosis or leave the site.
What is the role of platelets in the body?
They promote blood clotting and help repair minor tears in blood vessels.
What is the function of platelets in blood loss control?
What are the two systems of membrane channels in platelets?
What do delta granules in platelets contain?
What do alpha granules in platelets contain?
What is the normal platelet count range in blood?
150,000 to 400,000/uL
What is the lifespan of circulating platelets?
About 10 days
What are the two types of platelet aggregation?
What is the appearance of platelets in stained blood smears?
Often appear in clumps, discoid shape with a hyalomere and granulomere
What is the role of the glycocalyx in platelets?
Involved in adhesion and activation during blood coagulation
What is the structure of a platelet?
What is the function of the open canalicular system in platelets?
Facilitates uptake of factors from plasma.
What do dense tubular system vesicles in platelets store?
Ca ext{**} ions.
What is the process of degranulation in platelets?
Rapid exocytosis of proteins upon activation.
What do basophils contain that modulates immune response?
Specific basophilic granules.
What is the diameter range of delta granules in platelets?
250-300 nm.
What is the role of platelets in primary aggregation?
Adhere to collagen in the vascular wall to form a platelet plug.
What induces secondary aggregation in platelets?
Release of adhesive glycoprotein and ADP.
What proteins promote blood coagulation during platelet aggregation?
Fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and platelet factor 4.
What is the role of platelet factor 4?
Acts as a chemokine for monocytes, neutrophils, and fibroblasts.
What causes clot retraction?
Activity of platelet-derived actin and myosin.
What enzyme dissolves the clot during clot removal?
Plasmin.
How do aspirin and NSAIDs affect platelet function?
They inhibit prostaglandin synthesis needed for aggregation.
What is a common bleeding disorder related to platelets?
Autosomal recessive glycoprotein Ib deficiency.
What are lymphocytes classified as?
Agranulocytes without specific granules.
What is the size range of lymphocytes in blood?
6 to 15 μm in diameter.
What are the characteristics of lymphocytes?
How do small lymphocytes compare to erythrocytes?
Slightly larger than erythrocytes with a thin rim of cytoplasm around a spherical nucleus.
What distinguishes medium lymphocytes from erythrocytes?
Medium lymphocytes are distinctly larger than erythrocytes.
What are the features of large lymphocytes?
Much larger than erythrocytes; may represent activated cells returning to circulation.
What does a medium-sized lymphocyte contain?
What is the process of blood coagulation?
Involves platelet aggregation and cascade of plasma proteins forming a fibrin polymer, creating a thrombus.
What role does platelet factor 4 play?
Acts as a chemokine for monocytes, neutrophils, and fibroblasts; stimulates fibroblast proliferation by PDGF.
What is clot retraction?
The clot bulges into the vessel lumen and then contracts due to platelet-derived actin and myosin.
How is a clot removed from the body?
The clot is dissolved by proteolytic enzymes after new tissue restores the endothelium.
What effect do Aspirin and NSAIDs have on blood coagulation?
They inhibit platelet function and blood coagulation by blocking prostaglandin synthesis needed for aggregation.
What is a bleeding disorder related to platelets?
A rare autosomal recessive glycoprotein Ib deficiency affecting platelet binding to collagen.
本当に削除しますか 0 単語カードを削除しますか？この操作は元に戻せません。
から削除するタグを選択してください 0 選択された単語カード:
タグを読み込み中...