Flashcards neste baralho (55)

• What is motivation?

  Motivation: The purpose, or driving force, behind our actions
  motivation
• What are instincts?

  Instincts: Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli
  motivation instincts
• What does the Instinct Theory state?

  Instinct Theory: People perform behaviors because of their evolutionarily programmed instincts
  motivation theory
• Define arousal in behavioral science.

  Arousal: The state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
  arousal
• What is the Optimal Arousal principle?

  Optimal Arousal: Optimal performance requires optimal arousal; levels too high or too low impede performance
  arousal performance
• What are drives?

  Drives: Internal states of tension that beget behaviors focused on goals
  motivation drives
• Differentiate primary and secondary drives.

  • Primary drives: Related to biological processes
  • Secondary drives: Stem from learning
  drives
• What is the Drive Reduction Theory?

  Drive Reduction Theory: Motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives that create uncomfortable internal states
  motivation theory
• List the levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

  • Physiological
  • Safety and security
  • Love and belonging
  • Self-esteem
  • Self-actualization
  maslow motivation
• What is self-actualization?

  Self-Actualization: Full realization of one's talents and potential
  maslow self-actualization
• What three universal needs does Self-Determination Theory emphasize?

  • Autonomy
  • Competence
  • Relatedness
  motivation self-determination
• What does the Incentive Theory explain about motivation?

  Incentive Theory: Motivation is the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments
  motivation incentive
• What determines motivation in the Expectancy-Value Theory?

  Motivation is based on the expectation of success and the value of that success
  motivation expectancy-value
• What does the Opponent-Process Theory explain about drug use?

  As drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, producing tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms
  motivation opponent-process
• What is the House Money Effect in decision making?

  After a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk because the new money is not treated as one's own
  decision-making bias
• What is the Gambler's Fallacy?

  Belief that if an event happens more frequently than normal, it will happen less frequently in the future, or vice versa
  bias decision-making
• What does the Prisoner's Dilemma illustrate?

  Two people acting in self-interest can produce worse outcomes than if they had cooperated
  social game-theory
• Define emotion.

  Emotion: A state of mind or feeling, subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships
  emotion
• What are the three components of emotion?

  • Cognitive: Subjective
  • Physiological: Changes in autonomic nervous system
  • Behavioral: Facial expressions and body language
  emotion components
• Name the 7 universal emotions.

  • Happiness
  • Sadness
  • Contempt
  • Surprise
  • Fear
  • Disgust
  • Anger
  emotion universal
• What does the James-Lange Theory propose about emotion?

  Behavioral and physiological actions lead to emotions (physiological response precedes emotion)
  emotion james-lange
• What does the Cannon-Bard Theory propose?

  Emotional and physiological responses to a stimulus occur simultaneously and arise from separate brain areas
  emotion cannon-bard
• What is the Schachter-Singer (Two-Factor) Theory of emotion?

  Physiological arousal plus interpretation of context (cognitive label) lead to emotion
  emotion schachter-singer
• Which brain system is concerned with instincts and mood?

  Limbic System: Concerned with instincts and mood
  neuroscience limbic
• What is stress?

  Stress: The physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes
  stress
• What are the two stages of Stress Appraisal?

  • Primary Appraisal: Classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful
  • Secondary Appraisal: Evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress
  stress appraisal
• What are stressors and their possible outcomes?

  Stressors: Anything that leads to a stress response; can lead to distress or eustress
  stress stressors
• What is the General Adaptation Syndrome and its stages?

  General Adaptation Syndrome: Specific stressors generate the same general physical stress response; stages: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
  stress gas
• Which systems are involved in the General Adaptation Syndrome and what hormone increases?

  Both the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system are involved; release of ACTH leads to increased cortisol
  stress neuroendocrine
• Name the three major psychological theories of emotion.

  • James-Lange Theory
  • Cannon-Bard Theory
  • Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

  
  emotion theories
• What does Maslow's pyramid visually represent?

  A hierarchy of needs with five levels from basic to highest needs, shown as a 5-bar pyramid

  
  maslow visual
• What is self-concept?

  Self-concept is the sum of ways we describe ourselves.
  identity self
• What are identities in relation to self-concept?

  Identities are individual components of our self-concept related to the group(s) to which we belong.
  identity social
• How is self-esteem related to the actual, ideal, and ought selves?

  Self-esteem increases when the actual self is closer to the ideal self and the ought self.
  self esteem
• Define self-efficacy.

  Self-efficacy is the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or situation.
  self efficacy
• What is learned helplessness?

  Learned helplessness is a state of hopelessness that results from being unable to avoid repeated negative stimuli.
  learning motivation
• Contrast internal and external locus of control.

  • Internal: We control our own success/failure
  • External: Outside factors have more control
  motivation locus
• Summarize Freud's view on personality development.

  Personality develops through psychosexual stages based on tensions from the libido; failure at a stage leads to fixation and personality disorder.
  freud development
• List Erikson's stage for adolescence (age ~12–20).

  Identity vs. Role Confusion
  erikson development
• What does Kohlberg's theory focus on?

  Kohlberg's theory focuses on stages of moral development based on moral dilemmas.
  kohlberg moral
• Define Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development.

  The Zone of Proximal Development is the set of skills a child has not yet mastered and requires a more knowledgeable other to accomplish.
  vygotsky development
• What is a reference group?

  A reference group is the group to which we compare ourselves.
  social comparison
• Give the three levels in Freud's structural model of personality.

  • Id: Base urges of survival and reproduction
  • Ego: Mediator between id and superego and the conscious mind
  • Superego: The idealist and perfectionist
  freud personality
• How do the id, ego, and superego operate with respect to consciousness?

  All three (id, ego, superego) operate, at least in part, in the unconscious.
  freud consciousness
• What does Jung propose about the unconscious?

  Jung proposed a collective unconscious that links all humans and that personality is influenced by archetypes.
  jung personality
• What motivation source do Adler and Horney emphasize?

  Adler and Horney emphasized that the unconscious is motivated by social urges.
  adler horney
• State the humanistic view of personality.

  The humanistic perspective emphasizes internal feelings of healthy individuals who strive for happiness and self-realization.
  humanistic personality
• Name two humanistic concepts mentioned.

  • Maslow's hierarchy of needs
  • Rogers's unconditional positive regard
  humanistic concepts
• What do type theories and trait theories describe?

  • Type theories: Describe personality by categories (e.g., Type A/B, Myers-Briggs)
  • Trait theories: Describe personality by identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors
  trait type
• List the Big Five personality traits (OCEAN).

  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
  bigfive traits
• What are cardinal, central, and secondary traits?

  • Cardinal traits: Traits around which a person organizes their life
  • Central traits: Major characteristics of personality
  • Secondary traits: Personal characteristics limited in occurrence
  traits personality
• Summarize the social-cognitive (reciprocal determinism) perspective.

  People shape their environments according to their personality, and those environments in turn shape their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (reciprocal determinism).
  social cognitive
• What does the behaviorist perspective say about personality development?

  Personality develops as a result of operant conditioning, based on reward and punishment.
  behaviorist learning
• Use the Freud iceberg diagram to explain levels of consciousness (image on answer).

  The iceberg illustrates Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious levels, with ego linked to the conscious, superego to the preconscious, and id to the unconscious.

  
  freud image
• Use the Id/Ego/Superego illustration to summarize their roles (image on answer).

  Id urges immediate needs, ego mediates between urges and reality, and superego enforces moral standards.

  
  freud image