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Blood Components, Hematopoiesis, RBCs, WBCs, and H ...
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Flashcards in this deck (61)

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  • What type of tissue is blood?

    Blood is connective tissue.

    blood histology

  • Why is blood considered connective tissue?

    Because it has cells and cell fragments suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma.

    blood histology

  • What are the two main parts of blood?

    • Plasma
    • Formed elements
    blood composition

  • What percent of blood is plasma?

    About 55%.

    blood composition

  • What percent of blood is formed elements?

    About 45%.

    blood composition

  • What are the formed elements of blood?

    • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
    • White blood cells (leukocytes)
    • Platelets
    blood formed_elements

  • What is the buffy coat composed of in a hematocrit tube?

    The buffy coat is made of white blood cells and platelets.

    hematology hematocrit

  • In a hematocrit tube, which layer is on top, middle, and bottom?

    • Top: Plasma
    • Middle: Buffy coat (WBCs and platelets)
    • Bottom: Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
    hematology hematocrit

  • Are platelets full cells? Explain.

    No. Platelets are cell fragments, not full cells.

    platelets cellbiology

  • From what large cells do platelets originate?

    Platelets come from large cells called megakaryocytes.

    platelets hematopoiesis

  • What is hematopoiesis?

    Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells/formed elements.

    hematopoiesis definition

  • Where does hematopoiesis occur?

    Hematopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow.

    hematopoiesis location

  • What are pluripotent stem cells in the context of blood formation?

    Pluripotent stem cells are stem cells that can differentiate into many different types of blood cells.

    stem_cells hematopoiesis

  • What is the term for red blood cell formation?

    Red blood cell formation is called erythropoiesis.

    erythropoiesis hematopoiesis

  • What is the term for white blood cell formation?

    White blood cell formation is called leukopoiesis.

    leukopoiesis hematopoiesis

  • What is the term for platelet formation?

    Platelet formation is called thrombopoiesis.

    thrombopoiesis hematopoiesis

  • What does hypoxia mean?

    Hypoxia means low oxygen.

    physiology hypoxia

  • How does the body respond to hypoxia regarding red blood cell production?

    The kidneys release erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates red bone marrow to make more red blood cells.

    epo regulation

  • Where is erythropoietin (EPO) mostly released from?

    EPO is mostly released from the kidneys.

    epo kidneys

  • What effect does increased red blood cell production have on blood viscosity?

    Increased red blood cell production makes blood thicker and increases viscosity.

    rbc viscosity

  • What is the main job of red blood cells?

    Carry oxygen.

    rbc function

  • What is the main job of white blood cells?

    Immune defense.

    wbc function

  • What happens to blood viscosity when cells are made?

    • Blood becomes thicker.
    blood viscosity

  • What is another name for red blood cells?

    • Erythrocytes
    rbc hematology

  • What gives red blood cells their red color?

    • Hemoglobin
    rbc hemoglobin

  • What important mineral is found in hemoglobin?

    • Iron
    hemoglobin iron

  • Do mature red blood cells have a nucleus or most organelles?

    • No. Mature RBCs do not have a nucleus or most organelles.
    rbc structure

  • Why do red blood cells lack most organelles?

    • To have more room to carry hemoglobin.
    rbc function

  • What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

    • About 120 days
    rbc lifespan

  • What is another name for white blood cells?

    • Leukocytes
    wbc hematology

  • What are the two major types of white blood cells?

    • Granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes
    wbc classification

  • Which cells are granular leukocytes?

    • Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
    wbc granulocytes

  • Which cells are agranular leukocytes?

    • Lymphocytes and monocytes
    wbc agranulocytes

  • What is another name for white blood cell emigration?

    • Diapedesis
    wbc diapedesis

  • What does WBC emigration (diapedesis) mean?

    • White blood cells leave the blood and move into tissues.
    wbc migration

  • What do selectins help white blood cells do during emigration?

    • Help WBCs roll along the vessel wall.
    wbc selectins

  • What do integrins help white blood cells do during emigration?

    • Help WBCs stick tightly to the vessel wall.
    wbc integrins

  • What is the simple order of steps for WBC emigration?

    • Rolling → sticking → squeezing out
    wbc steps

  • What is hemostasis?

    • The process of stopping bleeding.
    hemostasis bleeding

  • What are the three steps of hemostasis?

    • Vascular spasm → platelet plug formation → coagulation
    hemostasis steps

  • What happens during vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)?

    • The blood vessel constricts to reduce blood loss.
    hemostasis vasoconstriction

  • What happens during platelet plug formation?

    • Platelets stick to the damaged area and to each other to form a temporary plug.
    platelets plug

  • Which chemicals cause platelet aggregation?

    • ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A2
    platelets aggregation

  • What does coagulation mean?

    • Blood clot formation.
    coagulation clotting

  • What are the two clotting pathways?

    • Extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway
    coagulation pathways

  • What do both clotting pathways lead to?

    • The common pathway.
    coagulation common

  • What does thrombin activate in clotting?

    • Thrombin activates fibrin.
    thrombin fibrin

  • What is the role of fibrin during clot formation?

    • Fibrin forms a net that traps RBCs and platelets to make a stable clot.
    fibrin clot

  • What are the two main components of blood?

    • Plasma
    • Formed elements
    blood composition

  • What are the three types of formed elements in blood?

    • Red blood cells (RBCs)
    • White blood cells (WBCs)
    • Platelets
    blood formedelements

  • What is the primary function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?

    To carry oxygen

    rbc erythrocytes

  • What is the primary role of white blood cells (leukocytes)?

    Provide immune defense

    wbc leukocytes

  • What are platelets described as and what is their function?

    Clotting fragments that help form a platelet plug

    platelets clotting

  • Define hematopoiesis.

    The formation of blood cells

    hematopoiesis definition

  • What is erythropoiesis?

    The formation of red blood cells (RBCs)

    erythropoiesis rbc

  • What is leukopoiesis?

    The formation of white blood cells (WBCs)

    leukopoiesis wbc

  • What is thrombopoiesis?

    The formation of platelets

    thrombopoiesis platelets

  • Describe the sequence from hypoxia to increased RBC production.

    Hypoxia → kidneys release EPO → red bone marrow makes RBCs

    epo regulation

  • What are the three main steps of hemostasis?

    • Vascular spasm
    • Platelet plug
    • Coagulation
    hemostasis clotting

  • What is fibrin and its role in clotting?

    A fiber net or protein that holds the clot together

    fibrin coagulation

  • Which chemicals help cause platelet aggregation?

    • ADP
    • Serotonin
    • Thromboxane A2
    platelet aggregation
Конспекты

Overview

  • Blood is a connective tissue made of cells/cell fragments suspended in a liquid matrix (plasma).
  • Main roles: transport (O2, nutrients), immunity, and hemostasis (stop bleeding).

Composition of blood

  • Two main parts: plasma and formed elements.
  • Plasma = liquid portion, about \(55\%\) of blood volume.
  • Formed elements = cells and fragments, about \(45\%\) of blood volume.
  • Formed elements include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
  • The buffy coat (thin middle layer in a hematocrit tube) contains WBCs and platelets; plasma is on top and RBCs on the bottom.

Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)

  • Hematopoiesis = production of all blood formed elements; occurs mainly in red bone marrow.
  • Pluripotent stem cells in marrow differentiate into the various blood cell lineages.
  • Specific terms:
  • Erythropoiesis — RBC production.
  • Leukopoiesis — WBC production.
  • Thrombopoiesis — platelet production.
  • Hypoxia (low O2) stimulates the kidneys to release erythropoietin (EPO), which increases erythropoiesis.
  • Increased RBC production raises blood viscosity (blood becomes thicker).

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

  • Also called erythrocytes; main job is to carry oxygen using hemoglobin.
  • Hemoglobin contains iron, which binds O2 and gives RBCs their red color.
  • Mature RBCs lack a nucleus and most organelles to maximize hemoglobin space.
  • Typical lifespan ≈ \(120\ \text{days}\); aged RBCs are removed by spleen and liver.

White blood cells (leukocytes)

  • Also called leukocytes; primary role is immune defense.
  • Two major categories:
  • Granular leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
  • Agranular leukocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes.
  • Identification factors: nucleus shape, presence/appearance of granules, staining, and size.
  • Emigration (diapedesis): WBCs exit blood vessels to enter tissues; simple sequence: rolling → adhesion → transmigration (squeezing out).
  • Selectins mediate rolling along the vessel wall.
  • Integrins mediate strong adhesion (tight binding) to the endothelium.

Platelets and origin

  • Platelets are cell fragments (not full cells) derived from large precursor cells called megakaryocytes.
  • Platelets rapidly adhere to damage sites and aggregate to form a temporary plug.

Hemostasis (stopping bleeding)

  • Hemostasis has three coordinated steps:
  • Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction) — vessel narrows to reduce blood flow.
  • Platelet plug formation — platelets adhere, activate, and aggregate at injury.
  • Coagulation (clotting) — formation of a stable fibrin mesh that traps cells.
  • Platelet aggregation is promoted by ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A2.
  • Clotting pathways: intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge on a common pathway that activates thrombin.
  • Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin: \(\(\text{fibrinogen} \xrightarrow{\text{thrombin}} \text{fibrin}\)\)
  • Fibrin forms a net that stabilizes the clot and traps RBCs and platelets.

Key facts & quick answers

  • Tissue type of blood: connective tissue.
  • Plasma percent: \(55\%\); formed elements: \(45\%\).
  • Buffy coat contains WBCs + platelets.
  • Platelet origin: megakaryocytes.
  • EPO source: kidneys (in response to hypoxia).
  • RBC lifespan: \(120\ \text{days}\).
  • WBC emigration steps: rolling → sticking → squeezing out.
  • Hemostasis steps: vascular spasm → platelet plug → coagulation.

Common exam-style prompts (short answers)

  • Why is blood connective tissue?
  • Because it has cells/fragments suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix (plasma).
  • What causes increased RBC production?
  • Hypoxia → kidneys release EPO → stimulates red bone marrow.
  • Name the major WBC categories.
  • Granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranular (lymphocytes, monocytes).

Memory tricks / mnemonics

  • Blood = Plasma + Formed elements.
  • Formed elements = RBCs + WBCs + Platelets.
  • Hematopoiesis: Erythro/Leuko/Thrombo for RBC/WBC/platelet formation.
  • Hemostasis: Spasm → Plug → Clot.

Study priorities

  • Be able to label hematocrit layers and state approximate percentages (\(55\%\), \(45\%\)).
  • Memorize cell names, primary functions, and origin (megakaryocytes → platelets).
  • Understand EPO regulation and consequences of increased RBCs (viscosity).
  • Learn the hemostasis sequence and the role of thrombin and fibrin in clot stabilization.