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Flashcards in this deck (61)

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  • What type of tissue is blood?


    Blood is connective tissue.

    blood histology
  • Why is blood considered connective tissue?


    Because it has cells and cell fragments suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma.

    blood histology
  • What are the two main parts of blood?


    • Plasma
    • Formed elements
    blood composition
  • What percent of blood is plasma?


    About 55%.

    blood composition
  • What percent of blood is formed elements?


    About 45%.

    blood composition
  • What are the formed elements of blood?


    • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
    • White blood cells (leukocytes)
    • Platelets
    blood formed_elements
  • What is the buffy coat composed of in a hematocrit tube?


    The buffy coat is made of white blood cells and platelets.

    hematology hematocrit
  • In a hematocrit tube, which layer is on top, middle, and bottom?


    • Top: Plasma
    • Middle: Buffy coat (WBCs and platelets)
    • Bottom: Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
    hematology hematocrit
  • Are platelets full cells? Explain.


    No. Platelets are cell fragments, not full cells.

    platelets cellbiology
  • From what large cells do platelets originate?


    Platelets come from large cells called megakaryocytes.

    platelets hematopoiesis
  • What is hematopoiesis?


    Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells/formed elements.

    hematopoiesis definition
  • Where does hematopoiesis occur?


    Hematopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow.

    hematopoiesis location
  • What are pluripotent stem cells in the context of blood formation?


    Pluripotent stem cells are stem cells that can differentiate into many different types of blood cells.

    stem_cells hematopoiesis
  • What is the term for red blood cell formation?


    Red blood cell formation is called erythropoiesis.

    erythropoiesis hematopoiesis
  • What is the term for white blood cell formation?


    White blood cell formation is called leukopoiesis.

    leukopoiesis hematopoiesis
  • What is the term for platelet formation?


    Platelet formation is called thrombopoiesis.

    thrombopoiesis hematopoiesis
  • What does hypoxia mean?


    Hypoxia means low oxygen.

    physiology hypoxia
  • How does the body respond to hypoxia regarding red blood cell production?


    The kidneys release erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates red bone marrow to make more red blood cells.

    epo regulation
  • Where is erythropoietin (EPO) mostly released from?


    EPO is mostly released from the kidneys.

    epo kidneys
  • What effect does increased red blood cell production have on blood viscosity?


    Increased red blood cell production makes blood thicker and increases viscosity.

    rbc viscosity
  • What is the main job of red blood cells?


    Carry oxygen.

    rbc function
  • What is the main job of white blood cells?


    Immune defense.

    wbc function
  • What happens to blood viscosity when cells are made?


    • Blood becomes thicker.
    blood viscosity
  • What is another name for red blood cells?


    • Erythrocytes
    rbc hematology
  • What gives red blood cells their red color?


    • Hemoglobin
    rbc hemoglobin
  • What important mineral is found in hemoglobin?


    • Iron
    hemoglobin iron
  • Do mature red blood cells have a nucleus or most organelles?


    • No. Mature RBCs do not have a nucleus or most organelles.
    rbc structure
  • Why do red blood cells lack most organelles?


    • To have more room to carry hemoglobin.
    rbc function
  • What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?


    • About 120 days
    rbc lifespan
  • What is another name for white blood cells?


    • Leukocytes
    wbc hematology
  • What are the two major types of white blood cells?


    • Granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes
    wbc classification
  • Which cells are granular leukocytes?


    • Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
    wbc granulocytes
  • Which cells are agranular leukocytes?


    • Lymphocytes and monocytes
    wbc agranulocytes
  • What is another name for white blood cell emigration?


    • Diapedesis
    wbc diapedesis
  • What does WBC emigration (diapedesis) mean?


    • White blood cells leave the blood and move into tissues.
    wbc migration
  • What do selectins help white blood cells do during emigration?


    • Help WBCs roll along the vessel wall.
    wbc selectins
  • What do integrins help white blood cells do during emigration?


    • Help WBCs stick tightly to the vessel wall.
    wbc integrins
  • What is the simple order of steps for WBC emigration?


    • Rolling → sticking → squeezing out
    wbc steps
  • What is hemostasis?


    • The process of stopping bleeding.
    hemostasis bleeding
  • What are the three steps of hemostasis?


    • Vascular spasmplatelet plug formationcoagulation
    hemostasis steps
  • What happens during vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)?


    • The blood vessel constricts to reduce blood loss.
    hemostasis vasoconstriction
  • What happens during platelet plug formation?


    • Platelets stick to the damaged area and to each other to form a temporary plug.
    platelets plug
  • Which chemicals cause platelet aggregation?


    • ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A2
    platelets aggregation
  • What does coagulation mean?


    • Blood clot formation.
    coagulation clotting
  • What are the two clotting pathways?


    • Extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway
    coagulation pathways
  • What do both clotting pathways lead to?


    • The common pathway.
    coagulation common
  • What does thrombin activate in clotting?


    • Thrombin activates fibrin.
    thrombin fibrin
  • What is the role of fibrin during clot formation?


    • Fibrin forms a net that traps RBCs and platelets to make a stable clot.
    fibrin clot
  • What are the two main components of blood?


    • Plasma
    • Formed elements
    blood composition
  • What are the three types of formed elements in blood?


    • Red blood cells (RBCs)
    • White blood cells (WBCs)
    • Platelets
    blood formedelements
  • What is the primary function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?


    To carry oxygen

    rbc erythrocytes
  • What is the primary role of white blood cells (leukocytes)?


    Provide immune defense

    wbc leukocytes
  • What are platelets described as and what is their function?


    Clotting fragments that help form a platelet plug

    platelets clotting
  • Define hematopoiesis.


    The formation of blood cells

    hematopoiesis definition
  • What is erythropoiesis?


    The formation of red blood cells (RBCs)

    erythropoiesis rbc
  • What is leukopoiesis?


    The formation of white blood cells (WBCs)

    leukopoiesis wbc
  • What is thrombopoiesis?


    The formation of platelets

    thrombopoiesis platelets
  • Describe the sequence from hypoxia to increased RBC production.


    Hypoxia → kidneys release EPOred bone marrow makes RBCs

    epo regulation
  • What are the three main steps of hemostasis?


    • Vascular spasm
    • Platelet plug
    • Coagulation
    hemostasis clotting
  • What is fibrin and its role in clotting?


    A fiber net or protein that holds the clot together

    fibrin coagulation
  • Which chemicals help cause platelet aggregation?


    • ADP
    • Serotonin
    • Thromboxane A2
    platelet aggregation
Studieaantekeningen

Overview

  • Blood is a connective tissue made of cells/cell fragments suspended in a liquid matrix (plasma).
  • Main roles: transport (O2, nutrients), immunity, and hemostasis (stop bleeding).

Composition of blood

  • Two main parts: plasma and formed elements.
  • Plasma = liquid portion, about \(55\%\) of blood volume.
  • Formed elements = cells and fragments, about \(45\%\) of blood volume.
  • Formed elements include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
  • The buffy coat (thin middle layer in a hematocrit tube) contains WBCs and platelets; plasma is on top and RBCs on the bottom.

Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)

  • Hematopoiesis = production of all blood formed elements; occurs mainly in red bone marrow.
  • Pluripotent stem cells in marrow differentiate into the various blood cell lineages.
  • Specific terms:
  • Erythropoiesis — RBC production.
  • Leukopoiesis — WBC production.
  • Thrombopoiesis — platelet production.
  • Hypoxia (low O2) stimulates the kidneys to release erythropoietin (EPO), which increases erythropoiesis.
  • Increased RBC production raises blood viscosity (blood becomes thicker).

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

  • Also called erythrocytes; main job is to carry oxygen using hemoglobin.
  • Hemoglobin contains iron, which binds O2 and gives RBCs their red color.
  • Mature RBCs lack a nucleus and most organelles to maximize hemoglobin space.
  • Typical lifespan ≈ \(120\ \text{days}\); aged RBCs are removed by spleen and liver.

White blood cells (leukocytes)

  • Also called leukocytes; primary role is immune defense.
  • Two major categories:
  • Granular leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
  • Agranular leukocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes.
  • Identification factors: nucleus shape, presence/appearance of granules, staining, and size.
  • Emigration (diapedesis): WBCs exit blood vessels to enter tissues; simple sequence: rolling → adhesion → transmigration (squeezing out).
  • Selectins mediate rolling along the vessel wall.
  • Integrins mediate strong adhesion (tight binding) to the endothelium.

Platelets and origin

  • Platelets are cell fragments (not full cells) derived from large precursor cells called megakaryocytes.
  • Platelets rapidly adhere to damage sites and aggregate to form a temporary plug.

Hemostasis (stopping bleeding)

  • Hemostasis has three coordinated steps:
  • Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction) — vessel narrows to reduce blood flow.
  • Platelet plug formation — platelets adhere, activate, and aggregate at injury.
  • Coagulation (clotting) — formation of a stable fibrin mesh that traps cells.
  • Platelet aggregation is promoted by ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A2.
  • Clotting pathways: intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge on a common pathway that activates thrombin.
  • Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin: \(\(\text{fibrinogen} \xrightarrow{\text{thrombin}} \text{fibrin}\)\)
  • Fibrin forms a net that stabilizes the clot and traps RBCs and platelets.

Key facts & quick answers

  • Tissue type of blood: connective tissue.
  • Plasma percent: \(55\%\); formed elements: \(45\%\).
  • Buffy coat contains WBCs + platelets.
  • Platelet origin: megakaryocytes.
  • EPO source: kidneys (in response to hypoxia).
  • RBC lifespan: \(120\ \text{days}\).
  • WBC emigration steps: rolling → sticking → squeezing out.
  • Hemostasis steps: vascular spasm → platelet plug → coagulation.

Common exam-style prompts (short answers)

  • Why is blood connective tissue?
  • Because it has cells/fragments suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix (plasma).
  • What causes increased RBC production?
  • Hypoxia → kidneys release EPO → stimulates red bone marrow.
  • Name the major WBC categories.
  • Granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranular (lymphocytes, monocytes).

Memory tricks / mnemonics

  • Blood = Plasma + Formed elements.
  • Formed elements = RBCs + WBCs + Platelets.
  • Hematopoiesis: Erythro/Leuko/Thrombo for RBC/WBC/platelet formation.
  • Hemostasis: Spasm → Plug → Clot.

Study priorities

  • Be able to label hematocrit layers and state approximate percentages (\(55\%\), \(45\%\)).
  • Memorize cell names, primary functions, and origin (megakaryocytes → platelets).
  • Understand EPO regulation and consequences of increased RBCs (viscosity).
  • Learn the hemostasis sequence and the role of thrombin and fibrin in clot stabilization.