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Tectonic Hazards Glossary
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  • What are composite volcanoes?

    Steep-sided volcanoes found at constructive plate margins.

    geography volcanoes

  • What is a conservative plate margin?

    Two plates sliding alongside each other, in the same or different directions.

    geography tectonics

  • What occurs at a constructive plate margin?

    Rising magma adds new material to diverging plates.

    geography tectonics

  • What is continental crust?

    The low density, thick outer layer of Earth forming continents.

    geography tectonics

  • What are convection currents?

    Circular movement of heat within Earth driving tectonic plate movement.

    geography tectonics

  • What happens at a destructive plate margin?

    Two plates converge, and oceanic plate is subducted, causing earthquakes and volcanoes.

    geography tectonics

  • What is an earthquake?

    A sudden or violent movement within the Earth’s crust followed by shocks.

    geography earthquakes

  • What are fold mountains?

    Uplifted land crumpled by the collision of two plates.

    geography mountains

  • What are geophysical measurements?

    Measurements taken at the surface to detect changes below.

    geography measurements

  • What is ground deformation?

    Changes in the shape of volcanoes monitored to predict eruptions.

    geography volcanoes

  • What are hot spots?

    Areas where Earth's crust is thin, allowing magma to break through.

    geography volcanoes

  • What does hydrology study?

    The study of Earth’s water.

    geography hydrology

  • What are immediate responses?

    Reactions of people as a disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath.

    geography disasters

  • What is a landslide?

    Movement of rock, earth, or debris down a slope.

    geography landslides

  • What is lava?

    Magma that has erupted from a volcano.

    geography volcanoes

  • What are long-term responses?

    Reactions occurring weeks, months, and years after an event.

    geography disasters

  • What is magma?

    Molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface.

    geography volcanoes

  • What are management strategies?

    Techniques for controlling or responding to an event.

    geography management

  • What is the mantle?

    A hot, dense layer of Earth found between the crust and core.

    geography layers

  • What is monitoring in geology?

    Recording physical changes to help forecast natural hazards.

    geography monitoring

  • What is the oceanic crust?

    The dense, thin outer layer of Earth beneath the ocean.

    geography tectonics

  • What is disaster planning?

    Actions taken to enable communities to respond to natural disasters.

    geography planning

  • What is a plate margin?

    The border between two tectonic plates.

    geography tectonics

  • What is prediction in geology?

    Using historical evidence and monitoring to predict hazards.

    geography prediction

  • What are primary effects of a natural event?

    Initial impacts on people and property caused directly by the event.

    geography effects

  • What is protection in disaster management?

    Actions taken before a hazard strikes to reduce its impact.

    geography protection

  • What is remote sensing?

    Using satellites to detect heat and changes in a volcano's shape.

    geography monitoring

  • What is search and rescue?

    An immediate response to a disaster to find and assist affected individuals.

    geography disasters

  • What are secondary effects of a natural event?

    After-effects that occur as indirect impacts, e.g., fires due to ruptured gas mains from ground shaking.

    geography natural_disasters

  • What does seismicity refer to?

    The frequency and distribution of earthquakes in a certain area, recorded by seismographs.

    geography earthquakes

  • What is a shield volcano?

    A broad, flat volcano with non-violent eruptions formed at constructive margins and hot spots.

    geography volcanoes

  • What is subduction?

    At a destructive margin, where the denser oceanic plate moves beneath the less dense continental plate.

    geography tectonics

  • What is a tectonic hazard?

    A natural hazard caused by the movement of tectonic plates, such as volcanoes and earthquakes.

    geography hazards

  • What is a tectonic plate?

    A section of the Earth’s crust about 100km thick.

    geography tectonics

  • What causes a tsunami?

    Huge waves caused by earthquakes.

    geography tsunamis

  • What is a volcanic belt?

    A distribution pattern of volcanoes that follows plate margins.

    geography volcanoes

  • What is a volcano?

    An opening in the Earth’s crust from which lava, ash, and gases erupt.

    geography volcanoes

  • How can using geographical terminology in exams help?

    It can improve your grade.

    geography exams