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What is the TCA Cycle also known as?
Krebs Cycle
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What is the importance of the TCA cycle?
Central to oxidative metabolism and ATP synthesis
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Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?
Exclusively in the mitochondria
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What does the TCA cycle require for its process?
Requires oxygen
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What are the starting materials for the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate
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What is produced in the pyruvate to Acetyl CoA step?
Produces NADH and CO2
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What complex catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
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What are the products of one TCA cycle?
1 GTP/ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
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How many times does the TCA cycle turn per glucose molecule?
Two times
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What does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) do?
Creates a proton gradient for ATP production
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What does Complex 1 of the ETC do?
Oxidizes NADH to NAD+, transfers electrons to ubiquinone (Q)
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What is the role of Complex 4 in the ETC?
Transfers electrons from cytochrome C to oxygen, forming water
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What is the outcome of oxidative phosphorylation?
Drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase
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What is a potential consequence of uncoupling in the ETC?
Proton gradients are not used for ATP generation
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What does cyanide do to the body?
Inactivates cytochrome oxidase, halting ATP production
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How is the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex controlled?
Regulated through de/-phosphorylation by kinases and phosphatases
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What inhibits PDH?
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What keeps PDH active?
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What activates phosphatase in muscle to enhance PDH activity?
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What effect does insulin have on PDH regulation?
Reduces kinase activity, enhances phosphatase effect.
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What hormones interact in glycolysis and energy metabolism?
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What primarily regulates the Krebs cycle?
End-product inhibition by ATP and NADH on dehydrogenase enzymes.
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What stimulates ATP production in skeletal muscle?
Calcium levels through substrate regulation.
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What does the TCA cycle serve as a hub for?
Generating organic molecules like fatty acids and glucose.
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What happens to the TCA cycle during hypoxia?
Efficiency decreases, leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
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What is a cellular response to hypoxia?
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What does HIF1 do under low oxygen conditions?
Acts as a transcription factor, switching on genes for survival.
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What genes does HIF1 increase expression of during hypoxia?
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How do tumors use HIF1?
Promote survival and progression in low oxygen, making it a therapy target.
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What is the reaction for converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
pyruvate + CoA + NAD → acetyl-CoA + CO₂ + NADH
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Which enzyme initiates the Krebs cycle?
Citrate Synthase
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What is produced by isocitrate dehydrogenase?
NADH
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What does fumarase convert?
Water and fumarate in the Krebs cycle.
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What does α-Ketoglutarate produce in the Krebs cycle?
NADH and CoA-SH.
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What is the TCA Cycle also known as?
Krebs Cycle
What is the importance of the TCA cycle?
Central to oxidative metabolism and ATP synthesis
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?
Exclusively in the mitochondria
What does the TCA cycle require for its process?
Requires oxygen
What are the starting materials for the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate
What is produced in the pyruvate to Acetyl CoA step?
Produces NADH and CO2
What complex catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
What are the products of one TCA cycle?
1 GTP/ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
How many times does the TCA cycle turn per glucose molecule?
Two times
What does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) do?
Creates a proton gradient for ATP production
What does Complex 1 of the ETC do?
Oxidizes NADH to NAD+, transfers electrons to ubiquinone (Q)
What is the role of Complex 4 in the ETC?
Transfers electrons from cytochrome C to oxygen, forming water
What is the outcome of oxidative phosphorylation?
Drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase
What is a potential consequence of uncoupling in the ETC?
Proton gradients are not used for ATP generation
What does cyanide do to the body?
Inactivates cytochrome oxidase, halting ATP production
How is the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex controlled?
Regulated through de/-phosphorylation by kinases and phosphatases
What inhibits PDH?
What keeps PDH active?
What activates phosphatase in muscle to enhance PDH activity?
What effect does insulin have on PDH regulation?
Reduces kinase activity, enhances phosphatase effect.
What hormones interact in glycolysis and energy metabolism?
What primarily regulates the Krebs cycle?
End-product inhibition by ATP and NADH on dehydrogenase enzymes.
What stimulates ATP production in skeletal muscle?
Calcium levels through substrate regulation.
What does the TCA cycle serve as a hub for?
Generating organic molecules like fatty acids and glucose.
What happens to the TCA cycle during hypoxia?
Efficiency decreases, leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
What is a cellular response to hypoxia?
What does HIF1 do under low oxygen conditions?
Acts as a transcription factor, switching on genes for survival.
What genes does HIF1 increase expression of during hypoxia?
How do tumors use HIF1?
Promote survival and progression in low oxygen, making it a therapy target.
What is the reaction for converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
pyruvate + CoA + NAD → acetyl-CoA + CO₂ + NADH
Which enzyme initiates the Krebs cycle?
Citrate Synthase
What is produced by isocitrate dehydrogenase?
NADH
What does fumarase convert?
Water and fumarate in the Krebs cycle.
What does α-Ketoglutarate produce in the Krebs cycle?
NADH and CoA-SH.
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