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Chapter 28 Test Review
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  • Who were the 'Silent Majority' President Nixon referred to as?

    Middle-class Americans who were law-abiding citizens.

    nixon society

  • What was President Nixon's economic plan called?

    The New Federalism.

    nixon economics

  • What is détente?

    A policy that attempts to relax or ease tensions between nations.

    foreign-policy detente

  • Which two nations did Nixon visit as part of his détente policy?

    • China
    • The Soviet Union
    detente diplomacy

  • What was the SALT I treaty?

    A treaty that temporarily froze the number of strategic nuclear weapons.

    arms-control soviet

  • What was Watergate?

    A U.S. political scandal sparked by a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and a cover-up by President Nixon's team.

    watergate scandal

  • Why was James McCord's involvement in the Watergate break-in suspicious?

    James McCord was a retired CIA member/security professional.

    watergate investigation

  • What reason did President Nixon give for not turning over the Watergate tapes?

    He argued the doctrine of executive privilege.

    watergate law

  • What action is referred to as the 'Saturday Night Massacre'?

    Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Archibald Cox.

    watergate events

  • What controversial action did Gerald Ford take after becoming president?

    He pardoned Richard Nixon, preventing future punishment.

    ford pardons

  • Define inflation.

    Increase in prices for goods and services across an economy over time, reducing the purchasing power of money.

    economics inflation

  • What was President Ford's W.I.N. plan idea regarding inflation?

    Ford asked Americans to reduce inflation with disciplined spending habits.

    ford policy

  • What is OPEC and how did it raise U.S. gas prices in the 1970s?

    OPEC is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; it imposed an embargo on selling oil to the U.S., causing gas prices to rise.

    economics opec

  • Who was elected President of the U.S. in 1976?

    Jimmy Carter, a Democrat.

    elections carter

  • Define stagflation.

    A condition of slow economic growth and high unemployment.

    economics stagflation

  • Which two nations made peace at the Camp David Accords hosted by President Carter in 1978?

    • Egypt
    • Israel
    carter diplomacy

  • What happened at the U.S. embassy in 1979, and how long did it last?

    Iranian attackers seized the U.S. embassy and held American hostages for 444 days.

    iran hostage-crisis

  • Why did Iranian militants seize the U.S. embassy in 1979?

    Because the U.S. had taken their Shah.

    iran cause
Study Notes

Chapter 28 Test Review — Notes

Overview

  • Concise review of Nixon-era policies (Detente, New Federalism), the Watergate scandal and its consequences, and 1970s economic and foreign-policy challenges under Ford and Carter.

Section 1 — Nixon: Policies & Foreign Relations

Key terms

  • Silent Majority: Middle-class, law-abiding Americans Nixon appealed to for political support.
  • New Federalism: Nixon's plan to shift some federal responsibilities to state and local governments and to reduce federal spending and programs.
  • Detente: A policy to ease Cold War tensions and improve diplomatic relations between hostile states.

Major actions and outcomes

  • China and the Soviet Union visits: Nixon used high-profile visits to both countries to reduce tensions and open dialogue.
  • SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I): Treaty that temporarily froze the number of strategic nuclear weapons held by the U.S. and the USSR, limiting the arms race.

Section 2 — Watergate: Scandal, Cover-up, and Aftermath

What happened

  • Watergate: A political scandal triggered by a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and a subsequent cover-up by Nixon's team aimed at securing his 1972 reelection.

Important people & facts

  • James McCord: A retired CIA/security professional whose involvement raised suspicion because of his intelligence background.
  • Executive privilege: Nixon invoked this doctrine to try to refuse turning over recorded White House conversations (the tapes).
  • Saturday Night Massacre: Nixon ordered the firing of special prosecutor Archibald Cox; this led to the resignation of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy AG William Ruckelshaus rather than obeying the order.

Gerald Ford and the pardon

  • After Nixon resigned, Gerald Ford became president and pardoned Nixon, preventing criminal prosecution; this decision angered many Americans who wanted accountability.

Legacies of Watergate

  • Loss of public trust in government and elected officials.
  • Greater checks and oversight on executive power and increased demands for transparency.
  • Reforms and stricter ethics/campaign rules followed in the 1970s to curb abuses (e.g., measures to increase disclosure and limit contributions).

Section 3 — 1970s Economy, Oil, and Carter Presidency

Inflation & stagflation

  • Inflation: A rise in general price levels that reduces purchasing power.
  • Stagflation: The unusual combination of high inflation with slow economic growth and high unemployment.

Ford's response

  • W.I.N. (Whip Inflation Now): A public-appeal program where Ford urged citizens to spend less and be disciplined to help curb inflation; it relied on voluntary measures rather than major policy change.

OPEC and the 1970s oil crisis

  • OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) is an oil-producing cartel that can influence global oil supply and prices.
  • In the 1970s OPEC imposed an embargo on oil shipments to the U.S. (and other nations), causing gasoline shortages and sharp price increases.

Carter administration highlights

  • 1976 election: Jimmy Carter (Democrat) was elected president.
  • Camp David Accords (1978): Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, ending a state of war between them.
  • Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981): Iranian militants seized the U.S. embassy and held American hostages for 444 days, partly in reaction to the U.S. hosting Iran's deposed Shah.

Quick timeline (1972–1979)

  • 1972: Watergate break-in and Nixon reelection campaign.
  • Early–mid 1970s: SALT I and Detente with USSR and China.
  • 1973–74: OPEC oil embargo; rising gas prices and inflation.
  • 1974: Nixon resigns; Gerald Ford becomes president and later pardons Nixon.
  • 1976: Jimmy Carter elected president.
  • 1978: Camp David Accords signed by Egypt and Israel.
  • 1979: Iran hostage crisis begins and lasts 444 days.

Study tips & likely test points

  • Be able to define key terms: Silent Majority, New Federalism, Detente, SALT I, stagflation, OPEC.
  • Describe Watergate: break-in, cover-up, the role of the tapes, the Saturday Night Massacre, and Ford's pardon.
  • Explain the causes and effects of 1970s inflation and the oil crisis, and how presidents Ford and Carter responded.
  • Know the Camp David Accords and the significance of the Iran hostage crisis as a foreign-policy challenge.