What are Red Blood Cells (RBCs) also known as?
Erythrocytes
What is the average diameter of a red blood cell?
7.8 micrometers
What is the thickness of red blood cells at their thickest point?
2.5 micrometers
What is the average volume (MCV) of a red blood cell?
90 to 95 cubic micrometers (fL)
What is the concentration of RBCs in men?
5,200,000 (ยฑ300,000)/uL
What is the concentration of RBCs in women?
4,700,000 (ยฑ300,000)/uL
What do red blood cells lack?
Nucleus and organelles
What is the normal concentration of hemoglobin in RBCs?
34g per 100 ml
How much O2 can each gram of hemoglobin bind?
1.34 ml
Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?
Bone marrow
What are the main sites of hemopoietic activity in fetal life?
Yolk sac, liver, spleen
At what age does RBC production stop in the shaft of long bones?
20 years
What are the stages of RBC production?
What is the maximum metabolic limit of hemoglobin concentration?
Normal individuals have Hb near maximum value
What is anemia?
A condition with low red blood cell count or hemoglobin
What is polycythemia?
A condition with high red blood cell count
What are the two types of progenitor cells?
What do myeloid progenitor cells produce?
What do lymphoid progenitor cells produce?
What is the first identifiable red blood cell precursor?
Proerythroblast
What are the first-generation cells in erythropoiesis called?
Basophil erythroblasts
What happens to reticulocytes before maturing?
How do reticulocytes enter the bloodstream?
By diapedesis
What regulates the mass of red blood cells?
What conditions can increase RBC production?
What is erythropoietin?
A glycoprotein produced mainly by the kidneys
What stimulates erythropoietin production?
Tissue hypoxia
What factors increase erythropoietin production?
What is required for normal erythropoiesis?
What nutrients are crucial for hematopoiesis?
What is the daily blood cell production requirement per kg body weight?
More than 7 ร 10^9 blood cells
What vitamins are crucial for DNA synthesis?
What cells in the body are rapidly dividing?
What is needed for the formation of thymidine triphosphate?
What happens due to vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency?
What are characteristics of macrocytes?
What is a key fact about Vitamin B12?
What are sources of Vitamin B12?
What is the daily requirement of folate for adults?
Approximately 400ยตg/day
What disease is associated with folate deficiency?
Sprue
What type of anemia is caused by B12 and folate deficiency?
Megaloblastic anemia
What causes pernicious anemia?
Deficiency of Vitamin B12 due to absorption failure from GI tract
What is anaemia due to?
Primary deficiency of vitamin B12 due to failure of absorption from gastrointestinal tract.
What causes failure of vitamin B12 absorption?
Absence of intrinsic factor (atrophic gastric mucosa).
What are causes of vitamin B12 deficiency?
What is a common treatment for vitamin B12 deficiency?
Lifelong injections of vitamin B12.
What is the total body iron content?
4-5 g, with 65% in hemoglobin.
What are the roles of iron in the body?
What is the average daily iron loss?
1-2 mg; males: 0.6 mg, females: 1.3 mg.
How is ferrous iron transported in the body?
By DMT1 protein across the apical membrane of enterocytes.
What begins the formation of hemoglobin?
Formation begins at the proerythroblast stage.
What is the composition of Hemoglobin A?
Two alpha and two beta chains.
What is the lifespan of red blood cells?
About 120 days.
What happens to dying RBCs?
Phagocytized by macrophages; globin breaks into amino acids.
What is anemia?
Deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood caused by too few RBCs or too little hemoglobin.
What does anemia mean?
Deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood.
What are the causes of anemia?
What is blood loss anemia?
Anemia due to acute and chronic blood loss.
What is aplastic anemia?
Lack of functioning bone marrow due to radiation, chemotherapy, or toxins.
What is megaloblastic anemia?
Anemia due to vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency.
What is hemolytic anemia?
Anemia due to conditions like hereditary spherocytosis or sickle cell anemia.
What is polycythemia?
Increased number of red blood cells.
What causes primary polycythemia?
Increased activity of hemocytoblastic cells in bone marrow.
What causes secondary polycythemia?
Hypoxia, high altitudes, and heart failure.
What are hemopoietic stem cells?
Cells with unlimited self-renewal and differentiation capabilities.
What are the committed progenitors in hemopoiesis?
Cells that undergo directional differentiation into various blood cells.
What are precursors in blood cell formation?
Morphologic occurrence of various original blood cells.
What factors decrease tissue oxygenation?
What are the factors that decrease oxygenation?
What is the function of erythropoietin?
To increase production of red blood cells when tissue oxygenation decreases.
What characterizes a hypersegmented neutrophil?
At least six discrete lobes in the nucleus; normal neutrophils have five or less.
What deficiency is indicated by hypersegmented neutrophils and macroovalocytes?
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) or folate deficiency.
What should the diameter of a normal red blood cell approximate?
The diameter of the nucleus of a small lymphocyte.
What is the role of ferroportin?
To transport iron from enterocytes and hepatocytes.
What is the process of heme synthesis?
2 succinyl-CoA + 2 glycine โ protoporphyrin IX โ heme โ hemoglobin chain.
What are erythroid progenitors?
Cells that cluster around a central macrophage in erythropoiesis.
What happens to iron availability during inflammatory activity?
Decreased iron availability due to internalization and degradation of ferroportin-1.
What is the maximum metabolic limit of hemoglobin concentration?
Normal individuals have Hb near maximum value
What conditions can increase RBC production?
What is the daily blood cell production requirement per kg body weight?
More than 7 ร 10^9 blood cells
What happens due to vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency?
What are characteristics of macrocytes?
What is anaemia due to?
Primary deficiency of vitamin B12 due to failure of absorption from gastrointestinal tract.
What causes failure of vitamin B12 absorption?
Absence of intrinsic factor (atrophic gastric mucosa).
How is ferrous iron transported in the body?
By DMT1 protein across the apical membrane of enterocytes.
What is anemia?
Deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood caused by too few RBCs or too little hemoglobin.
What are the causes of anemia?
What is hemolytic anemia?
Anemia due to conditions like hereditary spherocytosis or sickle cell anemia.
What are hemopoietic stem cells?
Cells with unlimited self-renewal and differentiation capabilities.
What are the committed progenitors in hemopoiesis?
Cells that undergo directional differentiation into various blood cells.
What are precursors in blood cell formation?
Morphologic occurrence of various original blood cells.
What factors decrease tissue oxygenation?
What are the factors that decrease oxygenation?
What is the function of erythropoietin?
To increase production of red blood cells when tissue oxygenation decreases.
What characterizes a hypersegmented neutrophil?
At least six discrete lobes in the nucleus; normal neutrophils have five or less.
What deficiency is indicated by hypersegmented neutrophils and macroovalocytes?
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) or folate deficiency.
What should the diameter of a normal red blood cell approximate?
The diameter of the nucleus of a small lymphocyte.
What is the process of heme synthesis?
2 succinyl-CoA + 2 glycine โ protoporphyrin IX โ heme โ hemoglobin chain.
What happens to iron availability during inflammatory activity?
Decreased iron availability due to internalization and degradation of ferroportin-1.
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