What does the Chinese Civil War describe?
The struggle between the GMD (Guomindang Nationalists) and the CCP (Chinese Communist Party).
Who fled to Taiwan at the end of the Chinese Civil War?
Chiang Kai Shek (Jiang Jieshi).
Who emerged victorious in the Chinese Civil War?
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) and the CCP.
What event marked the end of emperors in China?
The fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911.
What characterized the Warlord Period in China?
Fragmented China ruled as provinces by warlords.
What were the 1920s-1930s marked by in China?
Chinese civil war between GMD and CCP.
What are Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles?
Who was the leader of the GMD and president of the Republic of China?
Chiang Kai-shek.
What was Wang Jingwei known for?
Being extremely anti-communist due to his collaboration with the CCP.
Who was Zhou Enlai?
A military officer and the first premier of the People's Republic of China.
What did Mao Zedong establish in China?
The People's Republic of China.
What did Sun Yat-sen provide for China?
A revolutionary ideology with his Three Principles.
Who was Soong Meiling?
The wife of Chiang Kai-shek and first lady of the Republic of China.
Who founded the CCP Army?
Zhu De.
What were the First and Second United Fronts?
First: against warlords; Second: against Japanese expansion during WWII.
What was the outcome of the Northern Expedition?
GMD and CCP united against a common enemy, but did not work as a team.
What was the purpose of the First United Front?
Who were the main parties involved in the First United Front?
What was the outcome of the First United Front?
What was the Northern Expedition?
A military campaign launched by the National Revolutionary Army against the Beiyang government and warlords in 1926, aimed at reuniting China.
Who led the Northern Expedition?
Chiang Kai-shek led the Northern Expedition.
What were the two phases of the Northern Expedition?
What caused the split within the GMD during the Northern Expedition?
The split was caused by Chiang's purging of communists within the GMD, leading to a division between the right-leaning Nanjing faction and the left-leaning Wuhan faction.
What are the three phases of a country's economic and political development according to Karl Marx?
What characterizes Phase One of economic development in China?
What characterizes Phase Two of economic development in China?
What was the driving force of revolution in China according to Maoism?
The peasants were the driving force of revolution, not the working class (proletariat).
What did Mao do with Marxist Communism for China?
Mao contextualised Marxist Communism for China by focusing on the power of the peasants.
What was Chiang Kai-Shek's goal regarding the CCP?
Chiang aimed to crush the CCP before China could be unified under the GMD.
What happened to the communists during the purification movement?
Thousands of communists, trade unionists, and peasant leaders were massacred, with about a quarter of a million people killed.
What was the outcome for the CCP by the end of 1927?
The CCP was nearly crushed by the end of 1927 due to attacks from the GMD.
What did the CCP do to survive after being attacked?
The CCP fled into the mountains of Jiansi to survive and regroup.
What led to the break of the First United Front?
The GMD broke the First United Front as they saw the CCP gaining military skill and becoming a possible threat.
What was the significance of Soviet aid during 1921-25?
China received advisors, arms, communist propaganda, and loans from the Soviet Union, which helped the CCP.
What did Russia do after the Versailles Conference regarding China?
Russia revoked its imperialist rights in China following the Versailles Conference.
Who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the GMD?
Chiang Kai-shek
What major event occurred from 1926 to 1928 involving the GMD?
War to control the warlords
Where was the capital of China moved from Peiping to?
Nanjing
What recognition did the GMD receive from the international community?
Recognised as the government party of China
What years did the civil war between Communists and Nationalists occur?
1927-1932 and 1933-1937
Who led the Communists during the civil war?
Mao Zedong
Who led the Nationalists during the civil war?
Chiang Kai-shek
What halted the civil war between 1932-1933 and 1937-1945?
Japanese aggression
What was a key reason for the civil war's outbreak?
China was not unified after the Northern expedition
What ideology divided the GMD and the Communists?
Political ideology
What was Chiang Kai-shek's stance towards landlords and the middle class?
Sympathetic
What event is referred to as the Nationalist Decade?
1927-1937, when GMD ruled from Nanjing
What were the Three Principles of the People aimed at achieving?
Unify, modernize, and improve China
What internal threats did the GMD face after the Shanghai massacre?
Key communist leaders regrouped in rural areas
What was the GMD's greatest external threat?
Japan
What economic challenges did the GMD face?
Japanese expansion, military expenditure, and high debts
What were some economic successes of the GMD?
Improved transport, communication networks, and industrial growth
What did the GMD do to improve urban living conditions?
New hospitals were built and water supplies improved in cities.
How did the lives of ordinary Chinese people improve under the GMD?
Lives barely improved, especially in rural areas; peasants faced heavy debts and poverty.
What was the purpose of the 'New Life Movement'?
It aimed to combine Chinese values with conservative Western ideas as an alternative to communism.
What behaviors did the 'New Life Movement' encourage?
Personal hygiene, no spitting in public, no gambling, modest clothing, simplified marriage ceremonies.
What was Chiang's view of the 'New Life Movement'?
He saw it as an opportunity to create greater social cohesion and obedience.
What was the role of the Blue Shirts of China?
They supported Chiang's rule through violence and assassinations against critics.
Why did the 'New Life Movement' have limited impact on peasants?
It had limited relevance in rural areas, thus little impact on their lives.
What financial issue did the GMD face due to provinces holding revenue?
Insufficient tax revenue led to printing more money, causing inflation and currency devaluation.
What was a consequence of advance tax collection by the GMD?
Peasants had to pay 44 different taxes, leading to financial strain.
What factors undermined the GMD government?
Corruption and inefficiency among bureaucrats were common.
What impact did the Japanese invasion have on the GMD?
It resulted in a loss of tax revenue, complicating the war effort.
What disaster in 1931 led to a refugee crisis in China?
The Yangzi flood resulted in 14 million refugees.
How did the Great Depression affect the GMD's economy?
It exacerbated the economic problems faced by the GMD.
What was the GMD's control situation in the Yangzi region?
The GMD only controlled 5 provincial regions due to warlord destabilization.
What was the status of the Communist Party during the GMD's rule?
The Communist Party was rebuilding in the Yannan province despite suffering damage.
What infrastructure achievements did the GMD accomplish?
Bridges, railways, roads, telegraph systems, and post offices were built.
What public transport systems were established by the GMD?
Buses, trams, and airlines were established.
What standardization did the GMD implement?
Weights and measures were standardized.
What type of currency was introduced by the GMD?
Paper and coin currency were introduced.
What foreign concessions were recovered by the GMD?
Some foreign concessions were recovered.
What control did the Chinese regain under the GMD?
The Chinese regained control of the customs service.
What were the overall achievements of the GMD?
The GMD was strong enough to control most individual provinces but faced challenges.
What issue did the GMD face with provinces withholding taxes?
It resulted in an inability to fund government programs.
When was the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) founded?
1921
Who were the founders of the CCP?
What movement influenced the founders of the CCP?
The May Fourth Movement (1919)
What ideology did the founders of the CCP turn to after the Russian Revolution?
Marxism
What role did Mao Zedong play in the CCP during the 1920s?
He organized labour unions in cities.
What was the outcome of the CCP's alliance with the Nationalist Party in 1924?
It was successful at first but ended in 1927 after the Shanghai massacre.
What happened to the CCP after the Shanghai massacre in 1927?
The CCP was driven underground.
Where did many CCP cadres go after abandoning urban activities?
They went to the countryside to gain peasant support.
What significant event occurred during the Long March (1934-35)?
Mao achieved leadership of the CCP.
Who were the important leaders that supported Mao Zedong during the Long March?
What did Chiang Kai-shek do in 1936 regarding the CCP?
He called off military campaigns and formed a United Front with the CCP.
How did the CCP strengthen itself during World War II?
By fighting the Japanese and expanding its base.
What was the population base controlled by the CCP by the end of WWII?
About 100 million people.
What contributed to the CCP's success in the civil war starting in 1946?
The land reform program increased peasant support.
What happened to the Nationalists after their defeat in 1949?
They retreated to Taiwan.
When was Mao Zedong born?
1893
What role did Mao Zedong have during the United Front in 1924?
He was the head of propaganda.
What was Mao Zedong's objective in training peasants?
To form peasant associations for protection.
What did Mao Zedong see in the peasantry through his role?
The revolutionary potential of the peasantry.
What did the CCP fail to support during the GMD purges of 1927?
The Hunan peasant movement, leading to the massacre of peasants.
How was Mao perceived by the Chinese Bolsheviks until 1934?
He was seen as unsophisticated and awkward, not taken seriously at first.
What model did Mao utilize after seizing control?
Mao's Peasant Communism became the model he utilized later.
What did Mao prove in the Jiangxi Soviet regarding the GMD's actions?
Mao proved that Kai-shek's actions led to the growth of the CCP rather than crushing it.
What was pivotal to Mao's role in the party during the Long March?
His leadership and interpretation of Marxism in the Chinese context.
How did Gates and Morgan characterize Mao's actions?
They suggested his actions were characterized by flexibility or pragmatism.
What criticism did Mao face from the CCP in the late 20s and early 30s?
He was criticized for 'leaning to the right' and not being ruthless enough.
What was one of Mao's key actions regarding landlords?
He killed landlords and confiscated their property, but tempered dogma with pragmatism.
How did Mao approach land confiscation in Jinggangshan?
He limited confiscation to landlords and ensured redistribution to both rich and poor peasants.
What social reforms did Mao implement?
He stopped foot binding, prostitution, child slavery, and made forced marriages illegal.
What economic initiative did Mao establish for peasants?
Peasant cooperatives were set up to market agricultural produce.
What event did Chiang Kai-shek betray in 1927?
He betrayed the alliance with the CCP and turned on them.
What happened to communists in Shanghai when Chiang's army arrived?
Chiang's army executed every communist it could find.
Where did many communists, including Mao, escape to after the Shanghai massacres?
They escaped to the province of Jiangxi.
What did Mao establish in Jiangsi?
The Jiangsi Soviet and the Red Army with 11,000 members by 1930.
How did support for the CCP grow?
Land was redistributed to peasants, which was critical for gaining their support.
What was the Red Army trained in?
Asymmetric warfare and unconventional strategies, while respecting peasants.
What were the EIGHT RULES OF THE RED ARMY?
Who launched the extermination campaigns against the CCP?
Chiang Kai-shek launched 5 massive extermination campaigns from 1930 to 1934.
What was the outcome of the first 4 extermination campaigns?
They were failures due to Mao's asymmetric tactics, resulting in over a million civilian deaths.
What did the CCP recognize after the extermination campaigns?
They could not win against the GMD and commenced the withdrawal known as the 'Long March'.
What tactics did General von Seeckt suggest to the GMD?
He suggested 'blockhouse' tactics to surround the CCP with 500,000 troops.
What happened during the fifth extermination campaign?
The CCP abandoned asymmetric tactics and faced disastrous conventional battles, leading to severe losses.
What initiated the Long March?
The CCP's decision to retreat due to being surrounded by blockhouses and close to starvation.
When did the Long March begin?
The Long March began in October 1934 with 87,000 members retreating.
What is known as the Long March?
A series of marches taken by several branches of the Red Army, where fewer than 150,000 made it safely to Yan’an.
How long did it take the Red Army to break out of the ring of blockhouses?
6 weeks
What significant event occurred at the end of November 1934?
The Red Army reached the Xiang River.
What percentage of the Army was lost during the Long March?
More than 90%
Who took over leadership of the CCP after the Zunyi Conference?
Mao Zedong and General Zhu De
What was blamed on Braun during the retreat?
He allowed too much equipment, slowing them down and made the retreat predictable.
What was one of the most famous events during the march?
The crossing of the Dadu River during the Battle of Luding Bridge.
How many miles did the Red Army cover in total during the Long March?
6,000 miles
What was the approximate number of soldiers that reached Yan’an?
Approximately 30,000 out of 100,000
What was the outcome of the Long March for the CCP?
They found a new base that was remote and safe from GMD and Japanese attacks.
How did many Chinese view the CCP after the Long March?
They saw them as heroes, and the Long March became part of CCP mythology.
What behavior of the Red Army impressed the peasants?
Their strict discipline created a bond between the Red Army and the rural peasant.
What year was the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) founded?
1921
What were the values developed among the survivors of the CCP?
Who was the military command entrusted to within the CCP?
Zhu De
What was a significant method for gaining support for the Communist revolution in China?
Redistribution of land to peasants (land reform)
What ideology influenced the early years of the CCP?
Marxism
What period followed the Yanan period in the CCP's development?
The establishment and development of Maoism and the Red Army.
What was the political consequence of new leadership in the CCP?
Consolidated Mao's control over the CCP and military command.
What social reforms were developed for women during the CCP's rise?
Reforms concerning marriage and divorce, property rights, and child custody.
What was the anti-imperialist ideology influenced by in the CCP's early years?
The Comintern and Soviet Union's ideology post-1917 Bolshevik Revolution.
What did the arrival of the marchers lead to for the CCP?
Contact between north-western and south-eastern peasants.
What percentage of the CCP survived the perilous journey during its early years?
Only 10%
What was a significant appeal of the CCP to the peasants during its rise?
Resistance to Japanese invasion (appeals to nationalism).
What was the beginning of leadership duopoly in the CCP?
Mao consolidating control alongside Zhu De.
What was the impact of the end of Soviet Union domination over the CCP?
Pro-Soviet members were demoted.
What did the CCP thrive in initially?
The agricultural arena.
What was the CCP's founding narrative centered around?
The beginnings of Mao's cult of personality.
What are the three phases of societal development according to Marx?
Who formed the CCP and in what year?
Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao and others in 1921
What ideology did the CCP originate from?
Groups studying Marxism after the May Fourth Movement
What was the initial membership of the CCP?
Only 12 members at first
What did the First United Front allow the CCP to do?
Recruit, develop, and acquire military experience
What did Mao Zedong argue about China's readiness for a communist revolution?
China was not ready for a communist revolution
What was the role of rural peasants in Mao's version of Marxism?
They could be just as powerful as urban workers as a revolutionary force
What were the Three Principles of Sun Yat-sen?
What did Mao's ideology focus on during the Yan'an years?
Full development and embrace of Mao's ideas within the CCP
What did Mao believe should drive the revolution in China?
The peasants, as they make up the majority of the population
What did Mao emphasize about political thought and practice?
They should be in conformity and adjusted to fit local experiences
What was the impact of the Long March on Maoism?
It helped spread communist ideas and demonstrated the discipline of Mao's followers
What was the CCP's stance on alternative ideas?
No alternative ideas and ideologies were permitted
How did Mao view the leadership in China?
Leadership should be by the people and meet local needs
What was Japan's interest in Manchuria?
Japan built railroads in Manchuria and sought to control the region, while the GMD wanted to eliminate Japanese influence and their railroads.
What triggered the Mukden Incident in September 1931?
Japanese railway tracks in Manchuria were blown up, leading Japan to blame China and justify its expansion.
What was the purpose of Japan establishing the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932?
Japan installed the deposed Qing emperor Puyi to legitimize its control over Manchuria.
What did Japan declare regarding China during its occupation?
Japan declared all of China to be a Japanese preserve, requiring its consent for any significant actions.
When did the first phase of the Chinese occupation by Japan begin?
The first phase began in 1931 with Japan's invasion of Manchuria.
What marked the beginning of the war between China and Japan in 1937?
A clash between Chinese and Japanese troops near the Marco Polo Bridge on July 7, 1937.
What was the duration of the Sino-Japanese War?
The Sino-Japanese War lasted from 1937 to 1945.
How did the League of Nations respond to China's appeal for assistance against Japan?
The League did not respond for over a year, and when it did challenge Japan, Japan left the League.
What impact did the Long March have on the CCP and GMD's military capabilities?
The Long March weakened both the CCP and GMD militarily, making it difficult to oppose Japanese aggression.
What was the outcome of the negotiations for a Second United Front against Japan?
It took 9 months to agree on the United Front, with the CCP placing its army under GMD control.
What was the relationship between the CCP and the Soviet Union during the Second United Front?
The CCP received military aid and advice from the Soviet Union.
Who led the Red armies fighting against the Japanese during the Second United Front?
General Zhu De led the Red armies in both the north and east against the Japanese.
What characterized the resistance to Japanese invasion by the CCP and GMD?
The resistance was marked by mutual suspicion and lack of trust between the GMD and CCP.
What was Japan's economic intention regarding China's natural resources?
Japan aimed to exploit China's natural resources to support its ambitions in the Pacific.
What resources did the Japanese aim to control in China?
What effect did the Japanese invasion have on the Chinese economy according to MYRDAL?
Major parts of the economy were destroyed or captured, affecting the economy as a whole.
How did FENBY assess the impact of the Japanese invasion on the Chinese population?
Massive loss of population through death and refugees exacerbated industrial damage.
What was the long-term effect of the surviving factory capacity during the invasion?
It was devoted to defeating the Japanese, reducing China’s economic power.
What was the estimated death toll of Chinese people during the war of resistance against Japan?
Between 14 million and 20 million died.
How many Chinese people became refugees during the war against Japan?
80 to 100 million became refugees.
What impact did inflation have on the middle class during the war?
The middle class was impoverished by spiraling inflation peaking at 237%.
What was the loss in power experienced by soldiers and public officials?
80-90% loss in power, leading to demoralization and corruption.
What did the GMD do that further divided China during the war?
Repressed political opposition and increased GMD members on the council.
What did MITTER state about the narrative of the war?
It is the story of a people in torment.
What significant event occurred at Xi'an involving Nationalist troops?
Troops mutinied and detained Kai-shek until he agreed to cease hostilities against the Communists.
What was Pomfret's view on the role of the Communists during the war?
He claimed the only ones interested in saving China were the Communists.
What agreement was made after the Second United Front was announced?
A non-aggression treaty was signed between the Soviet Union and China, with military aid sent to Jiang.
What incidents were manufactured by the Japanese to rationalize their invasion?
Incidents at Mukden and the Marco Polo Bridge.
What was the initial Chinese response to the Japanese invasion?
To form the 2nd United Front after 9 months of negotiation.
What were the GMD's aims in the war against the Japanese?
To rid China of Japanese invaders and regroup in a safe area to fight.
What was the GMD's initial aim regarding the US during the war against Japan?
To induce the US to enter the war against Japan and initially focus on defeating Chinese communists.
What did Chiang Kai-shek prioritize according to his army's priorities?
‘First internal pacification, then external resistance’.
What was the GMD's strategy from 1937 regarding battles?
To avoid battles that it could not win.
What was the GMD's strategy during 1937-38 against the Japanese?
To hold or slow the Japanese advance to allow for withdrawal of its forces to the west of China.
Where did the GMD relocate its government and military headquarters?
To the remote southwestern city of Chongqing.
What was the GMD's approach to large scale engagements with the Japanese?
Chiang developed an air force and avoided all large scale engagements.
What tactics did the GMD use to slow the Japanese army?
Destruction of railways, bridges, and flooding lands.
What did the CCP aim to present itself as during the war against the Japanese?
As committed Chinese nationalist fighters.
How did the CCP aim to build the Red Army?
By recruiting among peasants displaced by war and accepting deserters from the GMD army.
What was the size of the Red Army and its militia members?
Red Army grew to 1 million soldiers backed by 2 million militia members.
What kind of warfare did the CCP use to its advantage?
Asymmetric warfare.
What was the CCP's strategy in terms of battles against the Japanese?
To avoid set-piece battles and positional fighting against cities and fortified positions.
What type of tactics did the CCP employ against the Japanese?
Asymmetric tactics including sabotage and offensive tactics.
What did the CCP aim to do to portray themselves to the Chinese people?
To portray themselves as nationalistic fighters who care for the people and protect the countryside.
What was the sabotage strategy against the Japanese?
To unnerve them using hit and run tactics and hamper them in the countryside with guerrilla tactics.
Who was Chiang Kai Shek?
Generalissimo from 1927, claimed 'Wherever I go is the government and the centre of resistance.'
What were some issues faced by Chiang in the 1940s?
Corruption, misuse of foreign aid, increased taxes, hyperinflation, and alienation of peasants and upper class.
How did Chiang respond to issues in China during his leadership?
He imposed tight restrictions on the press and free speech and campaigned against communists.
What was the role of German advisers in Chiang's leadership?
Initially supported him, but were withdrawn when Hitler allied with Japan.
What was Roosevelt's view of Chiang after the Pearl Harbor bombing?
Considered him an important ally.
What was Joseph Stilwell's view of Chiang's leadership?
He was highly critical, calling him incompetent, ignorant, and complacent, focused on self-interest.
What did Stilwell believe about Chiang's impact on the people?
Chiang's actions alienated the people and showed leadership failure.
What was one of Chiang's military strategies during the war?
He committed China to a long war of attrition, viewing communists as the real enemy.
What was a significant issue with Chiang's military command?
He interfered with the chain of command, causing confusion due to poor intelligence.
What did Whitman assess about Chiang's impact on China?
He had impacts but could not achieve his objectives, failing to modernize the government.
What challenges did Chiang face in modernizing China?
He could not build a government to modernize China while fighting warlords and the Japanese.
What was a result of the weakness in Chiang's government?
It led to the rise of a corrupt system in the provinces.
What did Chiang fail to develop during his leadership?
A nationalist ideology that could meet the needs of the people.
What was the challenge of the CCP’s Maoism?
Chiang's nationalistic ideology was vague and moralistic, generally failing to achieve reforms.
How did WHITE portray Chiang?
WHITE portrayed Chiang as corrupt and weak.
How did Americans perceive Chiang?
Americans perceived Chiang to be disciplined, austere, and civilised, as shown on the cover of 'Time' Magazine.
What was the US's stance on Chiang under the Truman Doctrine?
The US saw Chiang as the best hope for defeating the communists and resolved to support him.
What was Chiang's fate in relation to the CCP?
Chiang was unable to meet the challenge posed by the CCP and was forced to flee mainland China.
What did Mao do during the Sino-Japanese war?
Mao built his role and reputation as a leader, consolidating his power through theory and rectification campaigns.
How did Mao present himself as a leader?
Mao groomed a popular image by living a simple lifestyle during struggles, contrasting with Chiang's decadence.
What strategy did Mao influence during the war?
Mao influenced the CCP's strategy of guerrilla tactics and popularised patriotic resistance against the Japanese.
What was the outcome of the US delegation's visit to Yan’an in 1944?
The US delegation noted the CCP's organisation, morale, and discipline, and the need for significant reform by the GMD.
What did HINTON describe about Mao's views on capitalism?
HINTON described that Mao declared the capitalist road was not open to China in the 20th century.
What qualities did FOSTER attribute to Mao?
FOSTER declared Mao was a man of resolution, initiative, and boundless energy, a brilliant theoretician and powerful leader.
What were the four key impacts of Mao on the People's Republic of China according to WALDER?
What was Mao's overall impact despite criticism?
Mao's impact was significant, marked by both admiration and criticism.
What was the significance of the Yan'an Period for the CCP?
It was a highly significant time for rebuilding and consolidating the CCP after the Long March, establishing a communist government in 1935 at Yan'an.
Who was the leader of the CCP during the Yan'an Period?
Mao Zedong
What major reform did the CCP implement during the Yan'an Period?
Land reform
What was the Long March in relation to the CCP?
It was a massive loss turned into a major political victory for the CCP.
How did the Sino-Japanese War impact the CCP?
It diverted GMD attention away from the CCP, allowing them to consolidate and grow.
What ideology did the CCP clarify under Mao during the Yan'an Period?
Agrarian-based Marxist ideology.
What was the Rectification Campaign (1942-1944)?
It aimed to purify the CCP by attacking subjectivism, sectarianism, and party formalism.
What was Mao's approach to education during the Yan'an Period?
He educated his party with Maoism.
What was established as a guerrilla force during the Yan'an Period?
The Red Army.
What was the cult of Mao that began during the Yan'an Period?
It was the beginning of Mao's image as a hero and savior, cultivating support for the CCP.
How did Mao reorient Chinese communism during the Yan'an Period?
He shifted focus from the proletariat to the peasants.
What did Lynch argue about the Yan'an Period?
It was a major propaganda victory for the communists.
What were the key goals of the CCP clarified during the Yan'an Period?
Understanding the needs of the peasants and developing 'Mao thought'.
What was the growth in CCP membership over 8 years?
Membership grew up to 1 million.
How did the CCP expand its territorial control?
Control expanded through Soviet communities and physical territory.
What was Yan'an known for during the CCP's rise?
Yan'an became a model of a well-functioning society.
What social reforms did the CCP implement?
Reforms aimed to create a socialist society and improve peasants' conditions.
What was the land redistribution policy under the CCP?
Land was redistributed, and progressive taxes replaced flat rates.
What women's issues were addressed by the CCP?
Forced marriage, foot binding, and prostitution were banned; women gained property rights.
What medical initiatives did the CCP establish?
Medical clinics were established along with childcare and hygiene meetings.
What was the significance of Yan'an in CCP mythology?
Described as the 'crucible' of revolution, where the soul of the Chinese nation was born.
What event ended the Sino-Japanese war?
Japan surrendered after the US atomic bombing in August 1945.
What was the state of China after 15 years of Japanese invasion?
China was economically and socially exhausted, and politically divided.
What was Mao's political decision regarding the Japanese surrender?
Mao accepted GMD representatives to formally accept the Japanese surrender.
What was Mao's goal regarding the CCP's reputation?
To maintain the CCP's reputation inside China and with foreign powers, avoiding the image of initiating a civil war.
What did Mao aim to be seen as during his leadership?
A legitimate authority working towards building a coalition government in China for a unified nation.
What attempts did the US make during the Chinese Civil War?
The US hosted meetings to unite the Nationalist and Communist sides, involving Chiang and Mao.
What was the Communist term for the Civil War?
The Communist Party referred to the Civil War as the 'War of Liberation'.
What advantages did the Nationalists have at the start of the Civil War?
What happened to the Nationalists after 1947?
Despite initial advantages, the Nationalists won no major victories after 1947.
What significant event occurred in Yan'an in 1947?
Yan'an was captured by Nationalist forces, forcing the CCP to evacuate.
What tactics did the CCP use during the Civil War?
The CCP engaged in guerrilla campaigns and set battles, taking resources from fleeing Nationalist forces.
What was the strategy of the CCP to gain territory?
To surround towns and cities with troops and wait for Nationalist troops and civilians to surrender.
What was the outcome of the Siege of Changchun?
The siege lasted 150 days, resulting in 160,000 civilian deaths from starvation.
What was the CCP's order regarding Changchun during the siege?
Changchun was ordered to be turned into a 'dead city' with civilians not allowed to leave.
What did the CCP believe about General Cheng during the Siege of Changchun?
They believed he could be pressured into surrendering the city to save civilian lives, but he did not.
What did the CCP do to those trying to escape the Siege of Changchun?
They shot anyone who attempted to escape, ignoring pleas from mothers with starving children.
How did some civilians survive during the Siege of Changchun?
40,000 citizens survived by eating leather belts, insects, leaves, grass, and the bodies of the deceased.
What happened to supplies dropped by American planes during the Siege of Changchun?
Nationalist troops stole the supplies before civilians could access them.
When was the Communist People's Republic of China proclaimed?
1st October 1949
Which major cities were under CCP control by 1949?
What position did Chiang take in January 1950?
President of the newly established Republic of China from Taiwan
What was the estimated total cost of military deaths in the Chinese Civil War?
4 million military deaths
How many Chinese civilians died due to famine and disruption after the war?
2 million civilians
What was the total casualty count from the Sino-Japanese War?
20 million casualties
What factors contributed to the Communist victory in the civil war?
The liberation of China had a cost of _______ military deaths and _______ civilian deaths due to famine and disruption.
The liberation of China had a cost of 4 million military deaths and 2 million civilian deaths due to famine and disruption.
The Communist People's Republic of China was proclaimed on _______.
The Communist People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1st October 1949.
In January 1950, Chiang took the position of President of the newly established Republic of China from _______.
In January 1950, Chiang took the position of President of the newly established Republic of China from Taiwan.
The total casualties of the Sino-Japanese War were _______.
The total casualties of the Sino-Japanese War were 20 million.
What is the first element in the periodic table?
Hydrogen
What is the chemical symbol for water?
H₂O
What is the process by which plants make food?
Photosynthesis
What is the smallest unit of life?
Cell
What is the main gas in Earth's atmosphere?
Nitrogen
What is the formula for the area of a triangle?
( A = \frac{1}{2}bh )
What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
Approximately ( 299,792,458 ) meters per second
What is the most abundant element in the universe?
Hydrogen
What is the main organ of the circulatory system?
Heart
What is the largest mammal in the world?
Blue Whale
The process by which plants make food is called _______.
The process by which plants make food is called photosynthesis.
The formula for the area of a triangle is _______.
The formula for the area of a triangle is ( A = \frac{1}{2}bh ).
The smallest unit of life is a _______.
The smallest unit of life is a cell.
The main gas in Earth's atmosphere is _______.
The main gas in Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen.
The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately _______ meters per second.
The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second.
The first element in the periodic table is _______.
The first element in the periodic table is hydrogen.
The chemical symbol for water is _______.
The chemical symbol for water is H₂O.
The main organ of the circulatory system is the _______.
The main organ of the circulatory system is the heart.
The largest mammal in the world is the _______.
The largest mammal in the world is the blue whale.
What does the Chinese Civil War describe?
The struggle between the GMD (Guomindang Nationalists) and the CCP (Chinese Communist Party).
What are Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles?
What was Wang Jingwei known for?
Being extremely anti-communist due to his collaboration with the CCP.
What were the First and Second United Fronts?
First: against warlords; Second: against Japanese expansion during WWII.
What was the outcome of the Northern Expedition?
GMD and CCP united against a common enemy, but did not work as a team.
What was the purpose of the First United Front?
Who were the main parties involved in the First United Front?
What was the outcome of the First United Front?
What was the Northern Expedition?
A military campaign launched by the National Revolutionary Army against the Beiyang government and warlords in 1926, aimed at reuniting China.
What were the two phases of the Northern Expedition?
What caused the split within the GMD during the Northern Expedition?
The split was caused by Chiang's purging of communists within the GMD, leading to a division between the right-leaning Nanjing faction and the left-leaning Wuhan faction.
What are the three phases of a country's economic and political development according to Karl Marx?
What characterizes Phase One of economic development in China?
What characterizes Phase Two of economic development in China?
What was the driving force of revolution in China according to Maoism?
The peasants were the driving force of revolution, not the working class (proletariat).
What did Mao do with Marxist Communism for China?
Mao contextualised Marxist Communism for China by focusing on the power of the peasants.
What was Chiang Kai-Shek's goal regarding the CCP?
Chiang aimed to crush the CCP before China could be unified under the GMD.
What happened to the communists during the purification movement?
Thousands of communists, trade unionists, and peasant leaders were massacred, with about a quarter of a million people killed.
What was the outcome for the CCP by the end of 1927?
The CCP was nearly crushed by the end of 1927 due to attacks from the GMD.
What did the CCP do to survive after being attacked?
The CCP fled into the mountains of Jiansi to survive and regroup.
What led to the break of the First United Front?
The GMD broke the First United Front as they saw the CCP gaining military skill and becoming a possible threat.
What was the significance of Soviet aid during 1921-25?
China received advisors, arms, communist propaganda, and loans from the Soviet Union, which helped the CCP.
What did Russia do after the Versailles Conference regarding China?
Russia revoked its imperialist rights in China following the Versailles Conference.
What recognition did the GMD receive from the international community?
Recognised as the government party of China
What was a key reason for the civil war's outbreak?
China was not unified after the Northern expedition
What were the Three Principles of the People aimed at achieving?
Unify, modernize, and improve China
What internal threats did the GMD face after the Shanghai massacre?
Key communist leaders regrouped in rural areas
What were some economic successes of the GMD?
Improved transport, communication networks, and industrial growth
What did the GMD do to improve urban living conditions?
New hospitals were built and water supplies improved in cities.
How did the lives of ordinary Chinese people improve under the GMD?
Lives barely improved, especially in rural areas; peasants faced heavy debts and poverty.
What was the purpose of the 'New Life Movement'?
It aimed to combine Chinese values with conservative Western ideas as an alternative to communism.
What behaviors did the 'New Life Movement' encourage?
Personal hygiene, no spitting in public, no gambling, modest clothing, simplified marriage ceremonies.
What was Chiang's view of the 'New Life Movement'?
He saw it as an opportunity to create greater social cohesion and obedience.
What was the role of the Blue Shirts of China?
They supported Chiang's rule through violence and assassinations against critics.
Why did the 'New Life Movement' have limited impact on peasants?
It had limited relevance in rural areas, thus little impact on their lives.
What financial issue did the GMD face due to provinces holding revenue?
Insufficient tax revenue led to printing more money, causing inflation and currency devaluation.
What was a consequence of advance tax collection by the GMD?
Peasants had to pay 44 different taxes, leading to financial strain.
What factors undermined the GMD government?
Corruption and inefficiency among bureaucrats were common.
What impact did the Japanese invasion have on the GMD?
It resulted in a loss of tax revenue, complicating the war effort.
What disaster in 1931 led to a refugee crisis in China?
The Yangzi flood resulted in 14 million refugees.
How did the Great Depression affect the GMD's economy?
It exacerbated the economic problems faced by the GMD.
What was the GMD's control situation in the Yangzi region?
The GMD only controlled 5 provincial regions due to warlord destabilization.
What was the status of the Communist Party during the GMD's rule?
The Communist Party was rebuilding in the Yannan province despite suffering damage.
What infrastructure achievements did the GMD accomplish?
Bridges, railways, roads, telegraph systems, and post offices were built.
What public transport systems were established by the GMD?
Buses, trams, and airlines were established.
What control did the Chinese regain under the GMD?
The Chinese regained control of the customs service.
What were the overall achievements of the GMD?
The GMD was strong enough to control most individual provinces but faced challenges.
What issue did the GMD face with provinces withholding taxes?
It resulted in an inability to fund government programs.
What was the outcome of the CCP's alliance with the Nationalist Party in 1924?
It was successful at first but ended in 1927 after the Shanghai massacre.
Where did many CCP cadres go after abandoning urban activities?
They went to the countryside to gain peasant support.
What significant event occurred during the Long March (1934-35)?
Mao achieved leadership of the CCP.
What did Chiang Kai-shek do in 1936 regarding the CCP?
He called off military campaigns and formed a United Front with the CCP.
How did the CCP strengthen itself during World War II?
By fighting the Japanese and expanding its base.
What contributed to the CCP's success in the civil war starting in 1946?
The land reform program increased peasant support.
What did Mao Zedong see in the peasantry through his role?
The revolutionary potential of the peasantry.
What did the CCP fail to support during the GMD purges of 1927?
The Hunan peasant movement, leading to the massacre of peasants.
How was Mao perceived by the Chinese Bolsheviks until 1934?
He was seen as unsophisticated and awkward, not taken seriously at first.
What model did Mao utilize after seizing control?
Mao's Peasant Communism became the model he utilized later.
What did Mao prove in the Jiangxi Soviet regarding the GMD's actions?
Mao proved that Kai-shek's actions led to the growth of the CCP rather than crushing it.
What was pivotal to Mao's role in the party during the Long March?
His leadership and interpretation of Marxism in the Chinese context.
How did Gates and Morgan characterize Mao's actions?
They suggested his actions were characterized by flexibility or pragmatism.
What criticism did Mao face from the CCP in the late 20s and early 30s?
He was criticized for 'leaning to the right' and not being ruthless enough.
What was one of Mao's key actions regarding landlords?
He killed landlords and confiscated their property, but tempered dogma with pragmatism.
How did Mao approach land confiscation in Jinggangshan?
He limited confiscation to landlords and ensured redistribution to both rich and poor peasants.
What social reforms did Mao implement?
He stopped foot binding, prostitution, child slavery, and made forced marriages illegal.
What economic initiative did Mao establish for peasants?
Peasant cooperatives were set up to market agricultural produce.
What event did Chiang Kai-shek betray in 1927?
He betrayed the alliance with the CCP and turned on them.
What happened to communists in Shanghai when Chiang's army arrived?
Chiang's army executed every communist it could find.
Where did many communists, including Mao, escape to after the Shanghai massacres?
They escaped to the province of Jiangxi.
How did support for the CCP grow?
Land was redistributed to peasants, which was critical for gaining their support.
What was the Red Army trained in?
Asymmetric warfare and unconventional strategies, while respecting peasants.
What were the EIGHT RULES OF THE RED ARMY?
Who launched the extermination campaigns against the CCP?
Chiang Kai-shek launched 5 massive extermination campaigns from 1930 to 1934.
What was the outcome of the first 4 extermination campaigns?
They were failures due to Mao's asymmetric tactics, resulting in over a million civilian deaths.
What did the CCP recognize after the extermination campaigns?
They could not win against the GMD and commenced the withdrawal known as the 'Long March'.
What tactics did General von Seeckt suggest to the GMD?
He suggested 'blockhouse' tactics to surround the CCP with 500,000 troops.
What happened during the fifth extermination campaign?
The CCP abandoned asymmetric tactics and faced disastrous conventional battles, leading to severe losses.
What initiated the Long March?
The CCP's decision to retreat due to being surrounded by blockhouses and close to starvation.
What is known as the Long March?
A series of marches taken by several branches of the Red Army, where fewer than 150,000 made it safely to Yan’an.
What was blamed on Braun during the retreat?
He allowed too much equipment, slowing them down and made the retreat predictable.
What was one of the most famous events during the march?
The crossing of the Dadu River during the Battle of Luding Bridge.
What was the approximate number of soldiers that reached Yan’an?
Approximately 30,000 out of 100,000
What was the outcome of the Long March for the CCP?
They found a new base that was remote and safe from GMD and Japanese attacks.
How did many Chinese view the CCP after the Long March?
They saw them as heroes, and the Long March became part of CCP mythology.
What behavior of the Red Army impressed the peasants?
Their strict discipline created a bond between the Red Army and the rural peasant.
What were the values developed among the survivors of the CCP?
What was a significant method for gaining support for the Communist revolution in China?
Redistribution of land to peasants (land reform)
What period followed the Yanan period in the CCP's development?
The establishment and development of Maoism and the Red Army.
What was the political consequence of new leadership in the CCP?
Consolidated Mao's control over the CCP and military command.
What social reforms were developed for women during the CCP's rise?
Reforms concerning marriage and divorce, property rights, and child custody.
What was the anti-imperialist ideology influenced by in the CCP's early years?
The Comintern and Soviet Union's ideology post-1917 Bolshevik Revolution.
What did the arrival of the marchers lead to for the CCP?
Contact between north-western and south-eastern peasants.
What was a significant appeal of the CCP to the peasants during its rise?
Resistance to Japanese invasion (appeals to nationalism).
What was the beginning of leadership duopoly in the CCP?
Mao consolidating control alongside Zhu De.
What was the impact of the end of Soviet Union domination over the CCP?
Pro-Soviet members were demoted.
What are the three phases of societal development according to Marx?
What did the First United Front allow the CCP to do?
Recruit, develop, and acquire military experience
What did Mao Zedong argue about China's readiness for a communist revolution?
China was not ready for a communist revolution
What was the role of rural peasants in Mao's version of Marxism?
They could be just as powerful as urban workers as a revolutionary force
What were the Three Principles of Sun Yat-sen?
What did Mao's ideology focus on during the Yan'an years?
Full development and embrace of Mao's ideas within the CCP
What did Mao believe should drive the revolution in China?
The peasants, as they make up the majority of the population
What did Mao emphasize about political thought and practice?
They should be in conformity and adjusted to fit local experiences
What was the impact of the Long March on Maoism?
It helped spread communist ideas and demonstrated the discipline of Mao's followers
What was Japan's interest in Manchuria?
Japan built railroads in Manchuria and sought to control the region, while the GMD wanted to eliminate Japanese influence and their railroads.
What triggered the Mukden Incident in September 1931?
Japanese railway tracks in Manchuria were blown up, leading Japan to blame China and justify its expansion.
What was the purpose of Japan establishing the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932?
Japan installed the deposed Qing emperor Puyi to legitimize its control over Manchuria.
What did Japan declare regarding China during its occupation?
Japan declared all of China to be a Japanese preserve, requiring its consent for any significant actions.
When did the first phase of the Chinese occupation by Japan begin?
The first phase began in 1931 with Japan's invasion of Manchuria.
What marked the beginning of the war between China and Japan in 1937?
A clash between Chinese and Japanese troops near the Marco Polo Bridge on July 7, 1937.
How did the League of Nations respond to China's appeal for assistance against Japan?
The League did not respond for over a year, and when it did challenge Japan, Japan left the League.
What impact did the Long March have on the CCP and GMD's military capabilities?
The Long March weakened both the CCP and GMD militarily, making it difficult to oppose Japanese aggression.
What was the outcome of the negotiations for a Second United Front against Japan?
It took 9 months to agree on the United Front, with the CCP placing its army under GMD control.
What was the relationship between the CCP and the Soviet Union during the Second United Front?
The CCP received military aid and advice from the Soviet Union.
Who led the Red armies fighting against the Japanese during the Second United Front?
General Zhu De led the Red armies in both the north and east against the Japanese.
What characterized the resistance to Japanese invasion by the CCP and GMD?
The resistance was marked by mutual suspicion and lack of trust between the GMD and CCP.
What was Japan's economic intention regarding China's natural resources?
Japan aimed to exploit China's natural resources to support its ambitions in the Pacific.
What effect did the Japanese invasion have on the Chinese economy according to MYRDAL?
Major parts of the economy were destroyed or captured, affecting the economy as a whole.
How did FENBY assess the impact of the Japanese invasion on the Chinese population?
Massive loss of population through death and refugees exacerbated industrial damage.
What was the long-term effect of the surviving factory capacity during the invasion?
It was devoted to defeating the Japanese, reducing China’s economic power.
What was the estimated death toll of Chinese people during the war of resistance against Japan?
Between 14 million and 20 million died.
How many Chinese people became refugees during the war against Japan?
80 to 100 million became refugees.
What impact did inflation have on the middle class during the war?
The middle class was impoverished by spiraling inflation peaking at 237%.
What was the loss in power experienced by soldiers and public officials?
80-90% loss in power, leading to demoralization and corruption.
What did the GMD do that further divided China during the war?
Repressed political opposition and increased GMD members on the council.
What significant event occurred at Xi'an involving Nationalist troops?
Troops mutinied and detained Kai-shek until he agreed to cease hostilities against the Communists.
What was Pomfret's view on the role of the Communists during the war?
He claimed the only ones interested in saving China were the Communists.
What agreement was made after the Second United Front was announced?
A non-aggression treaty was signed between the Soviet Union and China, with military aid sent to Jiang.
What incidents were manufactured by the Japanese to rationalize their invasion?
Incidents at Mukden and the Marco Polo Bridge.
What was the initial Chinese response to the Japanese invasion?
To form the 2nd United Front after 9 months of negotiation.
What were the GMD's aims in the war against the Japanese?
To rid China of Japanese invaders and regroup in a safe area to fight.
What was the GMD's initial aim regarding the US during the war against Japan?
To induce the US to enter the war against Japan and initially focus on defeating Chinese communists.
What did Chiang Kai-shek prioritize according to his army's priorities?
‘First internal pacification, then external resistance’.
What was the GMD's strategy during 1937-38 against the Japanese?
To hold or slow the Japanese advance to allow for withdrawal of its forces to the west of China.
Where did the GMD relocate its government and military headquarters?
To the remote southwestern city of Chongqing.
What was the GMD's approach to large scale engagements with the Japanese?
Chiang developed an air force and avoided all large scale engagements.
What tactics did the GMD use to slow the Japanese army?
Destruction of railways, bridges, and flooding lands.
What did the CCP aim to present itself as during the war against the Japanese?
As committed Chinese nationalist fighters.
How did the CCP aim to build the Red Army?
By recruiting among peasants displaced by war and accepting deserters from the GMD army.
What was the size of the Red Army and its militia members?
Red Army grew to 1 million soldiers backed by 2 million militia members.
What was the CCP's strategy in terms of battles against the Japanese?
To avoid set-piece battles and positional fighting against cities and fortified positions.
What type of tactics did the CCP employ against the Japanese?
Asymmetric tactics including sabotage and offensive tactics.
What did the CCP aim to do to portray themselves to the Chinese people?
To portray themselves as nationalistic fighters who care for the people and protect the countryside.
What was the sabotage strategy against the Japanese?
To unnerve them using hit and run tactics and hamper them in the countryside with guerrilla tactics.
Who was Chiang Kai Shek?
Generalissimo from 1927, claimed 'Wherever I go is the government and the centre of resistance.'
What were some issues faced by Chiang in the 1940s?
Corruption, misuse of foreign aid, increased taxes, hyperinflation, and alienation of peasants and upper class.
How did Chiang respond to issues in China during his leadership?
He imposed tight restrictions on the press and free speech and campaigned against communists.
What was the role of German advisers in Chiang's leadership?
Initially supported him, but were withdrawn when Hitler allied with Japan.
What was Roosevelt's view of Chiang after the Pearl Harbor bombing?
Considered him an important ally.
What was Joseph Stilwell's view of Chiang's leadership?
He was highly critical, calling him incompetent, ignorant, and complacent, focused on self-interest.
What did Stilwell believe about Chiang's impact on the people?
Chiang's actions alienated the people and showed leadership failure.
What was one of Chiang's military strategies during the war?
He committed China to a long war of attrition, viewing communists as the real enemy.
What was a significant issue with Chiang's military command?
He interfered with the chain of command, causing confusion due to poor intelligence.
What did Whitman assess about Chiang's impact on China?
He had impacts but could not achieve his objectives, failing to modernize the government.
What challenges did Chiang face in modernizing China?
He could not build a government to modernize China while fighting warlords and the Japanese.
What was a result of the weakness in Chiang's government?
It led to the rise of a corrupt system in the provinces.
What did Chiang fail to develop during his leadership?
A nationalist ideology that could meet the needs of the people.
What was the challenge of the CCP’s Maoism?
Chiang's nationalistic ideology was vague and moralistic, generally failing to achieve reforms.
How did Americans perceive Chiang?
Americans perceived Chiang to be disciplined, austere, and civilised, as shown on the cover of 'Time' Magazine.
What was the US's stance on Chiang under the Truman Doctrine?
The US saw Chiang as the best hope for defeating the communists and resolved to support him.
What was Chiang's fate in relation to the CCP?
Chiang was unable to meet the challenge posed by the CCP and was forced to flee mainland China.
What did Mao do during the Sino-Japanese war?
Mao built his role and reputation as a leader, consolidating his power through theory and rectification campaigns.
How did Mao present himself as a leader?
Mao groomed a popular image by living a simple lifestyle during struggles, contrasting with Chiang's decadence.
What strategy did Mao influence during the war?
Mao influenced the CCP's strategy of guerrilla tactics and popularised patriotic resistance against the Japanese.
What was the outcome of the US delegation's visit to Yan’an in 1944?
The US delegation noted the CCP's organisation, morale, and discipline, and the need for significant reform by the GMD.
What did HINTON describe about Mao's views on capitalism?
HINTON described that Mao declared the capitalist road was not open to China in the 20th century.
What qualities did FOSTER attribute to Mao?
FOSTER declared Mao was a man of resolution, initiative, and boundless energy, a brilliant theoretician and powerful leader.
What were the four key impacts of Mao on the People's Republic of China according to WALDER?
What was Mao's overall impact despite criticism?
Mao's impact was significant, marked by both admiration and criticism.
What was the significance of the Yan'an Period for the CCP?
It was a highly significant time for rebuilding and consolidating the CCP after the Long March, establishing a communist government in 1935 at Yan'an.
What was the Long March in relation to the CCP?
It was a massive loss turned into a major political victory for the CCP.
How did the Sino-Japanese War impact the CCP?
It diverted GMD attention away from the CCP, allowing them to consolidate and grow.
What ideology did the CCP clarify under Mao during the Yan'an Period?
Agrarian-based Marxist ideology.
What was the Rectification Campaign (1942-1944)?
It aimed to purify the CCP by attacking subjectivism, sectarianism, and party formalism.
What was the cult of Mao that began during the Yan'an Period?
It was the beginning of Mao's image as a hero and savior, cultivating support for the CCP.
How did Mao reorient Chinese communism during the Yan'an Period?
He shifted focus from the proletariat to the peasants.
What were the key goals of the CCP clarified during the Yan'an Period?
Understanding the needs of the peasants and developing 'Mao thought'.
How did the CCP expand its territorial control?
Control expanded through Soviet communities and physical territory.
What was Yan'an known for during the CCP's rise?
Yan'an became a model of a well-functioning society.
What social reforms did the CCP implement?
Reforms aimed to create a socialist society and improve peasants' conditions.
What was the land redistribution policy under the CCP?
Land was redistributed, and progressive taxes replaced flat rates.
What women's issues were addressed by the CCP?
Forced marriage, foot binding, and prostitution were banned; women gained property rights.
What medical initiatives did the CCP establish?
Medical clinics were established along with childcare and hygiene meetings.
What was the significance of Yan'an in CCP mythology?
Described as the 'crucible' of revolution, where the soul of the Chinese nation was born.
What event ended the Sino-Japanese war?
Japan surrendered after the US atomic bombing in August 1945.
What was the state of China after 15 years of Japanese invasion?
China was economically and socially exhausted, and politically divided.
What was Mao's political decision regarding the Japanese surrender?
Mao accepted GMD representatives to formally accept the Japanese surrender.
What was Mao's goal regarding the CCP's reputation?
To maintain the CCP's reputation inside China and with foreign powers, avoiding the image of initiating a civil war.
What did Mao aim to be seen as during his leadership?
A legitimate authority working towards building a coalition government in China for a unified nation.
What attempts did the US make during the Chinese Civil War?
The US hosted meetings to unite the Nationalist and Communist sides, involving Chiang and Mao.
What was the Communist term for the Civil War?
The Communist Party referred to the Civil War as the 'War of Liberation'.
What advantages did the Nationalists have at the start of the Civil War?
What happened to the Nationalists after 1947?
Despite initial advantages, the Nationalists won no major victories after 1947.
What significant event occurred in Yan'an in 1947?
Yan'an was captured by Nationalist forces, forcing the CCP to evacuate.
What tactics did the CCP use during the Civil War?
The CCP engaged in guerrilla campaigns and set battles, taking resources from fleeing Nationalist forces.
What was the strategy of the CCP to gain territory?
To surround towns and cities with troops and wait for Nationalist troops and civilians to surrender.
What was the outcome of the Siege of Changchun?
The siege lasted 150 days, resulting in 160,000 civilian deaths from starvation.
What was the CCP's order regarding Changchun during the siege?
Changchun was ordered to be turned into a 'dead city' with civilians not allowed to leave.
What did the CCP believe about General Cheng during the Siege of Changchun?
They believed he could be pressured into surrendering the city to save civilian lives, but he did not.
What did the CCP do to those trying to escape the Siege of Changchun?
They shot anyone who attempted to escape, ignoring pleas from mothers with starving children.
How did some civilians survive during the Siege of Changchun?
40,000 citizens survived by eating leather belts, insects, leaves, grass, and the bodies of the deceased.
What happened to supplies dropped by American planes during the Siege of Changchun?
Nationalist troops stole the supplies before civilians could access them.
What position did Chiang take in January 1950?
President of the newly established Republic of China from Taiwan
What was the estimated total cost of military deaths in the Chinese Civil War?
4 million military deaths
What factors contributed to the Communist victory in the civil war?
The liberation of China had a cost of 4 million military deaths and 2 million civilian deaths due to famine and disruption.
In January 1950, Chiang took the position of President of the newly established Republic of China from Taiwan.
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