Flashcards in this deck (41)

• What are the types of parasites that can infect the CNS?

  • Protozoans
  • Cestodes
  • Trematodes
  • Nematodes
  parasitology cns
• What are the major neuroparasitic infections?

  • Free-living amoebae infections
  • Toxoplasma encephalitis
  • Neurocysticercosis
  • Rare parasitic infections
  parasitology cns
• What are the four genera of free-living amoebae associated with human disease?

  • Naegleria fowleri
  • Acanthamoeba species
  • Balamuthia mandrillaris
  • Sappinia species
  parasitology amoebae
• What infection does Naegleria fowleri cause?

  Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
  parasitology infections
• What infections are caused by Acanthamoeba species?

  • Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE)
  • Amoebic keratitis in contact lens wearers
  parasitology infections
• What does Balamuthia mandrillaris cause?

  Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE)
  parasitology infections
• What infection does Sappinia species cause?

  Encephalitis
  parasitology infections
• What is the habitat of Naegleria fowleri?

  Warm fresh water: ponds, lakes, rivers, swimming pools
  parasitology habitat
• What are the two forms of Naegleria fowleri?

  • Trophozoite
  • Cyst
  parasitology forms
• What are the two forms of trophozoites in Naegleria fowleri?

  • Amoeboid form (20 μm)
  • Flagellated form (10-18 μm)
  parasitology trophozoites
• How does the cyst stage of Naegleria fowleri appear?

  7–15 µm in size, thick double wall
  parasitology cyst
• What is the infective form of Naegleria fowleri?

  Amoeboid form
  parasitology infective
• How is Naegleria fowleri transmitted?

  Nasal contamination during swimming in warm fresh water
  parasitology transmission
• What is the pathway of CNS invasion by Naegleria fowleri?

  Invades nasal mucosa, cribriform plate, travels along olfactory nerve
  parasitology cns_invasion
• What are the mechanisms of tissue destruction by Naegleria fowleri?

  • Direct ingestion of brain tissue
  • Contact-dependent cytolysis
  parasitology tissue_destruction
• What is PAM?

  Acute suppurative fulminant infection of CNS caused by N. fowleri
  parasitology pam
• What are the protozoan infections of the CNS?

  • Free-living amoebae infections
  • Toxoplasma encephalitis
  • Cerebral malaria
  • African sleeping sickness
  • Chagas’ disease
  • Cerebral amoebiasis
  parasitology protozoan_infections
• What are the cestode infections of the CNS?

  • Neurocysticercosis
  • Taenia multiceps
  • Spirometra
  • Echinococcus
  parasitology cestodes
• What are the trematode infections of the CNS?

  • Schistosoma mansoni
  • Schistosoma japonicum
  • Cerebral paragonimiasis
  parasitology trematodes
• What are the nematode infections of the CNS?

  • Hyperstrongyloidiasis syndrome
  • Eosinophilic meningitis
  • Loa loa
  • Trichinella spiralis
  • Toxocara
  • Baylisascaris procyonis
  • Gnathostoma infections
  parasitology nematodes
• What is PAM?

  Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis, caused by Naegleria fowleri.
  disease cns
• Who is most affected by PAM?

  Healthy children or young adults with recent swimming in fresh hot water.
  demographics disease
• What is the incubation period for PAM?

  1–2 days to 2 weeks after exposure.
  disease incubation
• What are the initial symptoms of PAM?

  Changes in taste and smell, headache, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, high fever, stiff neck, positive Kernig’s sign.
  symptoms disease
• What are the secondary symptoms of PAM?

  Confusion, hallucinations, lack of attention, ataxia, seizures.
  symptoms disease
• What is the mortality rate of PAM?

  Nearly 98%. Death occurs within 7–14 days after exposure.
  mortality disease
• How many cases of PAM have been reported?

  More than 300 cases, mainly from the USA and parts of India.
  epidemiology disease
• What is the specimen of choice for laboratory diagnosis of PAM?

  CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid).
  diagnosis laboratory
• What does CSF analysis show in PAM?

  Thick purulent CSF, pus cells >20,000/µL, elevated protein, reduced sugar level.
  diagnosis laboratory
• What is detected in CSF microscopy for PAM diagnosis?

  Characteristic trophozoites; cysts are not seen in CSF.
  diagnosis laboratory
• What is the size of the amoeboid trophozoite of Naegleria?

  20 µm (7–35 µm) in size.
  morphology parasite
• What is unique about the cytoplasm of Naegleria trophozoites?

  Granular with food vacuoles, large central karyosome, no peripheral chromatin.
  morphology parasite
• How can trophozoites be differentiated from leukocytes?

  Careful examination of morphology in CSF.
  diagnosis laboratory
• What is the culture method for Naegleria?

  Cultivate CSF on non-nutrient agar with E. coli as a supplement.
  diagnosis culture
• What does the enflagellation test indicate?

  Transformation of amoeboid form to pear-shaped flagellate form in distilled water.
  diagnosis laboratory
• What is GAE?

  Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis, affecting immunocompromised patients.
  disease cns
• What are the symptoms of GAE?

  Confusion, dizziness, nausea, headache, stiff neck, seizures, hemiplegia.
  symptoms disease
• What is the pathology of GAE?

  Produces focal granulomatous lesions in the brain.
  pathology disease
• What can be seen in CSF of patients with AIDS?

  No cells are seen in CSF.
  medical aids csf
• What are the symptoms associated with CSF issues in AIDS patients?

  • Confusion
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Headache
  • Stiff neck
  • Seizure
  • Hemiplegia
  medical symptoms aids
• What is the epidemiology context mentioned?

  Mo
  medical epidemiology