Flashcards in this deck (32)

• What does Vismodegib target?

  Targets sonic hedgehog pathway by inhibiting smoothened receptor, leading to inactive GLI1/2 transcription factors.
  pharmacology cancer
• What conditions is Vismodegib used for?

  Used for metastatic and locally advanced basal cell carcinoma, and patients with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
  pharmacology cancer
• What are the common side effects of Vismodegib?

  • Muscle spasms (#1)
  • Alopecia
  • Dysgeusia
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea
  • Anorexia
  • Diarrhea
  side_effects cancer
• What is the role of BRAF in cancer?

  BRAF is a serine/threonine signal transduction kinase important to the MAPK pathway, regulating cell division.
  pharmacology cancer
• What mutations do BRAF inhibitors target?

  Target the V600E mutation of BRAF (valine replaced by glutamic acid at position 600).
  pharmacology cancer
• What are the uses of BRAF inhibitors?

  Used in late-stage melanoma to improve survival rates.
  pharmacology cancer
• What are common side effects of BRAF inhibitors?

  • Cutaneous reactions (exanthematous rash, keratotic lesions)
  • Noncutaneous: arthralgias, nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, QT prolongation, retinal vein thrombosis.
  side_effects cancer
• What do MEK inhibitors inhibit?

  Inhibit MEK1/2 of the MAPK pathway.
  pharmacology cancer
• What is a common side effect of trametinib?

  GI side effects: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.
  side_effects cancer
• What is ipilimumab?

  Fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits CTLA-4 to activate T-cells against tumor cells.
  pharmacology cancer
• What are the side effects of ipilimumab?

  • Cutaneous: rash, pruritus, alopecia
  • GI: diarrhea, constipation, life-threatening colitis.
  side_effects cancer
• What is the function of PD-1 inhibitors?

  Prevent T cell deactivation, enhancing immune-mediated tumoricidal activity.
  pharmacology cancer
• What are the common adverse events of PD-1 inhibitors?

  • Fatigue
  • Pruritus
  • Rash
  side_effects cancer
• How do PD-1 inhibitors compare to ipilimumab?

  More effective with fewer side effects, improving overall survival and progression-free survival.
  pharmacology cancer
• What happens when PD-1 binds to its ligands?

  Deactivation of T cells occurs, leading to a loss of immune response against tumors.
  immunology cancer
• What is the main disadvantage of combining PD-1 inhibitors with ipilimumab?

  Increased immune-mediated side effects.
  pharmacology cancer
• What is Imatinib mesylate?

  A tyrosine kinase inhibitor that binds to the kinase domain of various tyrosine kinases (e.g., Ber-Abl, c-Kit, PDGFR).
  pharmacology tyrosine_kinase
• What are the dermatologic applications of Imatinib mesylate?

  • Melanoma
  • Myeloproliferative hypereosinophilic syndrome
  • Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
  pharmacology dermatology
• What are the common cutaneous reactions to Imatinib mesylate?

  • Superficial edema (mainly periorbital)
  • Rash (maculopapular, nonspecific)
  pharmacology side_effects
• What are other side effects of Imatinib mesylate?

  • Hypopigmentation/depigmentation
  • Hyperpigmentation (less common)
  • Lichenoid eruptions (oral and mucosal)
  • Photosensitivity
  pharmacology side_effects
• What is Mechlorethamine hydrochloride?

  A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used for patch/plaque MF.
  pharmacology alkylating_agent
• What is the most common side effect of Mechlorethamine hydrochloride?

  Contact dermatitis is the most common side effect.
  pharmacology side_effects
• What are concerning side effects of Mechlorethamine hydrochloride?

  • Anaphylaxis
  • SCC development
  pharmacology side_effects
• What is Carmustine?

  An alkylating agent used for patch/plaque MF that can cause severe local reactions and myelosuppression.
  pharmacology alkylating_agent
• What does 5-fluorouracil do?

  An antimetabolite/pyrimidine analog that binds to thymidylate synthase, affecting AKs and superficial BCCs.
  pharmacology topical_treatment
• What are the adverse effects of 5-fluorouracil?

  • Local reactions (erythema, blistering, necrosis)
  • Burning
  pharmacology side_effects
• What is Imiquimod used for?

  Activates Toll-like receptors for treatment of AKs, superficial BCCs, and genital/perianal warts.
  pharmacology topical_treatment
• What are the adverse effects of Imiquimod?

  • Local reactions similar to 5-fluorouracil
  • Flu-like symptoms (especially if larger areas treated)
  pharmacology side_effects
• What does Diclofenac do?

  Inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes leading to apoptosis in AKs.
  pharmacology topical_treatment
• What are the adverse effects of Diclofenac?

  • Mild irritation
  • Rare photosensitivity
  • Avoid in NSAID hypersensitivity
  pharmacology side_effects
• What is Ingenol mebutate?

  Induces rapid cellular death and intense inflammatory response for AKs.
  pharmacology topical_treatment
• What are the local reactions caused by Ingenol mebutate?

  • Erythema
  • Scaling
  • Crusting (worse on days 4-7)
  pharmacology side_effects