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Allergy is a range of symptoms due to inappropriat ...

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1 / 28 V&A

What is an allergy?

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2 / 28 V&A

What are the ways the immune system can kill pathogens?

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3 / 28 V&A

Where are mast cells located?

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4 / 28 V&A

What can mast cells do?

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5 / 28 V&A

What triggers granule release in mast cells?

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6 / 28 V&A

What are the components of mast cell granules?

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7 / 28 V&A

What does histamine do?

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8 / 28 V&A

What are the types of hypersensitivity reactions?

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9 / 28 V&A

How is IgE produced?

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10 / 28 V&A

What signals are needed for CD4⁺ T cell activation?

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11 / 28 V&A

What cytokines drive T cell differentiation?

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12 / 28 V&A

What is sensitization in allergy?

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13 / 28 V&A

What does allergy testing detect?

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14 / 28 V&A

What is skin prick testing used for?

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15 / 28 V&A

What are reasons for positive SPT without clinical allergy?

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16 / 28 V&A

What is atopy?

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17 / 28 V&A

What components lead to IgE sensitization?

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18 / 28 V&A

What are the cytokines produced by Th2 cells?

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19 / 28 V&A

What occurs during the effector phase of Type I hypersensitivity?

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20 / 28 V&A

Define Type I hypersensitivity reactions.

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21 / 28 V&A

What are the phases of Type I hypersensitivity?

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22 / 28 V&A

What occurs during the immediate reaction of Type I hypersensitivity?

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23 / 28 V&A

What are the effects of histamine release during an immediate reaction?

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24 / 28 V&A

What is involved in the late-phase reaction of Type I hypersensitivity?

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25 / 28 V&A

What are some examples of Type I hypersensitivity?

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26 / 28 V&A

What are localized reactions in IgE-mediated allergic reactions?

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27 / 28 V&A

What is a systemic reaction in IgE-mediated allergic reactions?

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28 / 28 V&A

What are the clinical signs of anaphylaxis?

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Flashcards in this deck (28)

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What is an allergy?

A range of symptoms due to inappropriate activation of the immune system to benign substances.

allergy immune_system
What are the ways the immune system can kill pathogens?
- Phagocytosis
- Disrupt cell membrane
- Release chemicals
- Kill infected cells
immune_system pathogens
Where are mast cells located?

Beneath the epithelial surface.

mast_cells anatomy
What can mast cells do?
- Release inflammatory mediators
- Recruit effector cells
- Increase vascular permeability
- Cause smooth muscle contraction
mast_cells functions
What triggers granule release in mast cells?

Secondary exposure to antigen causing crosslinking between IgE/ receptor on mast cell surface

mast_cells granules
What are the components of mast cell granules?
- Histamine (vasodilatation, increased capillary permeability, chemokinesis, bronchoconstriction)
- Heparin
- Tryptase (activates C3)
- Eosinophilic chemotactic factor (eosinophil chemotaxis)
- Platelet activating factor
mast_cells granules
What does histamine do?
- Vasodilatation
- Increased capillary permeability
- Chemokinesis
- Bronchoconstriction
histamine functions
What are the types of hypersensitivity reactions?
- Type I: Immediate (IgE)
- Type II: Cytotoxic (IgM, IgG)
- Type III: Immune complex
- Type IV: Cellular immune mechanisms
hypersensitivity immune_response
How is IgE produced?

When Th2 cells instruct B cells to class switch into IgE plasma cells.

ige immune_system
What signals are needed for CD4⁺ T cell activation?
1. Specificity: TCR + CD4 binds to antigen–MHC II.
2. Costimulation or survival: CD28 binds B7-1/B7-2.
3. Cytokines: Dendritic cell secretes cytokines to drive differentiation.
t_cells activation
What cytokines drive T cell differentiation?
- IL-12, IFN-γ → Th1
- IL-4 → Th2
- IL-6 + TGF-β → Th17
- IL-21, IL-6 → Tfh
- TGF-β, IL-2 → Treg
cytokines t_cell_differentiation
What is sensitization in allergy?

The presence of IgE antibodies to a particular substance.

sensitization allergy
What does allergy testing detect?

Sensitization but does not prove the presence of allergy.

allergy_testing diagnosis
What is skin prick testing used for?

To detect localized mast cell degranulation in the skin.

skin_prick_testing allergy
What are reasons for positive SPT without clinical allergy?
- Patient reacts on skin but does not react in other pathway GI respiratory.
- Low IgE levels may not cause symptoms.
- Skin mast cells may be more reactive.
spt allergy
What is atopy?

An inherited predisposition to develop IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to common environmental antigens.

Can be modified by environmental factor

atopy genetics
What components lead to IgE sensitization?
1. Allergen entry.
2. APC processes allergen and presents peptide with 3 signals
3. Naïve CD4⁺ T cell differentiates into Th2 cell under IL4.
4. IgE binds FcεRI receptors on mast cells and basophils → mast cells are now “sensitised”.
ige_sensitization immune_response
What are the cytokines produced by Th2 cells?
- - IL-4 & IL-13 → class switching in B cells → IgE production.
  - IL-5 → activates eosinophils.
immunology cytokines
What occurs during the effector phase of Type I hypersensitivity?

Re-exposure to allergen causes IgE cross-linking on mast cells, leading to degranulation and mediator synthesis.

immunology hypersensitivity
Define Type I hypersensitivity reactions.

Immediate hypersensitivity due to mast cell/basophil activation via IgE cross-linking.

immunology hypersensitivity
What are the phases of Type I hypersensitivity?
- Immediate reaction (minutes)
- Late-phase reaction (hours)
immunology hypersensitivity
What occurs during the immediate reaction of Type I hypersensitivity?

Mast cell granule release: histamine, tryptase, proteases, heparin.

immunology hypersensitivity
What are the effects of histamine release during an immediate reaction?
- Vasodilation
- Increased vascular permeability
- Bronchoconstriction
- Itching
immunology histamine
What is involved in the late-phase reaction of Type I hypersensitivity?

Mast cells and Th2 cells release cytokines & chemokines, recruiting eosinophils and leukocytes.

Causing chronic inflammation and tissue damage

immunology hypersensitivity
What are some examples of Type I hypersensitivity?
- Allergic rhinitis
- Asthma
- Urticaria
- Anaphylaxis
immunology hypersensitivity
What are localized reactions in IgE-mediated allergic reactions?
- Respiratory tract: allergic rhinitis, asthma
- Skin: urticaria, eczema
- GI tract: food allergies
- Eyes: conjunctivitis
immunology allergies
What is a systemic reaction in IgE-mediated allergic reactions?

Anaphylaxis: widespread degranulation causing hypotension, airway obstruction, angioedema, urticaria.

immunology anaphylaxis
What are the clinical signs of anaphylaxis?
- Hypotension/shock
- Airway obstruction
- Angioedema
- Urticaria
- Wheeze
immunology anaphylaxis

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Flashcards in this deck (28)